Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Pascal Meurer, Sebastian Buschow, Svenja Szemkus et al.

The increasing occurrence of extreme weather events since the beginning of the 21st century has led to the development of new methods to attribute extreme events to anthropogenic climate change. How the extreme event is defined has a major influence on the attribution result. A frequently disregarded or evaded aspect concerns the temporal dependence and the clustering of extremes. This study presents an approach for attributing complete time series during extreme events to anthropogenic forcing. The approach is based on a non-stationary Markov process using bivariate extreme value theory to model the temporal dependence of the time series. We calculate the likelihood ratio of an observational time series from ERA5 given the distributions as estimated from CMIP6 simulations with historical natural-only and natural and anthropogenic forcing scenarios. The spatial fields are condensed by the extremal pattern index as a compact description of spatial extremes. In addition, the study examines the extent to which attribution statements about the occurrence of extreme heat events change when the effect of the mean warming is eliminated. The resulting attribution statement provides very strong evidence for the scenario with anthropogenic drivers over Europe, especially since the beginning of the 21st century. For central and southern Europe, the influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on heatwaves could already have been proven in the 1970s using today's methods. There is no reliable signal apart from a general increase in temperature, neither in terms of the temporal dependence of extreme heat days nor in terms of the shape of the extreme value distribution.

Arnfinn Nygaard

På slutten av 1700-tallet tok myndighetene initiativ til jordbrukskolonisering av indre Troms, der reindrifta tidligere hadde vært enerådende. Forholdet mellom bureisere og samer skal den første tiden ha vært preget av «fredelig sameksistens», som var «til gagn for begge parter». Befolkningsvekst, videre jordbrukskolonisering og grensestengningen i 1852 bidro imidlertid til stadig hyppigere konflikter og et mer anspent forhold mellom norske jordbrukere og svenske reindriftssamer. Allerede på 1840-tallet ble det erkjent at bestemmelsene i Lappekodisillen, et vedlegg til grensetraktaten mellom Norge og Sverige av 1751, ikke lenger var tilstrekkelige for å løse konfliktene. Det skulle likevel gå flere tiår før norske og svenske myndigheter klarte å bli enige om en ny «Ordning af Forholdet vedkommende norske og svenske Flytlapper» gjennom felleslappeloven av 1883. Denne artikkelen har sitt utgangspunkt i en omfattende debatt i Morgenbladet 1876–1877 mellom gårdbrukere i Målselv og amtmann Christian Collet Kjerschow i Tromsø om de konfliktene som utspant seg. Debatten i Morgenbladet gir et sjeldent godt innblikk i hva konfliktene gikk ut på, og hvordan de ble opplevd og vurdert forskjellig av henholdsvis «flere gårdbrukere» i Målselv og amtmann Kjerschow. Samtidig gjenspeiler debatten ulike norske syn på samer i en brytningstid hvor nordmenns syn på samer var i endring.

Ricardo Hueso, Leigh N. Fletcher, Damya Souami et al.

The Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) will transform our knowledge of the outer planets and their satellite systems; however the visibility of unique targets of opportunity with high scientific value will be reduced for northern objects. Uranus' declination favors observations from the Northern Hemisphere until 2055, and Neptune will be favored from the Northern Hemisphere from 2027 for the next 90 years. Jupiter and Saturn experience cycles of better observability from either hemisphere on cycles of 10 and 30 years. These planets and their satellite systems often offer unique opportunities for discovery through time-critical observations. We argue that a 30-m class size telescope in the Northern Hemisphere with complementary scientific instrumentation to that on the ELT will secure the possibility of observing high-impact unpredictable phenomena in these systems.

César Leblanc, Lukas Picek, Benjamin Deneu et al.

This paper describes a cascading multimodal pipeline for high-resolution biodiversity mapping across Europe, integrating species distribution modeling, biodiversity indicators, and habitat classification. The proposed pipeline first predicts species compositions using a deep-SDM, a multimodal model trained on remote sensing, climate time series, and species occurrence data at 50x50m resolution. These predictions are then used to generate biodiversity indicator maps and classify habitats with Pl@ntBERT, a transformer-based LLM designed for species-to-habitat mapping. With this approach, continental-scale species distribution maps, biodiversity indicator maps, and habitat maps are produced, providing fine-grained ecological insights. Unlike traditional methods, this framework enables joint modeling of interspecies dependencies, bias-aware training with heterogeneous presence-absence data, and large-scale inference from multi-source remote sensing inputs.

