Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass Männlichkeit in aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zum Thema Geschlecht weniger behandelt wird als Weiblichkeit, setzt sich Klaus Wieland zum Ziel, die Pluralisierung von Männlichkeiten um 1900 in der Erzählliteratur zu beobachten. Es handelt sich hier sowohl um das Aufkommen neuer männlicher Figuren als auch um die Modernisierung und Transformation der alten männlichen Typen. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt eindeutig auf den Darstellungen und Diskursen und nicht auf der historischen oder sozialen Realität. Um zu erfahren, was aus der hegemonialen Männlichkeit in der sich wandelnden literarischen Landschaft dieser Epoche wird, wird gefragt, ob das Auftauchen alternativer Figuren zu einer Neuhierarchisierung der Wertschätzung und damit zu einer dauerhaften Abwertung der hegemonialen Männlichkeit führt. Und kann daraus tatsächlich auf die sogenannte "Krise der Männlichkeit" geschlossen werden? So lautet der Ausgangspunkt dieser umfassenden Studie, die sich auf ein reichhaltiges Korpus mit 76 Werken stützt.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Sociology (General)
Stefanie Pacheco-Pailahual, Felipe Maurelia Burgos, Tamara Urrutia Serrano
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo conocer conceptualmente los tránsitos y propuestas políticas de mujeres mapuche en sus escritos publicados en la prensa de La Araucanía en la posguerra (1916-1968). Todo lo anterior en el contexto de la postguerra tras la invasión colonial chilena al territorio de Gulumapu. Se utiliza el análisis de contenido para dar cuenta de los conceptos preponderantes y los códigos de agrupamiento en el conjunto de artículos periodísticos presentes en prensa gremial y prensa local en la Región de la Araucanía - Chile. En las conclusiones se confirma el lazo que se tiene con el soporte periodístico-movimiento mapuche, así también como los conceptos están atravesados por las premisas modernas de progreso, siendo la educación un elemento transversal esgrimido por las escritoras mapuche, pero ha pesar de este estándar es posible observar las resistencias en los agudos diagnóstico sobre las consecuencias del despojo territorial visibles en la agonía que en ese momento presentaba la sociedad mapuche, así como la afirmación de existencia y de identidad como pueblo y mujeres indígenas.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Sociology (General)
Collective foragers, from animals to robotic swarms, must balance exploration and exploitation to locate sparse resources efficiently. While social learning is known to facilitate this balance, how the range of information sharing shapes group-level outcomes remains unclear. Here, we develop a minimal collective foraging model in which individuals combine independent exploration, local exploitation, and socially guided movement. We show that foraging efficiency is maximized at an intermediate social learning range, where groups exploit discovered resources without suppressing independent discovery. This optimal regime also minimizes temporal burstiness in resource intake, reducing starvation risk. Increasing social learning range further improves equity among individuals but degrades efficiency through redundant exploitation. Introducing risky (negative) targets shifts the optimal range upward; in contrast, when penalties are ignored, randomly distributed negative cues can further enhance efficiency by constraining unproductive exploration. Together, these results reveal how local information rules regulate a fundamental trade-off between efficiency, stability, and equity, providing design principles for biological foraging systems and engineered collectives.
Maxence Morin, Baptiste Hemery, Fabrice Jeanne
et al.
Social network analysis is pivotal for organizations aiming to leverage the vast amounts of data generated from user interactions on social media and other digital platforms. These interactions often reveal complex social structures, such as tightly-knit groups based on common interests, which are crucial for enhancing service personalization or fraud detection. Traditional methods like community detection and graph matching, while useful, often fall short of accurately identifying specific groups of users. This paper introduces a novel framework specifically designed to identify groups of users within transactional graphs by focusing on the contextual and structural nuances that define these groups.
I V Guskova, N E Serebrovskaya, S A Shapiro
et al.
All over the world, technologies, globalization, demographic shifts, emergency situations and climate changes are altering conditions how and where people live and work. In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical crises impacted population psychological health, disturbed labor markets and accelerated pace of changes in labor sphere, especially in sphere of remote work, e-commerce and automation. These changes create new difficulties or exacerbate existing problems. The modern stressful realities affect mental health of working population.The effective solution of problems in prevention of destructive changes and maintaining mental health of employees is urgent task not only within separate organization, but also for entire sphere of work.The purpose of the study is to investigate problem of psychological state of Russian society and analyze its socioeconomic aspects.The empirical basis of the study was data from the official websites of the World Health Organization, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, and the Center for the Development of Advanced Technologies.
