Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

Scholl Stefan

Albrecht Classen

Viele Kriterien sind bisher dafür herangezogen worden, um den sozialhistorischen Paradigmenwechsel weg vom Mittelalter hin zur Frühneuzeit zu bestimmen. Technische, philosophische, medizinische, militärische oder ökonomische Argumente haben dabei eine gewichtige Rolle gespielt. Die Aussagen der mehr volkstümlichen literarischen Texte hingegen haben hingegen bisher relativ wenig Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gelenkt, aber genau dort vermag man gut, ein sehr lebendiges Bild vom Übergang zu einer neuen Welt zu erkennen. Mit dem Begriff der ‚Demokratisierung‘ (nicht ganz im modernen Sinne des Wortes) lässt sich nämlich das Phänomen greifen, dass zunehmend in den verschiedensten Texten nicht länger mehr bloß von Situationen am adligen Hof die Rede ist. Statt dessen macht sich das Leben auf dem Lande, in der Stadt, auf der Straße, auf dem Jahrmarkt oder vor Gericht bemerkbar, wie insbesondere die Schwankliteratur dramatisch vor Augen führt. Anhand des Rollwagenbüchleins von Georg Wickram und vielen anderen vergleichbaren Werken können wir recht präzise den neuen Blickwinkel nachweisen, weil hier Vertreter verschiedenster sozialer Gruppen auftreten und miteinander agieren, was aber nicht immer ganz konfliktlos vonstatten geht.

Ryoma Sin'ya, Takao Yuyama

A language $L$ is said to be ${\cal C}$-measurable, where ${\cal C}$ is a class of languages, if there is an infinite sequence of languages in ${\cal C}$ that ``converges'' to $L$. We investigate the properties of ${\cal C}$-measurability in the cases where ${\cal C}$ is SF, the class of all star-free languages, and G, the class of all group languages. It is shown that a language $L$ is SF-measurable if and only if $L$ is GD-measurable, where GD is the class of all generalised definite languages (a more restricted subclass of star-free languages). This means that GD and SF have the same ``measuring power'', whereas GD is a very restricted proper subclass of SF. Moreover, we give a purely algebraic characterisation of SF-measurable regular languages, which is a natural extension of Schutzenberger's theorem stating the correspondence between star-free languages and aperiodic monoids. We also show the probabilistic independence of star-free and group languages, which is an important application of the former result. Finally, while the measuring power of star-free and generalised definite languages are equal, we show that the situation is rather opposite for subclasses of group languages as follows. For any two local subvarieties ${\cal C} \subsetneq {\cal D}$ of group languages, we have $\{L \mid L \text{ is } {\cal C}\text{-measurable}\} \subsetneq \{ L \mid L \text{ is } {\cal D}\text{-measurable}\}$.

Kristin Gnadt, David Thulke, Simone Kopeinik et al.

In recent years, various methods have been proposed to evaluate gender bias in large language models (LLMs). A key challenge lies in the transferability of bias measurement methods initially developed for the English language when applied to other languages. This work aims to contribute to this research strand by presenting five German datasets for gender bias evaluation in LLMs. The datasets are grounded in well-established concepts of gender bias and are accessible through multiple methodologies. Our findings, reported for eight multilingual LLM models, reveal unique challenges associated with gender bias in German, including the ambiguous interpretation of male occupational terms and the influence of seemingly neutral nouns on gender perception. This work contributes to the understanding of gender bias in LLMs across languages and underscores the necessity for tailored evaluation frameworks.

Saad Ahmed Bazaz, Mirza Omer Beg

All widely used and useful programming languages have a common problem. They restrict entry on the basis of knowledge of the English language. The lack of knowledge of English poses a major hurdle to many newcomers who do not have the resources, in terms of time and money, to learn the English language. Studies show that people learn better in their own language. Therefore, we propose a language transpiler built on top of the Python programming language, called UniversalPython, which allows one to write Python in their own human language. We demonstrate the ability to create an "Urdu Python" with this transpiler. In the future, we aim to scale the language to encapsulate more human languages to increase the availability of programming. The source code for this transpiler is open-source, and available at https://github.com/universalpython/universalpython

