Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Janez Juhant

Jože Rajhman je v veliki meri razvijal svoj filozofski jezik in svoj filozofsko-teološki pogled v duhovnem dialogu z Bogom in dialogu z družbenimi in cerkvenimi tokovi časa. Vplivna pastoralno-teološka paradigma zanj je bilo delovanje (slovenskih) protestantov v zahtevnih in spreminjajočih se razmerah njihovega oznanjevanja Božjega sporočila Slovencem. Na razvoj slovenskega in teološkega jezika in teološke govorice drugih narodov pa je bistveno vplival drugi vatikanski cerkveni zbor z bogoslužjem v domačem jeziku in dušnopastirski prijemi, »posodabljanjem« (»aggiornamento«) delovanja Cerkve, ki je terjalo govorico, primerno čutenju modernega človeka. Govorica pa je zanj bistveno orodje oznanjevanja. Rajhmanovo razumevanje jezika in filozofije je tako služilo čim boljšemu umevanju božje besede in njeni teološki obdelavi, ki bo dosegla sodobnega človeka, še posebej kristjana. Zgled za to so mu bili Trubar in protestanti. Po njihovem zgledu pa mu je bil cilj čim boljša dušnopastirska gibljivost Cerkve. Njegovo preučevanje Trubarja in protestantov je navdihovalo tudi oblikovanje smernic dušnopastirskega delovanja Cerkve v sodobnem času. K zahtevnim slovenskim razmeram Cerkve v komunizmu je pristopal s posebnim zanimanjem in postavko teologije osvoboditve. Skupaj z Grmičem sta iskala prvine t. i. socialistične teologije. Članek skuša v ustrezni časovni distanci s kritičnim pristopom in jezikovno analitično pozornostjo ovrednotiti Rajhmanov pastoralno-teološki projekt in ga postaviti v kontekst razvoja teološke govorice, zlasti drugega vatikanskega cerkvenega zbora in dušnopastirskih razmer Cerkve v slovenski socialistični stvarnosti ter sploh v zahtevnih razmerah »modernega« sveta in človeštva.

Joop Niekus

We follow the history and development of Brouwer's use of individual choice sequences up to the discovery of a method to apply them successfully in 1927. With the principles we derive from this first use we analyze in detail Brouwer's work from that time onward. Our reconstruction uses only very basic principles. It aligns exactly with Brouwer's work after 1927 and, moreover, it gives a clear explanation of the proofs of his results and the terms he uses.

Ənvər Hüseynov

Müasir cəmiyyətin aktual mövzularından biri olan depressiv po­zuntu bir çoxunun əziyyət çəkdiyi psixoloji xəstəlikdir. Məqaləni yaz­maqda əsas məqsədimiz depressiyanın müalicəsində dinin roluna nəzər salmaq və xəstəliyi aradan qaldırmaq yollarını araşdırmaqdır. Mövzumuzun əsas obyekti isə yaş həddindən asılı olmayaraq, depres­siyadan əziyyət çəkən şəxslərdir. Müasir zamanda bu psixoloji xəstəliyə tutulan insanların artım sayı müşahidə olunur. Yazımızda depressiyanın tarixinə nəzər salınmışdır. Həmçinin tarixi şəxslərin bu xəstəlik haqqında görüşlərinə də baxış keçirilmişdir. Məqalədə depres­siya haqqında, həmçinin onun alt halları sayılan, ana olandan sonrakı dövrün durğunluğu, xəstəlik zamanı yaranan düşkünlük və onun digər təzahür formaları izah edilmişdir. Qeyd edək ki, yazıda, eləcə də depressiv və bipolyar pozuntu halları haqqında da geniş məlumat verilib. Həmçinin tədqiqatımızda psixoloji halların xüsusiyyətləri, onun yaranma səbəbləri, xəstəliyin ge­dişatı və bir çox digər məqamlar da araşdırılmışdır. Bu psixoloji xəstəliklərin, eyni zamanda, müasir müalicə metodları da təhlil edilmiş­dir. Məqalədə müalicə üsulları kimi, klinik, terapevtik, fizioloji və başqa maraqdoğurucu metodlardan bəhs edilmişdir; məsələn: musiqi terapi­yası, pastoral terapiya, maqnit dalğası terapiyası və s. Din – insan həyatının ayrılmaz bir fenomenidir. Məqalədə dinin depressiyaya təsiri haqqında yazılara, araşdırmalara nəzər yetirilib. Depressiyanın müalicəsində din fenomeninin təsiri araşdırılıb, onun psixoloji-fizioloji metodlarla müalicə üsulları izah olunub. Elmi araşdır­malar göstərir ki, dindar şəxslərdə depressiv hallar daha az müşahidə olunur. Psixotrop maddələrə aludə olan şəxslərin müalicəsi zamanı din müsbət təsir göstərir. Din onlara mənəvi dayaq rolunu oynayır, insanı sağlam həyat sürməyə təşviq edir. Bu kimi amillər insan psixologiyası­na müsbət iz buraxır.

