Breathing gas mixtures are gaseous mixtures with two or three components, one component being oxygen and the other components being inert gases. These mixtures result from the mixing, in the desired proportion, of two or three of the gases described in the previous paragraphs, one of which is always oxygen. According to the number of main components in breathing mixtures, they are divided into binary (two-component) and ternary (three-component) mixtures. For diving with breathing mixes, account is taken not only of the concentration of oxygen in the mixture but also of the nature of the inert gas in terms of its narcotic effects.
The study is aimed at investigating future changes in sustainability of olive farming by means of climate change, and changes in agricultural climatic suitableness and phenology of olive tree cultivation in the North Aegean sub-region of Türkiye mainly characterised with dry summer subtropical Mediterranean climate. According to projected changes based on RCP8.5 scenario, projected warming reaches an average of 5-6°C increase indicating most negative condition on olive cultivation. According to RCP8.5 scenario annual precipitation projections, present suitable areas of olive groves will decrease in the period of 2049-2073, and almost the entire study area will be in the category of medium suitable. With respect to projected Emberger Bioclimate classification, for RCP 8.5 scenario, there will be a significant increase in dry-sub humid areas in the period of 2049-2073. This increase will cover up the coastal areas in the period of 2074-2098, and even all the study region will be very likely characterised with dry-sub humid and semi-arid Mediterranean bioclimatic types except for some coastal areas. An increase of about 6°C is expected in maximum values of maximum air temperatures during the bud swelling periods in the spring, especially after 2050 under RCP8.5 scenario. This increase in extreme maximum temperatures may cause olive trees to bloom earlier and prolong the growth period. By regarding the high vernalization requirement of main olive variety in the study area, a 6°C temperature increase may significantly decrease olive yields and will force farmers to transition to new varieties with relatively low vernalization requirements. According to both RCP scenarios, there is a possibility of extension of suitable areas for olive cultivation towards low to mid-elevation plateaus and mid-elevation slopes of mountainous areas and high plateaus particularly facing suitable aspects to lower negative effects of projected future warming and dryness.
Xianliang Wang, Changgui Zhao, Fenyuan Cheng
et al.
Abstract The study of the in situ stress field is significant for the stability of large underground caverns near deep V-shaped valleys. Tectonic movements, gravity and river erosion have a great influence on the formation of the modern stress field. With the existing inversion method of the stress field in river valleys, it is assumed that the current stress field was formed in an ancient time. The inversion results are derived by first calculating the influence of tectonic movements and gravity on the ancient stress field, followed by simulating modern river erosion through multistep excavation. Thus, the influence of tectonic movements on the process of river erosion is ignored. To solve this problem, an optimized inversion method considering tectonic movements during different periods of river erosion (ORE) is proposed based on multistep excavation and a genetic algorithm (GA). In this method, unit extrusion, shear movements and gravity are carried out at different periods of valley evolution to simulate the effects of tectonic movements at different geological times on the current geostress field. The method is applied to the ground stress inversion of the Shuangjiangkou hydropower station, and the relative errors between the inversion results and the field-measured data are less than 30%. By comparing the results with those of the multiple regression method and multistep excavation method, it is found that the unloading phenomenon of slopes and the stress concentration phenomenon below the riverbed can be simulated with accuracy. This indicates that the proposed method can provide a reference for the design and construction of engineering work in similar locations. Finally, by analyzing the ground stress field of the underground main powerhouse in Shuangjiangkou, it is found that high-stress-induced disasters such as rock bursts and large deformations may occur in the area.
Ibrahim Messaoudene, Mohamed Sahraoui, Messaouda Boumaaza
et al.
