Hasil untuk "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"

M. V. D. Hoeven, 日 東京2013年11月28, CO OECDIEAエネルギー効率を再重視する動きがあるものの、

Gregory C. Unruh

R. Ferrer, S. Shahzad, R. López et al.

This paper examines the time and frequency dynamics of connectedness among stock prices of U.S. clean energy companies, crude oil prices and a number of key financial variables using the methodology developed by Barunik and Krehlik (2018). This approach allows measuring the dynamics of return and volatility connectedness over time and across frequencies simultaneously. The empirical results show that most of return and volatility connectedness is generated in the very short-term, i.e. movements up to five days, while the long-term plays a minor role. Our analysis further reveals a greater degree of interconnectedness across crude oil and financial markets since the onset of the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis in summer of 2007, consistent with the view of a global re-pricing of risk triggered by the recent worldwide financial crisis. Crude oil prices do not appear as a key driver of the stock market performance of renewable energy companies in the short-term or the long-term, which suggests a decoupling of the alternative energy industry from the traditional energy market. Moreover, crude oil prices are a net receiver of financial shocks, supporting the financialization of the commodity markets since the early 2000s. In addition, a significant pairwise connectedness is found, mainly in the short-term, between clean energy and technology stock prices, indicating that these two types of stocks are perceived by investors as similar assets. These results can have important practical implications for investors and policy makers with different time horizons.

F. Johnsson, Jan Kjärstad, Johan Rootzén

ABSTRACT This article analyses the trends in primary demand for fossil fuels and renewables, comparing regions with large and small domestic fossil fuel reserves. We focus on countries that hold 80% of global fossil fuel reserves and compare them with key countries that have meagre fossil fuel reserves. We show that those countries with large domestic fossil fuel reserves have experienced a large increase in primary energy demand from fossil fuels, but only a moderate or no increase in primary energy from renewables, and in particular from non-hydro renewable energy sources (NHRES), which are assumed to represent the cornerstone of the future transformation of the global energy system. This implies a tremendous threat to climate change mitigation, with only two principal mitigation options for fossil-fuel-rich economies if there is to be compliance with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement: (1) leave the fossil fuels in the ground; and (2) apply carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. Combinations of these two options to exploit their respective possibilities synergistically will require strong initiatives and incentives to transform a certain amount of the domestic fossil fuel reserves (including the associated infrastructure) into stranded assets and to create an extensive CCS infrastructure. Our conclusion is that immediate and disruptive changes to the use of fossil fuels and investments in non-carbon-emitting technologies are required if global warming is to be limited to well below 2°C. Collective actions along value chains in business to divert from fossil fuels may be a feasible strategy. Key policy insights The main obstacle to compliance with any reasonable warming target is the abundance of fossil fuels, which has maintained and increased momentum towards new fossil-fuelled processes. So far, there has been no increase in the share of NHRES in total global primary energy demand, with a clear decline in the NHRES share in India and China. There is an immediate need for the global community to develop fossil fuel strategies and policies. Policies must account for the global trade flow of products that typically occurs from the newly industrialized fossil fuel-rich countries to the developed countries.

R. Waheed, Sahar Sarwar, Chen Wei

Abstract The study aims to examine the survey of earlier literature that deals with economic growth, energy consumption and carbon emission, both single country studies as well as multi-county studies that covers the period till 2019. The main focus of this survey is on the coverage of countries, modeling methodologies, periods as well as empirical conclusions. The literature survey in this research paper is based on the causality’s direction between (i) economic growth and carbon emission; (ii) economic growth and energy consumption; (iii) energy consumption and carbon emissions. From reviewing these studies, general remark can be assumed that the literature which has been produced is paradoxical. Firstly, most of the earlier studies have reported that economic growth and energy consumption are significant sources of carbon emission, however, the role of economic growth in carbon emission is highly reported in highly developing countries. On contrary, in case of developed countries, carbon emission is not linked with economic development. Secondly, in case of developing countries, higher energy consumption leads to increase the economic growth. For developed countries, there are less evidence of dependence between energy consumption and economic growth. Lastly, in both developing and developed countries, higher energy consumption has reported the main culprit for carbon emission Focusing on the implications, the governments and industries have to replace the non-renewable energy sources with renewable sources to generate electricity, run the industrial operations and for transportation purposes etc. Comprehending the literature survey has provided the basis to address the designing as well as implementing effective environmental as well as energy policies.