Vineet Gairola

Grzegorz Bukal

Fortyfikacje nowożytne tworzyły systemy budowli ziemnych oraz szerokich fos. Ich powierzchnia przekraczała często powierzchnia otoczonego nimi miasta. Utrata znaczenia obronnego oraz tendencje wzrostu terytorialnego miast spowodowały konieczność zmiany funkcji fortyfikacji. W XIX i XX w. były one rozbierane, a ich tereny zabudowywane lub też przekształcane w tereny publiczne. Ich zagospodarowania i konserwacja sprawiają jednak problemy z powodu charakterystyki technicznej oraz konfliktów interesów ekonomicznych, prawno-administracyjnych, urbanistycznych, krajobrazowych, ekologicznych.

Patrick M. Duerr, William J. Wolf

The paper re-examines the principal methodological questions, arising in the debate over the cosmological standard model's postulate of Dark Matter vs. rivalling proposals that modify standard (Newtonian and general-relativistic) gravitational theory, the so-called Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and its subsequent extensions. What to make of such seemingly radical challenges of cosmological orthodoxy? In the first part of our paper, we assess MONDian theories through the lens of key ideas of major 20th century philosophers of science (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan), thereby rectifying widespread misconceptions and misapplications of these ideas common in the pertinent MOND-related literature. None of these classical methodological frameworks, which render precise and systematise the more intuitive judgements prevalent in the scientific community, yields a favourable verdict on MOND and its successors -- contrary to claims in the MOND-related literature by some of these theories' advocates; the respective theory appraisals are largely damning. Drawing on these insights, the paper's second part zooms in on the most common complaint about MONDian theories, their ad-hocness. We demonstrate how the recent coherentist model of ad-hocness captures, and fleshes out, the underlying -- but too often insufficiently articulated -- hunches underlying this critique. MONDian theories indeed come out as severely ad hoc: they do not cohere well with either theoretical or empirical-factual background knowledge. In fact, as our complementary comparison with the cosmological standard model's Dark Matter postulate shows, with respect to ad-hocness, MONDian theories fare worse than the cosmological standard model.

Hossein Ahmadi Rahbarian, Maghsoud Ali Sadeghi

The budget is the most important financial document for assessing government income and expenditure. Before the constitution, there was a budget line called Dafah or the Siqe "Sarf" in the financial offices, which was considered the cultural and construction part of the government budget. For this reason, it is important to examine this line of the budget, how much of the country's total budget has been spent on civil and cultural affairs, and to what matters has it been allocated? Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and examine the position of the Sarf form in the budget document and the amount of changes and the ratio of each of its elements to each other. The findings of the research indicate that the Dafah Sarf was one percent of the total budget, and this cost existed in both the civil and provincial parts. The difference between Sarfe  Diwani and Velayati was in the expenditure of "Mubarak's pocket", which was the most expensive in the Diwani sector. Chaparkhaneh, Mazaje, and building repair are unique in the provincial sector, and building repair cost the most in the provincial sector