Khrystyna Kachak

Diese Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse der Foto-Text-Kombination anhand der literarischen Reportage „Die Slawen von nebenan – Sorbische Reise durch Deutschland“ des österreichischen Autors Karl-Markus Gauß, die sowohl sprachliche als auch visuelle Elemente in Form von zwei Fotos: von dem Friedhof in Ralbicy/Ralbitz und der Bibliothek in Slepo/ Schleife integriert. Ausgehend von der Theorie der Intermedialität wird die literarische Reportage als ein komplexes multimediales Phänomen betrachtet und gemäß der Typologie von Irina Rajewsky als Medienkombination verstanden. Diese Untersuchung hat zum Ziel, die Interaktion zwischen den beiden Medien zu bestimmen und ihren Einfluss auf die Gesamtwirkung des literarischen Werks zu analysieren. Es liegt die These zugrunde, dass die Interaktion von Sprache und Bild nicht nur den dokumentarischen Charakter der Reportage stärkt, sondern eine neue narrative Dimension eröffnet. Um diese These zu bestätigen, wird eine umfassende Analyse der sprachlichen und visuellen Elemente durchgeführt. Der Text wird hinsichtlich seiner sprachlichen Merkmale, seines Stils, seiner Struktur und seines Inhalts eingehend betrachtet. Parallel dazu werden die fotografischen Elemente – Komposition, Lichtführung, Farbgebung und Perspektive – sowie ihre Platzierung im Text erörtert. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Fotos im Text über ihre illustrative Funktion hinaus als zentrale inhaltliche Anker fungieren. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass sie vertikale narrative Strukturen schaffen, die es ermöglichen, tiefere Einblicke in die facettenreiche Geschichte und die kulturelle Identität der sorbischen Gemeinschaft zu gewinnen. Es wird betont, dass die literarischen Reportagen von K.-M. Gauß die Traditionen und Lebensweise von Minderheiten auf besondere mediale Weise darstellen. Solche Problematik wird im Kontext der gegenwärtigen gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen besonders interessant, da dadurch das Bewusstsein für die Relevanz von Minderheitengeschichten in einer globalisierten Welt verstärkt sein kann.

Moses Ganardi, Irmak Saglam, Georg Zetzsche

We study the problem of deciding whether a given language is directed. A language $L$ is \emph{directed} if every pair of words in $L$ have a common (scattered) superword in $L$. Deciding directedness is a fundamental problem in connection with ideal decompositions of downward closed sets. Another motivation is that deciding whether two \emph{directed} context-free languages have the same downward closures can be decided in polynomial time, whereas for general context-free languages, this problem is known to be coNEXP-complete. We show that the directedness problem for regular languages, given as NFAs, belongs to $AC^1$, and thus polynomial time. Moreover, it is NL-complete for fixed alphabet sizes. Furthermore, we show that for context-free languages, the directedness problem is PSPACE-complete.

Lee Barney, Adolfo Neto

In December 2023, security agencies from five countries in North America, Europe, and the south Pacific produced a document encouraging senior executives in all software producing organizations to take responsibility for and oversight of the security of the software their organizations produce. In February 2024, the White House released a cybersecurity outline, highlighting the December document. In this work we review the safe languages listed in these documents, and compare the safety of those languages with Erlang and Elixir, two BEAM languages. These security agencies' declaration of some languages as safe is necessary but insufficient to make wise decisions regarding what language to use when creating code. We propose an additional way of looking at languages and the ease with which unsafe code can be written and used. We call this new perspective \em{unsafe impedance}. We then go on to use unsafe impedance to examine nine languages that are considered to be safe. Finally, we suggest that business processes include what we refer to as an Unsafe Acceptance Process. This Unsafe Acceptance Process can be used as part of the memory safe roadmaps suggested by these agencies. Unsafe Acceptance Processes can aid organizations in their production of safe by design software.

FAHIM FAISAL, Antonios Anastasopoulos

Large pretrained multilingual models, trained on dozens of languages, have delivered promising results due to cross-lingual learning capabilities on a variety of language tasks. Further adapting these models to specific languages, especially ones unseen during pre-training, is an important goal toward expanding the coverage of language technologies. In this study, we show how we can use language phylogenetic information to improve cross-lingual transfer leveraging closely related languages in a structured, linguistically-informed manner. We perform adapter-based training on languages from diverse language families (Germanic, Uralic, Tupian, Uto-Aztecan) and evaluate on both syntactic and semantic tasks, obtaining more than 20% relative performance improvements over strong commonly used baselines, especially on languages unseen during pre-training.