The article is devoted to the problem of the compatibility of the economic and ethical foundations of entrepreneurial activity. In the conditions of postmodernism, their connection is blurred by a complex interweaving of economic and ethical motives. The conclusions of researchers who study this issue often contradict actual practice. Moreover, in postmodern philosophy, ethics in the general theoretical sense was not only underestimated, but also not regarded as an acceptable phenomenon. That is why science has not developed a complex of intellectual actions that would have a universal character to neutralize the negative consequences of postmodernism. Considering the growing role of ethical issues in the modern society and their lack of development in the economic environment, it is reasonable to analyze the series of works of the German economist, philosopher and sociologist Peter Koslowski. In his studies, the issues of bridging the gap between ethics and economic rationality associated with postmodernism as a special historical era, which is characterized by a number of specific features that are critical to the emergence and deepening of socio-economic risks, are discussed in a balanced and objective manner. Due to this it is relevant to define the problems of the theory of ethical economy not in isolation, but in interaction and mutual influence with modern transformation processes of postmodernism. The productive attempt to consider these issues was made by Peter Koslowski in his fundamental works: «Postmodern Culture», «Principles of Ethical Economy», «Ethics of Banking». The purpose of this article is to consider, based on the conceptualization of Peter Koslowski’s methodological position, the theoretical concept of ethical economy as a potentially important factor in overcoming the ethical neutralization of the economic system in the postmodern period. The novelty is the definition of ethical economy as a universal theory of rational activity, which takes into account the interaction of various socio-economic factors — ethics, economy and finance, law, sociology, history — which allows it to be interpreted as a multi-subject scientific discipline, the semantic contexts of which determine behavioral choice of economic entities, consumer and humanitarian expectations of the population. The methods of hermeneutics, analysis and synthesis, comparison, abstraction and generalization were used in the research. The main conclusions of the article are characterized by theoretical innovations that can provoke methodological discussions and ultimately contribute to an in-depth study of the multifaceted issues of ethical economy. The detailed and logically consistent concept of ethical economy as a system of economic views on a fair economic order during the period of change of world history eras, change from modernity to postmodernity is presented. The normative side of ethical economy includes legal obligations, which can be properly implemented in laws. In the triad of law, ethics and economics, the principle of efficiency and social justice applies to both law itself and ethics and should be used in the development of adequate legislation.
Purpose: This paper is an alarming assessment of the keynote address and remarks at the opening of the 77th General Assembly of the United Nations Organization (UN) by the Secretary-General to world leaders. The alarm is that the world, from small to big, powerful to the less powerful are “gridlocked in colossal global dysfunction,” and are not ready or willing to tackle the challenges that threaten humanity’s future – and the planet’s. “Our world is in peril – and paralyzed,” the Secretary-General Antonio Gutiérrez laments. Do these remarks collaborate with the daily multiplying effects of the Russia-Ukrainian war; the climate emergencies and devastating weather conditions around the world; the dire financial situation amidst poverty in developing countries and the setbacks in the UN Sustainable goals for 2030? Methodology: The basic problem facing research today and to anyone who tries to understand contemporary world politics is that there is so much material to look at; such as, which things matter and which do not. For instance, where on earth would you start if you wanted to explain the most important political processes: How, for example, would you explain the recent failure of climate change negotiations at the UN, amidst Africa’s position? How will one theorize ‘Brexit’ from the EU or the ‘gridlock in ‘colossal global dysfunction’, where nations meeting at the United Nations cannot agree on challenges threatening humanity’s future? This research employs a qualitative approach involving the collection and analysing of primary and secondary documents; as well as non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences of plenaries of the UN; particularly, why this particular one - (the 77th Session) was alarming. Findings: For the first time in UN’s history, the international communities are undermining the work of the UN Security Council; of international law, peoples trust in democratic institutions, and most forms of international cooperation. There is ample evidence from the research findings that there is “a divergence between developed and developing countries; between North and South; between the privileged and that, the world becoming more dangerous by the day. In short, the world “is at the root of geopolitical tensions and the increasing lack of trust among countries, which is poisoning every area of global cooperation from vaccines to rid communicable diseases; sanctions to stop wars around the world; measures to reduce global temperature, and the need to reduce trade barriers for the benefit of particularly, developing countries in Africa. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In IR theory, all nations work to increase their own power and not their opponents’. The nations that are able to manage and horde power most efficiently thrive; as they can easily eclipse the achievements of less powerful nations. In policy and practice, the UN is torn apart by gridlock within the plenary of the UN, as well as the Security Council, international institutions with powers to resolve international conflicts and misunderstandings are either paralyzed by division or have become undemocratic. The UN must therefore reform or be paralyzed by these colossal dysfunctions.