Kangyin Dong, Qingzhe Jiang, M. Shahbaz et al.

Abstract Low-carbon energy transition has promoted China's green and sustainable development; however, it will be hindered by energy poverty. To investigate whether low-carbon energy transition can mitigate the energy poverty, based on panel data of China's 30 provinces covering the period of 2004–2017, this study investigates the impact of natural gas consumption (NGC) on China's energy poverty by employing the differential generalized method of moments (D-GMM) as the benchmark method. For this purpose, China's energy poverty is assessed by constructing a composite index that includes four sub-indices. We also analyze the influencing mechanism and heterogeneous impact of NGC on energy poverty. The overall estimation results imply that the impact of NGC on China's energy poverty is significantly negative; in other words, increased NGC can effectively mitigate China's energy poverty. Moreover, through the influencing mechanism check, the impact of NGC on energy poverty is mainly sourced from the four sub-indices, i.e., energy service availability (ESA), energy consumption cleanliness (ECC), energy management completeness (EMC), and household energy affordability & energy efficiency (EAE). Furthermore, the impact of NGC on energy poverty differs across various regions. Finally, several important policy implications are highlighted for eliminating China's energy poverty and promoting growth in the country's low-carbon energy industry.

M. Raud, T. Kikas, O. Sippula et al.

Abstract Since the Kyoto protocol, the EU renewable energy policy has been the driving force in research and development of the production and use of biofuels. Therefore, the utilization of biofuels and the scientific research to widen the scope of their commercialization are being increasingly promoted. In this context, we present here an overview of the technological developments that have occurred in the production of different biofuels and their resources with a focus on the lignocellulosic biomass and biofuels derived from it. In the recent years, many technologies have evolved enabling the production of different liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioethanol production using microbial fermentation, and production of bio-oil using fast pyrolysis process of biomass are some of the most widely researched and promising technologies. The first production plants based on these techniques are already operational. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass promises a good fuel yield under laboratory scale. However, there are several challenges that need to be tackled before the production process can be commercialized. We provide here an overview of the various possibilities that can be exploited for biofuel production and make recommendations for increasing the production efficiency with a view to improving the overall yield and lowering the production costs.

Mina Akhavan

Maritime transport plays a crucial role in global trade and tourism, yet it significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, posing environmental challenges that demand urgent solutions. This article explores the innovative concept of maritime green shipping corridors, an emerging strategy aimed at decarbonising the shipping industry. By analysing the origins of green corridors from urban and transportation perspectives, the article outlines their evolution towards multimodal, zero‐emission shipping solutions. It highlights the role of international frameworks, such as the International Maritime Organization Clydebank Declaration, in facilitating the transition to green shipping routes and the proliferation of zero‐carbon fuels. The article also assesses the integration of renewable energy technologies, alternative fuels, and electrification in port operations, as well as the broader spatial and economic impacts on port‐city ecosystems. With the potential to enhance urban sustainability, promote green logistics, and drive global decarbonisation efforts, maritime green shipping corridors represent a crucial framework for future research and policy development. However, the article highlights the need for further studies to evaluate the socio‐economic and environmental impacts on local communities and regional planning.