This study investigates the formulation of high-performance, low-carbon mortars by partially substituting 30 % of Portland cement with a ternary combination of blast furnace slag (BFS), brick waste powder (BWP), and marble waste powder (MWP). Ten mortar compositions were developed using a statistical mixture design to evaluate the influence of industrial by-products on mechanical properties, microstructure, and environmental performance. Results indicate that formulations containing 33–66 % BFS and 33–50 % BWP achieved significant improvements in long-term strength, with compressive strength increasing from 17.5 to 55.1 MPa and flexural strength from 7.52 to 12.6 MPa at 180 days. A maximum density of 2.33 g/cm³ was observed, indicating enhanced matrix densification and binder hydration. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed reduced porosity and synergistic pozzolanic interaction, primarily attributed to BFS reactivity and the filler role of BWP. Predictive models derived from the ternary mixture design exhibited high accuracy (R² = 0.95–0.99), enabling efficient mix optimization. The optimal formulation, comprising 63 % BWP and 37 % BFS, exhibited superior mechanical and environmental performance, while MWP was excluded due to its limited reactivity. At 180 days, the compressive strength of other mixes, including M3 (66.7 % BFS, 16.7 % BWP, and 16.7 % MWP), M5 (33.3 % BFS, BWP, and MWP), and M6 (63 % BWP and 37 % BFS), also surpassed 50 MPa, demonstrating the synergistic effect of BFS and BWP. Microstructural analysis revealed that BWP acted both as a reactive aluminosilicate and a micro-filler, while MWP behaved as an inert filler. Ternary contour plots showed stable strength plateaus, indicating robustness to mix proportion variations. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and cost analysis showed that formulations with BFS and BWP reduced CO₂ emissions by up to 35 % and energy consumption by 30 %, while remaining cost-effective. This research establishes an integrated framework combining materials science, statistical modelling, and life cycle analysis that supports the adoption of circular economy strategies in the construction sector.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials
Alexey N. Beskopylny, Evgeniy Ivliev, Vyacheslav Grishchenko
et al.
This study investigates the external load and positional constraints’ impact on the accuracy and performance of an autonomous adaptive electrohydraulic actuator with pump control intended for mobile equipment. An actuator simulation model was developed in the MATLAB/Simulink (version R2021A) environment, and a full-scale experimental setup was constructed to validate this model. Various motion trajectories under different load conditions were analyzed to evaluate discrepancies between simulated and experimental results and to identify key performance characteristics across operational modes. The results demonstrate that the simulation model adequately replicates the actuator’s dynamic behavior, although deviations emerge under high-load conditions. Notably, in the absence of external load, the static positioning error does not exceed 0.025 mm (0.05% of the 50 mm target value), while under the maximum load of 8000 N, the error increases to 0.075 mm (0.15% of the 50 mm target value). These limitations are primarily due to current constraints imposed by the actuator’s power supply capacity (up to 300 W at 24 V), which restrict pressure buildup rates under heavy loads. Nevertheless, the proposed control system exhibits robustness to load variations and ensures positioning accuracy within acceptable limits, demonstrating its practical suitability for mobile machinery applications. The developed simulation model also serves as a valuable tool for control system tuning and testing in the absence of a physical prototype.
Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations
Ozgur Kisi, Salim Heddam, Kulwinder Singh Parmar
et al.
Abstract Accurate rainfall-runoff modeling is crucial for effective watershed management, hydraulic infrastructure safety, and flood mitigation. However, predicting rainfall-runoff remains challenging due to the nonlinear interplay between hydro-meteorological and topographical variables. This study introduces a hybrid Gaussian process regression (GPR) model integrated with K-means clustering (GPR-K-means) for short-term rainfall-runoff forecasting. The Orgeval watershed in France serves as the study area, providing hourly precipitation and streamflow data spanning 1970–2012. The performance of the GPR-K-means model is compared with standalone GPR and principal component regression (PCR) models across four forecasting horizons: 1-hour, 6-hour, 12-hour, and 24-hour ahead. The results reveal that the GPR-K-means model significantly improves forecasting accuracy across all lead times, with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of approximately 0.999, 0.942, 0.891, and 0.859 for 1-hour, 6-hour, 12-hour, and 24-hour forecasts, respectively. These results outperform other ML models, such as Long Short-Term Memory, Support Vector Machines, and Random Forest, reported in the literature. The GPR-K-means model demonstrates enhanced reliability and robustness in hourly streamflow forecasting, emphasizing its potential for broader application in hydrological modeling. Furthermore, this study provides a novel methodology for combining clustering and Bayesian regression techniques in surface hydrology, contributing to more accurate and timely flood prediction.