Understanding susceptibility to online influence is crucial for mitigating the spread of misinformation and protecting vulnerable audiences. This paper investigates susceptibility to influence within social networks, focusing on the differential effects of influence-driven versus spontaneous behaviors on user content adoption. Our analysis reveals that influence-driven adoption exhibits high homophily, indicating that individuals prone to influence often connect with similarly susceptible peers, thereby reinforcing peer influence dynamics, whereas spontaneous adoption shows significant but lower homophily. Additionally, we extend the Generalized Friendship Paradox to influence-driven behaviors, demonstrating that users' friends are generally more susceptible to influence than the users themselves, de facto establishing the notion of Susceptibility Paradox in online social influence. This pattern does not hold for spontaneous behaviors, where friends exhibit fewer spontaneous adoptions. We find that susceptibility to influence can be predicted using friends' susceptibility alone, while predicting spontaneous adoption requires additional features, such as user metadata. These findings highlight the complex interplay between user engagement and characteristics in spontaneous content adoption. Our results provide new insights into social influence mechanisms and offer implications for designing more effective moderation strategies to protect vulnerable audiences.
The relevance of this study is driven by societal and economic demands for creative, proactive, and ambitious economists capable of guiding the national economy out of crisis, ensuring stable economic growth, and contributing to the post-war reconstruction of the country. Objective: To conduct a theoretical analysis of the pedagogical phenomenon of "career competence" within the context of training future bachelors in enterprise economics. Methods: This study utilizes scientific literature review, analysis of legislative and regulatory documents, and empirical data examination to assess the current development of the problem. It also employs theoretical analysis, synthesis, and generalization to substantiate the importance of fostering career competence among future bachelors in enterprise economics for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Results: A theoretical analysis of scholarly sources was conducted (covering the philosophy, history, and didactics of vocational education; development of personal and professional qualities of specialists; continuous professional education; theoretical foundations of economist competence development; and career competence development within vocational education systems in Ukraine and abroad). The analysis confirmed the importance of developing career competence among future bachelors in enterprise economics for the country's post-war recovery. Conclusions: The issue of preparing young people for career choice, planning, implementation, and career competence development is relatively new for domestic psychological-pedagogical science. The traditional approach to professional training for future bachelors in enterprise economics does not foster their understanding of the profound psychological phenomena of self-knowledge, nor does it aid in identifying their abilities and personal resources, or motivate them to actively participate in Ukraine's post-war reconstruction. Studying factors that influence the development of individual career competence will help reveal the patterns of personal and professional self-improvement and career success of future bachelors in enterprise economics within the disrupted labor market context caused by the war. The need to design and experimentally validate effective pedagogical conditions and models for career competence development in the professional training of future bachelors in enterprise economics, considering wartime and post-war economic recovery needs, is underscored. Social and pedagogical conditions favorable for developing career competence among future bachelors in enterprise economics are identified (positive changes in sociocultural policies; rapid digitalization of all spheres of social life and economy; reform processes in the national educational system; shifts in Ukraine's socio-political and economic landscape; creation of pedagogical conditions and psychological-pedagogical technologies and methods aimed at forming ideas about professional success, motivation for self-knowledge and self-development, and readiness for lifelong learning).
The purpose of the study is to highlight historical milestones and the main directions of activity of the Sisters of Mercy during the Crimean War (1853-1856). Methodology. In the research process, the path of dominance of the principles and methods of knowledge was chosen, the choice of which was determined by the approaches to the disclosure of the topic, the set tasks and the specificity of the sources. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used through the use of comparative-historical, retrospective, historical-chronological methods and the method of source integrity. As part of the study of the history of the formation of a centralized system of care for the wounded and sick, general scientific methods of research, such as induction and deduction, were used. The biographical method made it possible to investigate the main sanitary problems of the countries participating in the military events of 1853-1856 through the prism of the personal experience of the main reformers of military medicine in general and nursing in particular. Scientific novelty. Аnalyzed of the main areas of work of the Sisters of Mercy, highlights the impact that their activities had on the reform of both the military and sanitary departments of the warring countries, as well as on the improvement of the health care system as a whole. It has been proven that precisely the shortcomings of the military departments of the participating countries in the matter of the modern organization of the medical and sanitary economy contributed to the activation of the public initiative, the result of which was the fact of active participation of women in the care of the wounded and sick directly in the theater of combat. Research results. In today’s conditions, the conditions of the Ukrainian-Russian war, the issue of the organization of medical support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine is becoming extremely urgent. In this sense, the 170-year-old experience has not lost both its cognitive and practical significance. Study of the state of preparation of the military-sanitary structures of the warring parties on the eve of the Crimean War; the reasons that contributed to the active “participation” of the female part of society in helping the wounded and sick; the main directions of the activities of public forces during the war years are indispensable not only for solving purely military issues, they are important for finding ways to implement effective social policy in the future.