Tina Neff

In diesem Beitrag werden die drei Bereiche der Rechtschreib-, Schreib- und Mediendidaktik miteinander verknüpft. Im Anschluss an eine Einführung, die Zusammenhänge von Rechtschreiben und Textschreiben im Rechtschreibunterricht beleuchtet, werden digitale Korrekturhilfen als eine Möglichkeit zur Unterstützung der sprachformalen Textrevision vorgestellt. Den theoretischen Grundlagen folgt ein Einblick in die qualitative Pilotstudie zur Erprobung einer digitalen Korrekturhilfe, die im Rechtschreibunterricht der Primarstufe und Sekundarstufe I eingesetzt wurde. Die Durchführung und die Erkenntnisse der Pilotstudie werden vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei vor allem auf der Konzeption der profilierten Schreibaufgaben, die für die Textproduktion eingesetzt wurden. Anhand der Erkenntnisse aus der Pilotstudie werden Potenziale sowie Herausforderungen zum Einsatz digitaler Korrekturhilfen im Rechtschreibunterricht identifiziert. Mithilfe dieser Potenziale und Herausforderungen sollen zukünftig Fördermaßnahmen zum Umgang mit digitalen Korrekturhilfen für eine Interventionsstudie entwickelt werden. Ziel des gesamten Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den Einsatz digitaler Korrekturhilfen im Rechtschreibunterricht der Primarstufe und Sekundarstufe I kritisch zu beleuchten, didaktisch zu rahmen und empirisch zu überprüfen.   Abstract (english): Use of digital correction aids in spelling lessons. Initial findings from a pilot study at primary and lower secondary level  In this paper, the three areas of spelling, writing and media didactics are linked. Following an introduction, which highlights the connections between spelling and text writing in spelling lessons, digital correction aids are presented as a possibility to support language-formal text revision. The theoretical foundations are followed by an insight into the qualitative pilot study to test a digital correction aid that was used in primary and lower secondary school spelling lessons. The implementation and findings of the pilot study are presented and critically discussed. A particular focus is placed on the design of the profiled writing tasks that were used for text production. Based on the findings from the pilot study, potentials as well as challenges for the use of digital correction aids in spelling lessons are identified. With the help of these identified potentials and challenges, support measures for dealing with digital correction aids will be developed for an intervention study in the future. The aim of the entire research project is to critically examine, didactically frame and empirically test the use of digital correction aids in spelling lessons at primary and lower secondary level.

Filatkina Natalia

Dawn Michaelson, Gopalan Nadathur, Eric Van Wyk

This paper concerns the development of metatheory for extensible languages. It uses as its starting point a view that programming languages tailored to specific application domains are to be constructed by composing components from an open library of independently-developed extensions to a host language. In the elaboration of this perspective, static analyses (such as typing) and dynamic semantics (such as evaluation) are described via relations whose specifications are distributed across the host language and extensions and are given in a rule-based fashion. Metatheoretic properties, which ensure that static analyses accurately gauge runtime behavior, are represented in this context by formulas over such relations. These properties may be fundamental to the language, introduced by the host language, or they may pertain to analyses introduced by individual extensions. We expose the problem of modular metatheory, i.e., the notion that proofs of relevant properties can be constructed by reasoning independently within each component in the library. To solve this problem, we propose the twin ideas of decomposing proofs around language fragments and of reasoning generically about extensions based on broad, a priori constraints imposed on their behavior. We establish the soundness of these styles of reasoning by showing how complete proofs of the properties can be automatically constructed for any language obtained by composing the independent parts. Mathematical precision is given to our discussions by framing them within a logic that encodes inductive rule-based specifications via least fixed-point definitions. We also sketch the structure of a practical system for metatheoretic reasoning for extensible languages based on the ideas developed.