Imranul I. Laskar, H. Dowlatabadi, A. Giang

International shipping conveys over 80% of global trade by volume and emits an estimated 3% of the world's greenhouse gases (GHGs). There are many potential pathways and barriers to decarbonizing the diverse and fragmented international shipping sector, with numerous uncertainties. Here, we employ expert elicitation, gathering perspectives from 149 world‐leading experts in maritime shipping and decarbonization, to characterize uncertainties in shipping decarbonization pathways. These experts predict a 30%–40% (25th–75th percentile range) carbon intensity reduction by 2030 compared to 2008, meeting the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) target. By 2050, they anticipate an approximate 40%–75% cut in GHG emissions, falling short of the IMO's 2050 net‐zero GHG goal. Responding experts see decarbonization occurring through three types of measures: operational, technological, and alternative energy sources. In the short‐term, decarbonization is predicted to be dominated by operational measures, while in the long‐term, it will be dominated by alternative energy, although there is no consensus on which fuels will dominate. Technological upgrades are expected to play crucial supporting roles. The experts believe that differences in business models and governance may lead to different decarbonization pathways by ship segment. The experts' qualitative responses highlight: alternative energy systems, ship fleet turnover, spillover effects from other sectors, reducing industry pessimism, and the supply chain as critical leverage points that can propel shipping toward sustainable decarbonization pathways. Navigating this transition demands support from key levers identified in this study: politics and policy, maritime governance, and contractual architecture.

X. Nguyen, N. D. Le, V. Pham et al.

ABSTRACT Energy is the lifeblood of modern economies as the latter is fueled by the energy demand for everyday life production and consumption. Dubbed as the period of “green economic development,” the 21st-century witnesses new development and extraordinary advances in technologies to produce energy generating from endless sources of renewable energy found in the natural environment. Driving by the fossil fuels depletion rate forecast over the next 100 years and the dire warnings on the projected impact of climate change, Vietnam has identified energy security and sustainable energy development as indispensable elements in the country’s strategic path toward sustainability in the coming century. With the issuance and adoption of a strategic orientation for sustainable energy development through 2030 and vision to 2045, the Vietnamese government has demonstrated their commitment on priorities in ensuring national energy security, providing stable, high quality, and affordable energy supply for sustainable socio-economic development, improving livelihoods, and contributing to the protection of the natural environment. Developing in harmony among sub-sectors with synchronous and intelligent infrastructure, the renewable energy industry has reached a new level among regions around the world. The paper presents opportunities, potentials, challenges, and goals of renewable energy development in Vietnam. With comprehensive analysis and review of renewable energy forms in the period of 2020 through 2030, the authors aim to create a basis for proposing policy and economic solutions for timely and effective implementation of national energy policy goals set for 2030 and vision to 2045.

V. Kulagin, A. Kuklina, D. Grushevenko

The transport sector is the second largest emitter of global greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, the global community is currently making a lot of efforts to decarbonize transport: active electrification of transport is underway, various subsidies are introduced to stimulate demand for more environmentally friendly types of transport, requirements for the sulfur content in bunker fuel are tightened, etc. However, few people think about how futile all these actions can be without paying due attention to the optimality of logistics in world trade. In this article, calculations were made based on geopolitical restrictions introduced between Russia and Western countries since 2022, as well as a scenario of reduced trade through the Red Sea (observed in 2024). According to the calculation results, it was revealed that the annual increase in emissions due to suboptimal logistics only in the trade of Russian hydrocarbons and the redirection of goods through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait instead of the Red Sea will amount to 630–690 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq). This exceeds the total emissions from all economic sectors in countries such as Australia, Turkey, Spain and Argentina, or even the UK and the Netherlands. Therefore, international logistics is another key area that deserves close attention when formulating tasks in terms of decarbonization of the global transport sector, in particular, and global low-carbon development in general. That is, the sanctions policy and various geopolitical restrictions can negatively affect the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement, which is an integral part of the Sustainable development goals (SDGs). • The current global policy in the field of preventing global warming is mainly aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels in the electric power industry and transport. Renewable energy capacities are actively growing every year around the world, and the popularity of electric vehicles and zero-emission alternative fuel vehicles is growing. • However, at the same time, many overlook the importance of such a factor as logistics in world trade, which has undergone significant changes over the period 2022-2024. The optimal cargo delivery routes have been broken as a result of a number of political decisions and military actions in some regions of the world, which form an important link in the supply chain. • A breakdown in the logistics of world trade can negate all efforts aimed at decarbonizing the global economy. Billions of dollars of investments in renewable energy may simply be thrown into the trash, since the lengthening of the routes of delivery of goods leads to an increase in fuel combustion and a multiple increase in emissions. Without optimally structured logistics in world trade, it will be impossible to achieve either the goals of the Paris Agreement or the SDGs.