Ioann Shimon

The article examines the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the Russian Orthodox Church in Crimea, traces the changes in the internal state of the Crimean diocese in the period from 1948 to 1961, analyzes the methods of party and state bodies to close the churches of the Russian Orthodox Church in Crimea and attempts to counter this by Archbishop Luka (V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky). The features of the implementation of the episcopal vocation are revealed on the example of the activities of the head of the diocese. During the years of “scientific atheism”, persecutions were aimed at “re-educating” believers, as well as leveling the significance of religion in the eyes of society. The fight against religion was carried out by the forces of not only the law enforcement system, but also the party and Soviet authorities, management and collectives of enterprises, trade unions, the Komsomol, and public organizations. Various methods have been used to achieve these goals. In the press and on the radio, biased and biased materials about religion and the church, as well as notes concerning specific clergymen, were posted. Priests were harassed, removed from registration, and deprived of the opportunity to preach. Pressure was exerted on the heads of dioceses and clergy, and an active propaganda campaign was conducted. On various far-fetched reasons, religious organizations were liquidated, religious buildings were demolished, and applications for the opening of new ones were rejected by the authorities. One of the methods of pressure on the Russian Orthodox Church was to increase the tax burden on religious organizations. The believers were also prosecuted. Representatives of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church played a significant role in this process.

S. B. F. Dorch, J. O. Petersen

About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.

Samuele Poletti

Many Christian converts in the Sinja Valley of Jumla, northwest Nepal, reveal that they have been struck by the Bible because it referenced real events, especially miraculous cases of healing. These miraculous events provide tangible ‘evidence’ of God’s power that somewhat replicate the expectations that people nurture with respect to the Hindu deities. In such way, miracles play an especially crucial role in supporting the conversion of women and youngsters living in large families, who, partaking as veritable protagonists in Biblical events, are turned into the as quintessentially Christian subjects of a conversion narrative that helps substantiating their radical decision vis-à-vis the rest of their family.

Toktam Yarmohamadi, Hooshang Khosrobeigi

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and function of the Divan of composition and writing in the Ilkhanate period and the changes that were caused by the Mongol invasion of Iran and the formation government . The Mongols and then the Ilkhans were aware of the importance and necessity of having a correspondence department in their administrative organization;Due to distrust of the secretaries of the open territory, they tried to change the previous routine of the existing organization. Part of this change was due to this process and part was due to the consequences of the establishment of Mongol tribes in Iran, the Iranian administrative organization was able to revive the organization of the Composing Divan,The purpose of this study is to identify these changes in conflict or inconsistencies with the pre-Mongol routine and why and how the process of reviving the composition the Divan of Composition. The results of this study, which is done with a descriptive-analytical approach and qualitative analysis method of existing reports, show that these changes including changes in the position of the Composing Dian and its staff, language and literature, text of documents and its compositions , changes related to trends and procedures can be identified in the Composition Divan, the most important event, like other events formed in the administrative organization of the Ilkhanate period, is the formation of a dual Mongol-Iranian system in the organization of the Divan of Composition, a system whose Iranian elements were gradually highlighted.

