Bridging the implementation gap: Expert, systemic, and policy perspectives on renewable energy communities in Poland

Renewable energy communities (RECs) are attracting widespread interest as a pillar of sustainable energy transitions, yet their on-the-ground implementation remains limited. They are often confined to pilot projects and small-scale deployments, remaining a marginal element of power systems in most countries. In Poland, this implementation gap is even more pronounced due to low public awareness and various systemic barriers. To explore why RECs are easier to discuss than to implement, we conducted in-depth interviews with a select group of experts and analyzed the findings using a PESTEL framework. We utilized PESTEL analysis to examine macro-environmental factors and their interplay, providing a comprehensive diagnosis of the current situation. Based on these insights, we propose a strategic roadmap for the effective development of RECs in Poland, emphasizing how supporting RECs can advance national energy objectives and contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Although centered on Poland, the insights shed light on common challenges in the launch of RECs and offer lessons for accelerating community energy transitions in other European countries.