Cătălin Gheorghe, O. Panazan, N. Stelea

This study assesses decarbonization progress in the European Union manufacturing sector between 2015 and 2023, using harmonized Eurostat indicators. The dataset covers emission intensity, energy intensity, renewable energy use, and structural markers of value added. After standardization, variables are reduced through principal component analysis (PCA). The resulting scores are then clustered with k-means, with the number of clusters chosen using elbow and silhouette diagnostics and validated through hierarchical clustering, representing a methodological innovation over existing typological studies. The results highlight persistent heterogeneities across member states. A group of frontrunners combines low intensities with a high share of RES; efficiency-centric groups advance mainly through energy intensity reductions but lag in fuel-switching, while structurally constrained groups remain hindered by energy mix limitations and outdated capital stocks. Dynamically, moderate convergence is observed along the main transition dimension, but persistent divergence remains in structural composition. These patterns justify differentiated policy approaches: accelerating fuel substitution where efficiency gains have already been achieved and integrated packages of modernization and infrastructure in structurally constrained economies. The novelty of this study lies in providing a harmonized, EU-wide, and reproducible typology of industrial decarbonization trajectories, enabling systematic cross-country comparison. Policy relevance is reinforced by linking the typology to current EU instruments such as the Emissions Trading System (ETS), the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), the Innovation Fund, and the Net-Zero Industry Act. The integration of PCA with clustering provides an evidence-based that is valuable for prioritizing European industrial policies in line with the Green Deal.

Sirisak Pangvuthivanich, Wirachai Roynarin, Promphak Boonraksa et al.

ABSTRACT Insufficient dissolved oxygen in aquaculture systems poses a significant challenge to sustainable fish farming, while traditional aeration systems rely heavily on grid electricity, contributing to both operational costs and environmental impact. This study addresses these challenges by integrating a compressed air oxygenation system with floating solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation, supported by deep learning‐based forecasting for optimal system control. Our key contributions include: (1) development of an integrated floating PV‐powered compressed air oxygenation system for aquaculture, (2) implementation and comparative analysis of three deep learning models (RNN, GRU and LSTM) for forecasting both PV power generation and compressed air production and (3) validation through a real‐world case study in Thailand's Pathum Thani Province. The LSTM model demonstrated superior performance, achieving the highest accuracy with RMSE of 172.59 kW and MAPE of 13.87% for PV power forecasting, and a MAPE of 21.72% for compressed air production forecasting. The implemented system successfully improved water quality in a 1200‐cubic‐metre freshwater fish pond, increasing dissolved oxygen levels from 1.7 to 6.47 mg/L over a 4‐month period. These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of renewable energy integration in aquaculture water treatment, offering a sustainable solution for fish farming operations while reducing dependency on grid electricity.

Seyyed Jalaladdin Hosseini Dehshiri, Maghsoud Amiri

The Renewable Energy (RE) supply chain faces challenges such as infrastructure constraints, and dependence on weather conditions, which affect production stability. Also, high initial costs and unstable support policies create significant financial barriers in RE. Using the capabilities of new technologies can help improve productivity in this field. Industry 5.0 (I5.0) uses developed technology to optimize processes, increase stability, reduce costs, and increase productivity in RE. Therefore, a decision-making framework is presented to assess the challenges of I5.0 in the RE supply chain. It proposes an integrated decision framework including the Fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (F-SWARA), and Fuzzy Combined Compromise Solution (F-CoCoSo) methods. The sensitivity of the findings and validation are checked with different decision-making approaches. Appropriate investment amount, attention to technical infrastructure, and the availability of financial resources are the most important factors with values of 0.236, 0.172, and 0.129 respectively. The main challenges are insufficient investment and attention to information security for implementing I5.0 in the RE supply chain. Measures and financial incentives for the development of internal and external cooperation and data security measures, advanced encryption protocols, and basic security and cyber actions are necessary to attract investment and create a safe environment.