Maryam Patton

Ekaterina Ozmitel

The article reconstructs the history of the Оrthodox Turkestan diocese in 1925–1929 in order to answer the following questions: why Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) decided to replace its ruling Bishop Luka (Voino-Yasenetsky), why Metropolitan Nikandr (Fenomenov) became the new Turkestan Bishop, and what gave this appointment to the faithful of Central Asia. Serious problems that arose in the management of the Turkestan diocese in 1925-1927 are comprehended in the article based on archival documents from the Fund of Metropolitan Nikandr (Fenomenov), stored in the Central State archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as on the basis of narrative sources (memoirs and letters). The crisis of legitimacy and legality of Church administration was common to the entire Russian Orthodox Church at that time, was caused by repressive policies and gross interference by soviet authorities in internal Church aff airs. This crisis was aggravated in Central Asia by many specifi c factors. Serious confl icts caused the interim administration of the Turkestan diocese in 1925 by Bishop Sergius (Lavrov), who sometimes evaded the schism, then returned to Patriarch Tikhon, and also the activities of Bishop Andrew (Ukhtomsky), who created a secret autocephalous hierarchy not only for his Ufa believers, but also for the Turkestan ones. Bishop Luke, returning from exile in early 1926, tried to restore Church unity by reconciling the warring parties, but did not succeed. In addition, there was a fierce confrontation between Bishop Luka and Archpriest Mikhail Andreev. Quarrels among the clergy, inappropriate actions and complaints of parishioners gave the Renovationists reasons to discredit the clergy of «Tikhon’s Church». Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) tried to correct the situation at the end of 1926 and beyond, but neither the ruling Bishop nor the Tashkent congregation recognized his appointments. Bishop Luke, continuing to be called Tashkent and Turkestan until the autumn of 1927, was in an uncertain state in relation to the highest Church leadership and the administration of his diocese. Then he resigned, remaining to live in Tashkent. After the Declaration of 1927 Bishop Luke was inclined to stop communicating with Metropolitan Sergius; рossibly it was the infl uence of Metropolitan Arseny (Stadnitsky). Therefore, in September 1927, Metropolitan Sergius once again decided to replace its ruling Bishop, in order not to lose the Turkestan diocese. Metropolitan Nikandr (Fenomenov) agreed to become one — being in Ashgabat after his second exile, he did not have the opportunity to follow the appointment to the Odessa Chair. After entering the administration of the Turkestan diocese, Metropolitan Nikandr served in the only orthodox St. Sergius church in Tashkent at that time. He faced the hostility of its parishioners, who continue to consider Bishop Luka the ruling Bishop. Gradually, Metropolitan Nikandr managed to reconcile the warring parties, restore the correct attitude of the clergy and parishioners to the local and higher Church authorities. He promote the registration of parishes, the number of which increased by a third under him.

Santanu Saha, Simone Di Cataldo, Maximilian Amsler et al.

In this work we probe the possibility of high-temperature conventional superconductivity in the boron-carbon system, using ab-initio screening. A database of 320 metastable structures with fixed composition (50$\%$/50$\%$) is generated with the Minima-Hopping method, and characterized with electronic and vibrational descriptors. Full electron-phonon calculations on sixteen representative structures allow to identify general trends in $T_{\textrm{c}}$ across and within the four families in the energy landscape, and to construct an approximate $T_{\textrm{c}}$ predictor, based on transparently interpretable and easily computable electronic and vibrational descriptors. Based on these, we estimate that around 10$\%$ of all metallic structures should exhibit $T_{\textrm{c}}$'s above 30 $K$. This work is a first step towards ab-initio design of new high-$T_{\textrm{c}}$ superconductors.

Young Hoon Oh

Faiq Ələkbərli

Məqalədə, ilk növbədə, Ə.Hüseynzadənin “türkçülük, islamçılıq və müasirlik”ideyası ilə bağlı fikirləri öz əksini tapmışdır. Onun türklük və islamlığı hansıanlamda vəhdətdə götürməsinin səbəbləri göstərilmişdir. Eyni zamanda, buradaƏ.Hüseynzadənin nədən “osmanlı türkçülüyü” ideyasını müdafiə etməsinin nəzərifəlsəfi əsasları da araşdırılmışdır. Məqalədə göstərilir ki, Ə.Hüseynzadə “türkçülükislamçılıq və müasirlik” və “osmanlı türkçülüyü” ideyalarını irəli sürməklə nəinkiAzərbaycan türkçülüyü ideyasına qarşı olmuş, əksinə, Azərbaycan milli ideyasının(azərbaycançılığın) nəzəri-fəlsəfi əsaslarının formalaşmasında təkanverici roloynamışdır. Təsadüfi deyil ki, Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyətinin üçrəngli bayrağıda Ə.Hüseynzadənin ideyaları əsasında qəbul edilmişdir. Məqalədə o da qeyd olunurki, Ə.Hüseynzadə yalnız Azərbaycan türkləri üçün deyil, bütün Türk Dünyasımiqyasında dəyərli bir mütəfəkkir olmuşdur.