Eyyup Ensar Başakın, Paul C. Stoy, Mehmet Cüneyd Demirel
et al.
We investigated the spatiotemporal variability of remotely sensed gross primary productivity (GPP) over Türkiye based on MODIS, TL-LUE, GOSIF, MuSyQ, and PMLV2 GPP products. The differences in various GPP products were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U methods, and long-term trends were analyzed using Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK), innovative trend analysis (ITA), and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Our results show that at least one GPP product significantly differs from the others over the seven geographic regions of Türkiye (χ<sup>2</sup> values of 50.8, 21.9, 76.9, 42.6, 149, 34.5, and 168; <i>p</i> < 0.05), and trend analyses reveal a significant increase in GPP from all satellite-based products over the latter half of the study period. Throughout the year, the average number of months in which each dataset showed significant increases across all study regions are 6.7, 8.1, 5.9, 9.6, and 8.7 for MODIS, TL-LUE, GOSIF, MuSyQ, and PMLV2, respectively. The ITA and EMD methods provided additional insight into the MMK test in both visualizing and detecting trends due to their graphical techniques. Overall, the GPP products investigated here suggest ‘greening’ for Türkiye, consistent with the findings from global studies, but the use of different statistical approaches and satellite-based GPP estimates creates different interpretations of how these trends have emerged. Ground stations, such as eddy covariance towers, can help further improve our understanding of the carbon cycle across the diverse ecosystem of Türkiye.
Complete streamflow data is indispensable for water resources engineers to design, plan and operate the structures on rivers. To reveal statistically meaningful results, there should be sufficient length of observations with no missing data. However, for different reasons, e.g. failure of gauge instrument and weather conditions during manual recording, there can be missing parts in the measurements. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of using a distributed hydrologic model in combination with remotely sensed LAI data to complete one year data gap for two different basins i.e. Moselle Basin and Konya Closed Basin (KCB). Cochem gauge from Moselle Basin and D16A100 gauge from KCB are used to show the effect of data quality and length on the results. Further, the effect of gap location is analyzed using randomly selected one-year-gap from the beginning, middle or end of the discharge time series since there have been already statistical gap filling methods developed for small gaps spread over the data. Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) and SPAtial Efficiency (SPAEF) are used to evaluate the hydrologic model (mHM) performance in gap-filling. The results indicate that mHM can simulate streamflow dynamics in both basins (KGE above 0.88) during calibration period using continuous meteorological forcings. Further, having good quality forcing and adequate length of calibration are shown to be the key of successful gap filling either one-year long or shorter but frequent gaps. The results also show that mHM predicts the missing data in Cochem (Moselle) better than those data from gauge Küçükmuhsine (KCB). This seems to be not only due to the good quality and long data of Cochem but also rainfed flow regime in Moselle is easier to predict as compared to intermittent rivers.
Eyyup Ensar Başakın, Ömer Ekmekcioğlu, Paul C. Stoy
et al.
In this study, stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), a commonly-adopted soft computing method, was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the Adiyaman region of southeastern Türkiye. The FAO-56-Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate ETo, which we then estimated using SGB with maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation obtained from a meteorological station. • The calculated ETo time series values were decomposed into sub-series using Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) to enhance prediction accuracy. • Each sub-series was trained with the first 70% of observations and tested with the remaining 30% via SGB. Final prediction values were obtained by collecting all series predictions. • Three lag times were taken into account during the predictions, and both short-term and long-term ETo values were estimated using the proposed framework. The results were tested with respect to root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) indicators for ensuring whether the model produced statically acceptable outcomes.
R. Andrew Goodwin, Yong G. Lai, David E. Taflin
et al.