Emile Esmaili, Michael J. Puma, Francis Ludlow et al.

Economic historians have long studied market integration and contagion dynamics during periods of warfare and global stress, but there is a lack of model-based evidence on these phenomena. This paper uses an econometric contagion model, the Diebold-Yilmaz framework, to examine the dynamics of economic shocks across European markets in the early modern period. Our findings suggest that key periods of violent conflicts significantly increased food price spillover across cities, causing widespread disruptions across Europe. We also demonstrate the ability of this framework to capture relevant historical dynamics between the main trade centers of the period.

Guro Nordby

Sammendrag Artikkelen tar for seg konflikter som oppsto i lokalsamfunnet da Norsk Hydro etablerte storindustri i Tinn i Telemark tidlig på 1900-tallet. Industrien hadde behov for rask og effektiv trafikkavvikling, noe som medførte fergetrafikk over Tinnsjø hele året. I forkant av Norsk Hydros etablering ble Tinnsjø regulert av andre interessenter, noe som også innebar endret vannstand og endrede isforhold. Dette kom i konflikt med de lokale bøndenes praksis med å bruke isen som transportveg. Behovene lot seg vanskelig forene, noe som førte til flere rettssaker omkring rettighetene til bruk av vannet og isen. Et gjennomgående tema var hvilke variasjoner som skyldtes værforhold, og hvilke som skyldtes menneskelig aktivitet. Et annet spørsmål var konsesjoner og avtaler kontra tradisjonell og innarbeidet bruk av en naturressurs.

Max Brauer, Rafael J. Vicente, Jaime S. Buruaga et al.

Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks are gaining importance and it has become necessary to analyze the most appropriate methods for their long-distance interconnection. In this paper, four different methods of interconnecting remote QKD networks are proposed. The methods are used to link three different QKD testbeds in Europe, located in Berlin, Madrid, and Poznan. Although long-distance QKD links are only emulated, the used methods can serve as a blueprint for a secure interconnection of distant QKD networks in the future. Specifically, the presented approaches combine, in a transparent way, different fiber and satellite physical media, as well as common standards of key-delivery interfaces. The testbed interconnections are designed to increase the security by utilizing multipath techniques and multiple hybridizations of QKD and post quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms.

Sergej Wildemann, Claudia Niederée, Erick Elejalde

The war in Ukraine seems to have positively changed the attitude toward the critical societal topic of migration in Europe -- at least towards refugees from Ukraine. We investigate whether this impression is substantiated by how the topic is reflected in online news and social media, thus linking the representation of the issue on the Web to its perception in society. For this purpose, we combine and adapt leading-edge automatic text processing for a novel multilingual stance detection approach. Starting from 5.5M Twitter posts published by 565 European news outlets in one year, beginning September 2021, plus replies, we perform a multilingual analysis of migration-related media coverage and associated social media interaction for Europe and selected European countries. The results of our analysis show that there is actually a reframing of the discussion illustrated by the terminology change, e.g., from "migrant" to "refugee", often even accentuated with phrases such as "real refugees". However, concerning a stance shift in public perception, the picture is more diverse than expected. All analyzed cases show a noticeable temporal stance shift around the start of the war in Ukraine. Still, there are apparent national differences in the size and stability of this shift.

Lenka Vaňková, Václav Bok

The medical compendium by the Jew of Salms, dating from the first half of the 15th century, includes various types of medical texts; one of them is a German translation of one of the best known medieval herbaria, known under the title 'Circa instans'. A complete translation of this text only exists in one of the three surviving manuscripts (manuscript C4a at Zurich University Library). The article discusses the specific features of the translation method used by the Jew of Salms and demonstrates the unique nature of this translation in comparison with a different translation (part of manuscript 1224 at Leipzig University Library).

Olival Freire Junior

Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.