Carlos E. González-Guillén, Toby S. Cubitt

All Hamiltonian complexity results to date have been proven by constructing a local Hamiltonian whose ground state -- or at least some low-energy state -- is a "computational history state", encoding a quantum computation as a superposition over the history of the computation. We prove that all history-state Hamiltonians must be critical. More precisely, for any circuit-to-Hamiltonian mapping that maps quantum circuits to local Hamiltonians with low-energy history states, there is an increasing sequence of circuits that maps to a growing sequence of Hamiltonians with spectral gap closing at least as fast as O(1/n) with the number of qudits n in the circuit. This result holds for very general notions of history state, and also extends to quasi-local Hamiltonians with exponentially-decaying interactions. This suggests that QMA-hardness for gapped Hamiltonians (and also BQP-completeness of adiabatic quantum computation with constant gap) either require techniques beyond history state constructions. Or gapped Hamiltonians cannot be QMA-hard (respectively, BQP-complete).

Marek Świdrak

Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na problem określenia charakteru prawnego wymogu czasowego dla potencjalnych Zabytków Historycznych. Większość artykułów, które odnosiły się do tego zagadnienia, postulowała określenie stylowej / technicznej aktualności obiektu opartej na "dowodzeniu historii", podczas gdy inne sugerowały brak podstaw do oddzielenia  horyzontu czasowego od potencjalnego zabytku. Wychodząc poza te zagadnienia, niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę prawnej definicji Zabytków w połączeniu z definicją współczesnych dóbr kultury podaną w Ustawie o zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym. Analiza porównawcza tych definicji prawnych prowadzi do założenia, że ​​ustawodawca podał alternatywną, bardziej jednoznaczną podstawę do oceny, czy przedmiot jest wystarczająco stary, aby można go było umieścić w rejestrze zabytków.

Wojciech Kowalski

Autor przeanalizował wybrane akty krajowe i międzynarodowe i doszedł do wniosku, że w przepisach tych nie przyjęto jeszcze definicji miejsca pamięci jako przedmiotu ochrony prawnej. Nie oznacza to jednak, że miejsca pamięci pozostają całkowicie poza obszarem prawnym, chociaż są objęte prawnym systemem ochrony dziedzictwa jedynie w ramach ogólnej definicji dziedzictwa. W szczególności, aby kwalifikować się jako zabytki, miejsca te muszą spełniać standardowe kryteria "wartości historycznej lub szczególnego znaczenia". Tylko w niektórych systemach prawnych przepisy ogólne są uzupełniane o specjalne przepisy wskazujące ochronę prawną tych miejsc, określając ich typ lub wyznaczając konkretne obiekty. Jako przykład pierwszego podejścia można podać angielskie prawo, w którym pola bitew są wymieniane w specjalnym rejestrze historycznych bitew Anglii. Takie rozwiązanie zastosowano na przykład w Niemczech i Polsce. W prawie niemieckim można odnieść się np. do krajowego prawa Saksonii, które określa jako obiekty chronione synagogi w Dreźnie i Görlitz, miejsca dawnych synagog w Chemnitz i Lipsku oraz dawne obozy koncentracyjne. Polska ustawa o ochronie byłych nazistowskich obozów zagłady wymienia osiem takich obozów. W podsumowaniu autor określa potrzebę opracowania legalnych definicji miejsc pamięci, które mogłyby być oparte na istniejącej doktrynie wskazującej, że takie miejsca są swoistymi kombinacjami namacalnych i niematerialnych elementów, które razem są ważne nie tylko dla konkretnych społeczności, ale często mają wiele szersze znaczenie dla ludzkości, a zatem są częścią światowego dziedzictwa kulturowego. Taka definicja mogłaby zostać włączona do konwencji UNESCO z 1972 r. lub na wcześniejszych etapach tworzenia jej wytycznych.

Marcin Gawlicki

The abstract of this article presents efforts undertaken during the last two decades, to put Gdańsk – one of the oldest cities of the Republic of Poland – on UNESCO World Heritage List and, based on archival materials and the author’s own experience, analyses the reasons for the ineffectiveness of those attempts. The criteria to achieve this goal have been subject to a number of changes and modifications. The development of conservation concepts of the last decades, especially seeing the intangible heritage values, has created an opportunity for a broad appreciation of places, typically attributable to the reflexive points of modern history. It is the Solidarity Shipyard, perpetuated in the public consciousness, which still remains such a place. Whether it will prove worthy of the World Heritage List, should be decided by the persons responsible for its contemporary protection.