Predicting the behavior of individuals acting under their own motivation is a challenge shared across multiple scientific fields, from economic to ecological systems. In rivers, fish frequently change their orientation even when stimuli are unchanged, which makes understanding and predicting their movement in time-varying environments near built infrastructure particularly challenging. Cognition is central to fish movement, and our lack of understanding is costly in terms of time and resources needed to design and manage water operations infrastructure that is able to meet the multiple needs of human society while preserving valuable living resources. An open question is how best to cognitively account for the multi-modal, -attribute, -alternative, and context-dependent decision-making of fish near infrastructure. Here, we leverage agent- and individual-based modeling techniques to encode a cognitive approach to mechanistic fish movement behavior that operates at the scale in which water operations river infrastructure is engineered and managed. Our cognitive approach to mechanistic behavior modeling uses a Eulerian-Lagrangian-agent method (ELAM) to interpret and quantitatively predict fish movement and passage/entrainment near infrastructure across different and time-varying river conditions. A goal of our methodology is to leverage theory and equations that can provide an interpretable version of animal movement behavior in complex environments that requires a minimal number of parameters in order to facilitate the application to new data in real-world engineering and management design projects. We first describe concepts, theory, and mathematics applicable to animals across aquatic, terrestrial, avian, and subterranean domains. Then, we detail our application to juvenile Pacific salmonids in the Bay-Delta of California. We reproduce observations of salmon movement and passage/entrainment with one field season of measurements, year 2009, using five simulated behavior responses to 3-D hydrodynamics. Then, using the ELAM model calibrated from year 2009 data, we predict the movement and passage/entrainment of salmon for a later field season, year 2014, which included a novel engineered fish guidance boom not present in 2009. Central to the fish behavior model’s performance is the notion that individuals are attuned to more than one hydrodynamic signal and more than one timescale. We find that multi-timescale perception can disentangle multiplex hydrodynamic signals and inform the context-based behavioral choice of a fish. Simulated fish make movement decisions within a rapidly changing environment without global information, knowledge of which direction is downriver/upriver, or path integration. The key hydrodynamic stimuli are water speed, the spatial gradient in water speed, water acceleration, and fish swim bladder pressure. We find that selective tidal stream transport in the Bay-Delta is a superset of the fish-hydrodynamic behavior repertoire that reproduces salmon movement and passage in dam reservoir environments. From a cognitive movement ecology perspective, we describe how a behavior can emerge from a repertoire of multiple fish-hydrodynamic responses that are each tailored to suit the animal’s recent past experience (localized environmental context). From a movement behavior perspective, we describe how different fish swim paths can emerge from the same local hydrodynamic stimuli. Our findings demonstrate that a cognitive approach to mechanistic fish movement behavior modeling does not always require the maximum possible spatiotemporal resolution for representing the river environmental stimuli although there are concomitant tradeoffs in resolving features at different scales. From a water operations perspective, we show that a decision-support tool can successfully operate outside the calibration conditions, which is a necessary attribute for tools informing future engineering design and management actions in a world that will invariably look different than the past.
La evaluación y sistematización de la operación y mantenimiento del humedal artificial de la planta San Miguel de Cementos Progreso fue realizada durante los meses de marzo, abril y mayo del 2010, con la finalidad de disponer de una base de datos que permitiera determinar la eficiencia del sistema y de esta forma proponer soluciones a los posibles problemas encontrados. Se tomaron nueve muestras compuestas. Se encontró que la eficiencia del sistema está directamente relacionada con la las actividades de operación y mantenimiento, el problema más significativo fue la discontinuidad del flujo y la falta de uniformidad del mismo. Las eficiencias promedio calculadas del humedal fueron de 35.80%, 33.86%, 33.63% y 34% para la remoción de DBO5, nitrógeno total, fósforo total y sólidos suspendidos respectivamente, los cuales se encuentran por debajo de los valores esperados.