Jonathan Katzy, Maliheh Izadi, Arie van Deursen

The recent advancements in Transformer-based Language Models have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the multilingual capabilities of these models. The remarkable progress made in this domain not only applies to natural language tasks but also extends to the domain of programming languages. Despite the ability of these models to learn from multiple languages, evaluations typically focus on particular combinations of the same languages. In this study, we evaluate the similarity of programming languages by analyzing their representations using a CodeBERT-based model. Our experiments reveal that token representation in languages such as C++, Python, and Java exhibit proximity to one another, whereas the same tokens in languages such as Mathematica and R display significant dissimilarity. Our findings suggest that this phenomenon can potentially result in performance challenges when dealing with diverse languages. Thus, we recommend using our similarity measure to select a diverse set of programming languages when training and evaluating future models.

Dionei Mathias

Confiança tem um lugar de destaque na consolidação do si, na apropriação de mundo e nas interações humanas. Quando textos literários representam interações entre sujeito e mundo, a confiança fundamenta motivações, ações e as transformações do sentido que emergem dessa interação. Nesse horizonte, este artigo deseja discutir o conceito de confiança em três esferas: individual, sociocultural e existencial. Para ilustrar a argumentação, o artigo recorre a três obras de Goethe: Torquato Tasso, Egmont e Ifigênia em Táurida. A introdução adumbra o lugar da confiança no discurso da Modernidade; nas seções que seguem busca-se refletir sobre cada uma das esferas e o modo como ela são representadas no texto literário. O artigo conclui que a confiança como parâmetro de análise transcende os discursos literários nacionais, funcionando como instrumento para identificar novas camadas de sentido.

Stefano Lusito, Edoardo Ferrante, Jean Maillard

Text normalization is a crucial technology for low-resource languages which lack rigid spelling conventions or that have undergone multiple spelling reforms. Low-resource text normalization has so far relied upon hand-crafted rules, which are perceived to be more data efficient than neural methods. In this paper we examine the case of text normalization for Ligurian, an endangered Romance language. We collect 4,394 Ligurian sentences paired with their normalized versions, as well as the first open source monolingual corpus for Ligurian. We show that, in spite of the small amounts of data available, a compact transformer-based model can be trained to achieve very low error rates by the use of backtranslation and appropriate tokenization.

Claudia Müller-Brauers, Christiane Miosga, Cornelius Herz

Das Angebot von Bilderbuch-Apps hat durch die voranschreitende Digitalisierung einen deutlichen Zuwachs erfahren und trifft bei Lehrkräften auf ein zunehmendes Interesse. V.a. für die Arbeit mit heterogenen Lerngruppen bieten sich Bilderbuch-Apps aufgrund ihrer spezifischen Features in besonderer Weise an. Allerdings besteht in der Forschung noch weitgehend Unklarheit, wie sich das digitale Vorlesen von Kinderliteratur auf die Entwicklung von rezeptiven und produktiven Erzählfähigkeiten als Element des literarischen Lernens von Kindern auswirkt und welche Rolle dabei die materielle Beschaffenheit von Apps spielt. Dabei stellt sich v.a. die Frage nach fachdidaktisch fundierten Kriterien, die das Potential von digitalen Geschichten für diese Lerndomäne definieren. Mit der Analyse einer exemplarisch ausgewählten App nach dem von uns entwickelten ViSAR2.0-Modell wollen wir darstellen, inwieweit die in Bilderbuch-Apps integrierten auditiven und visuellen Animationen mit dem narrativen Text verknüpft sind und auf welche Weise sie die rezeptiven und produktiven Erzählfähigkeiten von SchülerInnen in Abstimmung mit didaktischen Prinzipien des inklusiven Unterrichts unterstützen können.   Abstract (english): Animations in Picture Book Apps - Reflections on Enhancing Literary Comprehension and Interaction in Inclusive L1-Settings Due to technological progress and processes of digitization, the range of digital children’s literature has increased. Especially picture book apps have gained in popularity with teachers, since the technological features of apps show particular potential for inclusive didactic settings. However, research on the impact of digital reading on story comprehension and narrative skills remains inconclusive. Furthermore, the role of app materiality in digital reading is yet to be explored. Thus, teachers cannot rely on theoretically and empirically derived quality criteria when selecting apps. Based on the analysis of an exemplarily chosen picture book app which we conducted according to our ViSAR2.0-model, we intend to show how visual and auditive animations in picture book apps are linked to the story line and how this interrelation can be used for supporting productive as well as receptive narrative skills in heterogenous learning groups and inclusive contexts.