Federico Mecchia, Marcellino Gaudenzi

The aim of the present work is analysing and understanding the dynamics of the prices of companies, depending on whether they are included or excluded from the STOXX Europe 600 Index. For this reason, data regarding the companies of the Index in question was collected and analysed also through the use of logit models and neural networks in order to find the independent variables that affect the changes in prices and thus determine the dynamics over time.

P. Herrera-Lormendez, A. John, H. Douville et al.

Projected changes in summer precipitation deficits partly depend on alterations in synoptic circulations. Here, the automated Jenkinson-Collison (JC) classification is used to assess the ability of twenty-one Global Climate Models (GCMs) to capture the frequency of recurring circulation types (CTs) and their implications for European daily precipitation intensities in summer (JJA). The ability of the GCMs to reproduce the observed present-day climate features is first evaluated. Most GCMs capture the observed links between mean directional flow characteristics of the CTs, and the occurrence of dry days and related dry months. The most robust relationships are found for anticyclonic and easterly CTs which are generally associated with higher than average occurrences of dry conditions. Future changes in summer frequencies of the CTs are estimated in the high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario for the sake of a high signal-to-noise ratio. Our results reveal consistent changes, mainly in the zonal CTs. A robust decrease in frequency of the westerlies and increase in the frequency of easterly CTs favour more continental, dry and warm air masses over Central Europe. These dynamical changes are shown to enhance the projected summer drying over central and southern Europe.

Kristýna Sedláčková

Natalia Zdanowska, Robin Morphet

This paper explores a decentralisation initiative in the United Kingdom - the Northern Powerhouse strategy (NPS) - in terms of its main goal: strengthening connectivity between Northern cities of England. It focuses on economic interactions of these cities, defined by ownership linkages between firms, since the NPS's launch in 2010. The analysis reveals a relatively weak increase in the intensity of economic regional patterns in the North, in spite of a shift away from NPS cities' traditional manufacturing base. These results suggest potential directions for policy-makers in terms of the future implementation of the NPS.

Augusto Cerqua, Roberta Di Stefano, Marco Letta et al.

We investigate the possibility of a harvesting effect, i.e. a temporary forward shift in mortality, associated with the COVID-19 pandemic by looking at the excess mortality trends of an area that registered one of the highest death tolls in the world during the first wave, Northern Italy. We do not find any evidence of a sizable COVID-19 harvesting effect, neither in the summer months after the slowdown of the first wave nor at the beginning of the second wave. According to our estimates, only a minor share of the total excess deaths detected in Northern Italian municipalities over the entire period under scrutiny (February - November 2020) can be attributed to an anticipatory role of COVID-19. A slightly higher share is detected for the most severely affected areas (the provinces of Bergamo and Brescia, in particular), but even in these territories, the harvesting effect can only account for less than 20% of excess deaths. Furthermore, the lower mortality rates observed in these areas at the beginning of the second wave may be due to several factors other than a harvesting effect, including behavioral change and some degree of temporary herd immunity. The very limited presence of short-run mortality displacement restates the case for containment policies aimed at minimizing the health impacts of the pandemic.

Bjørg Seland

Martin Lachout

Michal Homola

This study deals with actual trends and developments in the research of community interpreting in the global, but also in local context. In the general introduction we try to define the term community interpreting according to the latest trends in this field. Our goal is to set some basic features, which can help to create a universal definition of the actual content of the term community interpreting. In the next part we concentrate on the development in the world and try to analyse the most significant research projects in the field. Finally, we show a short overview of the most important initiatives in the local context en introduce our own starting research, which will be focussed on the analysis of the actual state of community interpreting in Slovakia.

Oscar Rodriguez de Rivera, Antonio López-Quílez, Marta Blangiardo et al.

Forest fires are the outcome of a complex interaction between environmental factors, topography and socioeconomic factors (Bedia et al, 2014). Therefore, understand causality and early prediction are crucial elements for controlling such phenomenon and saving lives.The aim of this study is to build spatio-temporal model to understand causality of forest fires in Europe, at NUTS2 level between 2012 and 2016, using environmental and socioeconomic variables.We have considered a disease mapping approach, commonly used in small area studies to assess thespatial pattern and to identify areas characterised by unusually high or low relative risk.

Oddmund L. Hoel, Annette Langedal Holme, Yngve Nilsen et al.