Ewa Neska, Maksymilian Bielecki, Anna Kowalska-Pyzalska

Renewable energy communities (RECs) are attracting widespread interest as a pillar of sustainable energy transitions, yet their on-the-ground implementation remains limited. They are often confined to pilot projects and small-scale deployments, remaining a marginal element of power systems in most countries. In Poland, this implementation gap is even more pronounced due to low public awareness and various systemic barriers. To explore why RECs are easier to discuss than to implement, we conducted in-depth interviews with a select group of experts and analyzed the findings using a PESTEL framework. We utilized PESTEL analysis to examine macro-environmental factors and their interplay, providing a comprehensive diagnosis of the current situation. Based on these insights, we propose a strategic roadmap for the effective development of RECs in Poland, emphasizing how supporting RECs can advance national energy objectives and contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Although centered on Poland, the insights shed light on common challenges in the launch of RECs and offer lessons for accelerating community energy transitions in other European countries.

Shengmiao Han, Badrul Hisham Bin Kamaruddin, Xing Shi et al.

This study intends to determine the part played by energy production from renewable as well as fossil energy resources towards energy resilience in China, based on the guidelines of the COPE-28. This research has examined the relationship between energy generation and economic growth FDI for the period 2002 to 2021. The study employs correlation, persistence analysis, homogeneity analysis, unit root tests, ARDL bound testing technique, FMOLS, and robustness test exercises to ascertain the validity of the results. These findings suggested that there is a direct interaction between renewables deployment and energy resilience and the predisposition to fossil fuels as an impediment to long-term sustainability. The research findings confirmed that the use of renewable power increases resiliency while reliance on fossil fuels decreases sustainability. As a result, this study demonstrates the importance of an integrated approach to energy policy, where renewable energy is combined with a transition to fossil fuels over the longer term to underpin resilience objectives. The study findings are explicitly valuable for policymakers to help China change to sustainable energy management efforts. Therefore, policymakers need to incorporate research findings prudently in policy planning and execution.

Nicharee Thinnakornsutibutr, Arianna Su, Ankit Sharma et al.

Over the last few decades, efforts to improve fire safety have emphasized understanding material flammability through small-scale laboratory testing due to safety and cost constraints. However, extending these findings to real-world fire scenarios is challenging, as buoyancy-driven flows—critical to fire behaviors—vary significantly with scales. The objective of this numerical study is to understand the effects of buoyant flow on fire dynamics, specifically in the context of upward flame spread over vertically oriented solid fuels. To approach the problem incrementally, simulations are first performed for inert thermal plume (no combustion), followed by simulations of laminar upward flame spread over a thin solid material. The results show that the boundary layer thicknesses and flame standoff distance increase when gravity and pressure decrease, and scale with p−0.5g−0.25. The buoyant flow magnitude increases with gravity but remains the same when pressure is varied (UB∼p0g0.5). The results of upward flame spread simulations further show that reaction rate, flame temperature, and flame spread rate have positive correlations with both pressure and gravity. Interestingly, while the incident radiative heat flux on the solid surface (q˙fr″) increases with ambient pressure, it is insensitive to gravity. Nevertheless, q˙fr″ has a minor effect on the net heat flux, owing to the dominant contribution of convective heat input. Comparing cases of a constant p2g, distributions of convective and net heat fluxes, solid surface temperatures, and solid mass loss rates are generally similar, resulting in similar overall flame behaviors. However, thermal inertia and flame radiation loss are both lower in a reduced pressure environment. This leads to higher flame temperature and higher convective heat input in a small region near the flame base, weakening the effects of pressure on flame spread. Because of this, when applying p2g pressure modeling, the flame spread rate is higher in reduced pressure than in reduced gravity. The results further show that p1.8g modeling has a better performance in correlating fire dynamics.

Liao Qinglong, Wu Xiaodong, Xie Song et al.