Jeffrey Estuardo Argueta Galvez, Félix Alan Douglas Aguilar Carrera
Este artículo presenta un análisis de los efectos que pueden generarse en un medio de cultivo de algas clorofitas si las concentraciones de fosfato, nitrito, nitrato y amonio del agua residual donde se generan, presentan variaciones. Este estudio fue desarrollado con agua residual proveniente de la salida de los filtros percoladores de la planta de tratamiento de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, ubicada en la zona 12 de la Ciudad de Guatemala. Esta planta fue seleccionada debido a que posee características típicas de agua residual de origen doméstico, y en estudios previos se constató que era viable el desarrollo de cultivos de algas clorofitas en el agua proveniente de sus filtros percoladores. Para el desarrollo del estudio fue necesario variar las concentraciones originales de nutrientes de la forma siguiente: a) fosfato 204.00-19.00 mg/l; b) amonio 17.50-1.00 mg/l; c) nitrato 114.00-76.00 mg/l; y d) nitrito 1.55-0.10 mg/l. Con estos valores máximos y mínimos se aplicó un diseño experimental factorial con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de las variaciones en la concentración inicial de nutrientes en relación a la concentración final de los mismos. Los resultados mostraron que en el medio de algas clorofitas hay una absorción efectiva de fosfatos, nitratos, amonio y nitritos cuando se presenta el amonio en concentración máxima, el fosfato en concentración mínima, el nitrato en concentración máxima y nitritos en concentración máxima, dando valores de fosfato de 19.00 a 7.08 mg/l, amonio de 17.50 a 8.94 mg/l, nitratos de 116.00 a 60.16 mg/l y nitritos de 1.55 a 0.10 mg/l. Un aspecto importante observado durante la investigación fue que en las combinaciones donde el amonio se encuentra en concentración mínima y el fosfato en concentración máxima no hay una absorción de amonio por parte del medio de algas clorofitas, ya que se obtuvo un efecto negativo teniendo un incremento de amonio máximo de 1.00 a 2.33 mg/l. Finalmente se determinó que el efecto de las concentraciones máximas y mínimas de nitrito no tienen incidencia en cuanto a la absorción de los nutrientes en el medio de algas clorofitas.
Josué Prens, Zohre Kurt, Arthur M. James Rivas
et al.
Wild sugarcane (<i>Saccharum spontaneum</i> L.) is an invasive plant species in the Central American region. Due to its low nutrient and water requirements, it can grow fast and displace native species. Therefore, its biomass is considered a waste to prevent the further distribution of the specie. This study investigates the production and characterization of wild sugarcane biochar to provide a use for its waste. The produced biochar was used for atrazine adsorption in aqueous solutions to provide a possible application of this biochar near the water bodies that were often detected to be contaminated with atrazine. The biochar was produced via top-lit updraft gasification with airflow rates between 8 to 20 L/min, achieving yields ranging from 22.9 to 27.5%. Batch experiments revealed that biochar made at 12 L/min presented the best removal efficiency (37.71–100%) and the maximum adsorption capacity (q<sub>m</sub> = 0.42 mg/g). Langmuir (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94–0.96) and Freundlich (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.89–0.97) described the experimental data appropriately. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that atrazine removal in wild sugarcane biochar could be mainly due to carboxylic functional groups. In addition, the biochar organic carbon composition contributed to a higher removal capacity in biochar produced at different airflow rates.
En los países en vías de desarrollo de América Latina, el crecimiento demográfico y los altos niveles de marginación y pobreza conllevan a la población a migrar y buscar sitios para vivir. Por lo general, esta población no cuenta con información para tomar las decisiones más adecuadas sobre las zonas geográficas en las cuales podrían asentarse sin ningún riesgo, es por ello, que en el caso de países como El Salvador, vemos cómo cada vez más las riberas de los ríos, las zonas barrancosas y las faldas de los volcanes están cada vez más pobladas. Así mismo, los gobiernos locales ó municipales aún no implementan el concepto de ordenamiento territorial, tampoco se implementan mecanismos para transmitir información sobre amenazas y vulnerabilidades que apoyen la planificación así como un desarrollo más seguro de sus comunidades, reduciendo los posibles impactos que puedan ocasionar los diversos fenómenos naturales. De aquí la necesidad de desarrollar los Sistemas de Alerta Temprana (SAT), con el componente principal de la red social de observadores locales, como una herramienta que puede ayudar a que los pobladores de una zona de riesgo tomen conciencia de su situación y aporten con conocimiento e información en caso de presentarse eventos de potencial daño. En el presente documento se explicara en forma breve, la historia del nacimiento y descripción de los Sistemas de Alerta Temprana (SAT) ubicados en El Salvador y el tipo de pronóstico asociado a cada SAT; los tipos de inundaciones que afectan en el país. Finalmente, el concepto, la creación y el papel que juegan los actores principales llamados “Red Social de Observadores Locales”.