Wolfgang Müller-Funk

Unlike other great novels on the decline and fall of the Habsburg Empire, such as Radetzkymarsch by Joseph Roth or Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften by Robert Musil, Winder's novels on this subject matter reveal a strong matriarchal determination of male protagonists which, however, is broken down in many ways. In Der Thronfolger (1937), the neurotic agility of the Austrian heir to the throne is actually an implant, or even a loan from female mother figures (including his wife) of the novel, which themselves have in turn adopted many compensational behaviour patterns originating from their fathers. Even stronger oedipal motives are exposed in the power-obsessed, capitalist siege of a small Bohemia town by Adam Dupic, a mysterious foreigner, in Winder's 1927 novel Die nachgeholten Freuden. Both novels can thus be read as a specific version of the 'Habsburg complex', displaying yet another aspect of the fragility of the modern condition in Central Europe.

Elisângela Redel

Este trabalho analisa a integração e a construção da narrativa mítica das mulheres Amazonas no primeiro volume da trilogia sul-americana Amazonas, de Alfred Döblin. Trata-se de um romance ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil, escrito entre 1935 e 1937, quando o autor esteve exilado em Paris. Sob a perspectiva de Jan Assmann em relação às noções de mitomotricidade fundacional e mitomotricidade contrapresente, focalizamos como a narrativa mítica das mulheres Amazonas é incorporada na trilogia e quais significações suscita. Consideramos que o autor opera de duas maneiras no romance: a primeira é a incorporação e funcionamento de certos mitos na representação ficcional da vida dos indígenas; a segunda é a adaptação de mitos na construção da trama ficcional, sendo que o leitor possui uma participação dupla na narrativa mítica: como observador no nível da realidade ficcional e como receptor no nível da narrativa romanesca. Nesse sentido, a mitologia indígena é introduzida no romance de maneira complexa, atua como elemento estético que busca reconfigurar a posição do homem na natureza e tem efeito “contrapresente” sobre os leitores, pois induz a uma reflexão crítica sobre o desenvolvimento da civilização humana e do seu poder destrutivo, sobretudo na primeira metade do século XX.

Nick Brown

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have the potential to accelerate specific HPC codes. However even with the advent of High Level Synthesis (HLS), which enables FPGA programmers to write code in C or C++, programming such devices still requires considerable expertise. Much of this is due to the fact that these architectures are founded on dataflow rather than the Von Neumann abstraction of CPUs or GPUs. Thus programming FPGAs via imperative languages is not optimal and can result in very significant performance differences between the first and final versions of algorithms on dataflow architectures with the steps in between often not obvious and requiring considerable expertise. In this position paper we argue that languages built upon dataflow principals should be exploited to enable fast by construction codes for FPGAs, and this is akin to the programmer adopting the abstraction of developing a bespoke dataflow machine specialised for their application. It is our belief that much can be learnt from the generation of dataflow languages that gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s around programming general purpose dataflow machines, and we introduce Lucent which is a modern derivative of Lucid, and used as a vehicle to explore this hypothesis. The idea behind Lucent is to provide high programmer productivity and performance for FPGAs by giving developers the most suitable language level abstractions. The focus of Lucent is very much to support the acceleration of HPC kernels, rather than the embedded electronics and circuit level, and we provide a brief overview of the language driven by examples.

Tikhon Pshenitsyn

The hyperedge replacement grammar (HRG) formalism is a natural and well-known generalization of context-free grammars. HRGs inherit a number of properties of context-free grammars, e.g. the pumping lemma. This lemma turns out to be a strong restriction in the hypergraph case: it implies that languages of unbounded connectivity cannot be generated by HRGs. We introduce a formalism that turns out to be more powerful than HRGs while having the same algorithmic complexity (NP-complete). Namely, we introduce hypergraph Lambek grammars; they are based on the hypergraph Lambek calculus, which may be considered as a logic of hypergraph languages. We explain the underlying principles of hypergraph Lambek grammars, establish their basic properties, and show some languages of unbounded connectivity that can be generated by them (e.g. the language of all graphs, the language of all bipartite graphs, the language of all regular graphs).