Abstract The growing complexity and need for electricity in contemporary grids have resulted in an increased dependence on Distribution Automation Technology (DAT) to improve the effectiveness and reliability of distribution networks. Automation technologies, like smart sensors and fault detection systems, are critical for enhancing operational efficiency and lowering power outages in distribution networks. This study investigates the influence of distribution automation on the dependability of electricity networks, concentrating on important functional metrics and their relationship with network efficiency. Objectives: The main objective of this research is to examine the factors that influence the reliability of distribution networks, with a focus on distribution automation technology. This study uses a variety of efficiency indicators, like automation coverage, fault detection time, and consumer complaints, to discover the primary factors of network reliability. This paper introduced the Reliability-Optimized Meta-Learning Ensemble (ROME) algorithm, which seeks to predict the reliability category of various areas using these indicators. Methodology: This study utilizes the Distribution Network Reliability Dataset, which includes several areas with a variety of characteristics such as network age, automation coverage, smart sensor installation, power outages, fault detection time, and other operational metrics. The ROME algorithm is used, which integrates numerous base models (SVM, Random Forest, MLP) and a meta-learner (Gradient Boosting) to predict each region’s Reliability Category (High, Medium, Low). The dataset is thoroughly preprocessed, which includes mean and mode imputation, label encoding, standardization, and SMOTE balancing. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) is used for feature selection. Results: The findings show a strong correlation between automation coverage, fault detection time, and reliability category. When compared to traditional classification techniques, the ROME algorithm surpassed SVM, RF, MLP, and GB models with 94.7% accuracy, 0.18 Log-Loss, 91.2% Jaccard Index, 0.08% fall-out, and 95.3% specificity. Conclusion: This research emphasizes the value of distribution automation in improving network reliability. Utilities and grid operators can use the ROME algorithm to better predict and enhance network reliability. The results highlight the requirement for targeted investments in automation technologies, particularly in regions with lower reliability scores, to guarantee sustainable and effective electricity distribution.

Yvan Ayuketah, Milton Edimu, Cosmas Mwikirize

Abstract Several countries have renewable energy portfolios aimed at reducing energy sector emissions while diversifying their generation mixes. A cornerstone in these global portfolios is solar photovoltaics (PV) which offer a mature and rapidly deployable solution. Selecting optimal sites for utility-scale solar PV projects remains a complex challenge, requiring the integration of technical, economic, environmental and social criteria. This study proposes a hybrid decision-making framework that embeds financial viability metrics such as net present value (NPV) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings into multi-criteria analysis. The framework integrates RETScreen Expert for technoeconomic evaluation, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for criteria weighting, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (TOPSIS) for ranking alternatives. Applied to fourteen locations in the Southern Interconnected Grid in Cameroon, the model considers a hypothetical 10MW grid-connected solar PV plant. Results identify Baffousam as the optimal location due to its higher solar potential, favorable land use, and grid proximity. Sensitivity analysis reveals the influence of subjectivity weighting in AHP, with land use criterion contributing significantly to site selection, underscoring the need for stakeholder engagement. By bridging traditional energy planning tools (RETScreen) with MCDM techniques, this study addresses a critical gap in existing frameworks which often neglect the time value of money and financial viability. The modular design allows adaptation to regional priorities, offering policy makers and investors a replicable blueprint for emerging economies. This approach advances sustainable energy transitions while balancing technical, economic, and environmental priorities in site selection.

Alok Kumar Singh

The intermittent nature of solar power generation makes battery storage essential in standalone Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) systems. Typically, battery systems are placed on the direct current (DC) side, after the boost converter, to manage surplus or deficit power generated by the SPV system, using a Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI) topology. This paper proposes an alternative approach where a common battery bank is used on the alternating current (AC) side, instead of the DC side, to minimize the need for multiple controllers. A single bidirectional converter with a battery energy management system is implemented between the multilevel inverter and the AC side to regulate the AC output voltage while ensuring the load's power demand is met. The proposed SPV system, which includes voltage control via a cascaded H-bridge 7-level inverter and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), is implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) for Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulations. The XSG automatically generates the VHDL code for sliding mode control, which is embedded in the FPGA. The Spartan 3E FPGA development board, along with the MATLAB/Simulink environment, is used for the HIL simulation.