El lago Atitlán recibe aguas residuales que deterioran su calidad y amenazan la salud pública, 100,000 personas utilizan el lago como fuente de agua, sin potabilización-. Las floraciones de cianobacterias en 2009 y 2015 muestran la degradación y la gravedad. Existen 19 plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales no diseñadas para remover patógenos y nutrientes. Para mejorar la gestión de las aguas residuales existen tres opciones: (1) tratamiento de aguas residuales: lodos activados y procesos de remoción de patógenos, nitrógeno y fósforo a niveles requeridos; (2) manejo integrado de aguas residuales, con reuso en agricultura, como las dos plantas en Sololá operadas por más de 20 años; y (3) trasvase de las aguas residuales fuera de la cuenca con colector subacuático, generación de hidroelectricidad, tratamiento y reuso en agricultura. La sostenibilidad se comparó mediante análisis de costos de inversión, operación y mantenimiento; valorización para hidroelectricidad, fertilizantes y disminución de la huella de carbono. Resultados: la opción (1) no es posible, las tecnologías requeridas no existen en Latinoamérica; la opción (2) es más costosa y difícil que la opción (3) de trasvase. Para la opción (3) existe experiencia en diseño, construcción, y operación y mantenimiento, y se puede producir 5 MW de electricidad y el reuso en agricultura con 788,000 kg/año de N y P. El trasvase ha funcionado en varios países y en Guatemala ha sido implementado desde hace 50 años para proteger el lago de Amatitlán, pero el proceso no fue completado y hoy el lago está contaminado.
Gerotor technology is an important research area in the field of hydraulics which attracts the attention of both academic scientists and industry. Despite the numerous publications announced by academics, as well as a considerable number of projects made by industry, the subject has not been exhausted. This paper presents a new approach to gerotor technology which has been formed by gathering the authors’ knowledge of gerotors in a synthetic form. The following scientific and technical results have been obtained: (1) A uniform system of parameters and basic concepts regarding toothing and cycloidal gearing (z, m, λ, v, g) which is consistently used to describe the geometry, kinematics, hydraulics and manufacture of those elements; (2) description of the geometry and kinematics of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal gears with the use of the adopted system of parameters. Additionally, the epicycloidal/hypocycloidal double gearing is presented, which is an original idea of the authors; (3) description of the hydraulics of the gerotor and orbital machines, and in particular: (i) determination of equations for delivery (capacity) q and irregularity of delivery (capacity) δ using the above-mentioned system of basic parameters; (ii) formulation of the principles of designing internal channels and clearances in the gerotor machines and presentation of the original disc distributor in the epicycloidal/hypocycloidal orbital motor; (iii) presentation of the methods of manufacturing the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal gearings with 12 examples of the systems implemented in practice; (4) presentation of the research methods applied for the examination of the gerotor machines, combining computer simulation and experimental research into a coherent and cohesive whole which results in the effect of research synergy. Such a synthesis of knowledge may serve the improvement, creation and investigation of gerotor and orbital machines carried out by academics and industry.
Victor Hugo Sanchez-Espinoza, Stephan Gabriel, Heikki Suikkanen
et al.
This paper describes the main objectives, technical content, and status of the H2020 project entitled “High-performance advanced methods and experimental investigations for the safety evaluation of generic Small Modular Reactors (McSAFER)”. The main pillars of this project are the combination of safety-relevant thermal hydraulic experiments and numerical simulations of different approaches for safety evaluations of light water-cooled Small Modular Reactors (SMR). It describes the goals, the consortium, and the involved thermal hydraulic test facilities, e.g., the COSMOS-H (KIT), HWAT (KTH), and MOTEL (LUT), including the experimental programs. It also outlines the different safety assessment methodologies applied to four different SMR-designs, namely the CAREM (CNEA), SMART (KAERI), F-SMR (CEA), and NuScale. These methodologies are multiscale thermal hydraulics, conventional, low order, and high fidelity neutron physical methods used to demonstrate the inherent safety features of SMR-core designs under postulated design-basis-accident conditions. Finally, the status of the investigations is shortly discussed followed by the dissemination activities and an outlook.