Long gone are the times when zoning seemed a subject fit for a narrow circle of experts. In the last decade or so, several noteworthy books on zoning have been published, alongside dozens, if not hundreds, of articles in America’s most august news outlets and thousands of social media posts and blogs. One major city after another—Miami (FL), Denver (CO), Minneapolis (MN)—has significantly revised their zoning ordinances, and states such as California and Oregon have initiated ambitious reforms as well. Zoning, dare we say, is becoming a fashionable topic of conversation even at the dinner table, and for a good reason: zoning has always been a deeply political and therefore debatable project but one that has artfully paraded as a mere technical tool. The purpose of M. Nolan Gray’s Arbitrary Lines is to show that zoning, which was invented more than a century ago to better our cities, improve living conditions, and reduce health hazards stemming from the coexistence of housing and polluting industry, has devolved into an arcane system of spatial division that seems to worsen the very problems its founders hoped to solve. Arbitrary Lines is a comprehensive, wellgrounded, and logically organized critique of the rigid and indeed arbitrary way in which Euclidean zoning structures our communities and shapes our lives. Elegantly written, concise, and witty, Gray’s book is a useful introduction to zoning’s history and current state, to its lofty original promises and its many current shortcomings. If you live outside the world of professional architects, landscape architects, urban designers, and planners and yet you wonder why our cities are built the way they are and if, further, you have time to read one book on the subject, Arbitrary Lines, with its engaging writing style, may well top your list. Although the quality and accessibility of prose is the book’s most admirable quality, most of the points that it so eloquently brings up are both valid and well known. Arbitrary Lines would work well as a reference for practitioners, citizens, and students who are relatively new to the subject. But its chief arguments have already been covered elsewhere in greater historical and theoretical depth. There is near-consensus in professional circles that how we have practiced zoning in the United States for a century contributes to sprawl, inflates housing prices, and serves as a tool of social and racial segregation and discrimination. Arbitrary Lines augments and enlivens these arguments, but it does not appear to bring many new ones. Here and there, the author appears to claim discovery, but the details are ambiguous. For example, we are told that if there is another zoning system in the world to learn from, “it’s the Japanese” (p. 122). Yet cities in other countries zone quite similarly to Japan, so it is not clear why only that example is highlighted. The book’s most provocative argument is that U.S. zoning is so compromised that it should be abolished altogether (pp. 127–142). In our modest view, this may be an overstatement. Zoning is a type of land use regulation that amounts to dividing land into districts and attaching separate building rules to each, as Nolan explains. The rules are typically written by the public (municipal) sector and applied to the private sector, and the zones are typically demarcated to follow private property lines, making them perhaps a bit less arbitrary than the book title suggests. Yet zoning is neither good nor bad in itself: It is what we have made it to be. We could strive for better zoning, as was argued by Elliott (2008), among many others, in another well-written and pragmatic book published by the same press. We could also potentially learn from the original, early 20thcentury proposals for zoning, which did not envision large districts containing a single land use. On the contrary, they divided cities into small, fine-grained districts where mixed land uses and mixed housing types could occur through proximity. The original “zonists” talked about residential streets, commercial streets, and light industry streets, all of which were to be contained in the same city block. What if much of what’s wrong with American zoning today is the scale of the district to which it is applied? The rumors of zoning’s funeral have been exaggerated a few times already. We clearly need a land use regulatory system that fits our contemporary values and lifestyles better than Euclidean zoning. Nolan has brought admirable fresh energy to this discussion. We both would be happy to use his book in class.
During the current military situation and subsequent social challenges, the implementation of Ukrainian medical reforms is becoming increasingly relevant for the whole nation. That became critical since 2022 when the full-scale Russian invasion occurred in our state. Sometimes, Ukrainian politicians and medics present reasonable and innovative ideas to solve urgent social problems. Here, we must adequately consider the concept of medical care quality itself. This research aims to study the possibility of further use of the investigated medical sphere relationships for forecasting and monitoring economic efficiency indexes in macroeconomic healthcare. Also, we analyse modern healthcare reforms and their quality in Ukraine, ensuring social guarantees for all Ukrainian people. In the given article, the author deeply examines the tight relationship between population medical care quality and macroeconomic efficiency. The detailed study of sources on medical care quality shows no single standardised approach to the assessment of corresponding healthcare indexes. Subsequently, that makes it impossible to apply results in forecasting the consequences of medical reform influence on macroeconomic efficiency. In such conditions, the macroeconomic performance of measures and resources is highly critical. According to the recommendation list of the World Health Organization, the doctor-patient interaction regards four main components of medical care quality as relevant. They should include the doctor’s qualification, the optimal resource use, the patient’s risk and his satisfaction with provided medical aid. The economic efficiency indexes reflect the influence of healthcare changes on country’s economy due to the positive dynamics of physical, psychological and social health. Therefore, finding a stable balance and reasonable expediency in financial and economic instruments is optimal. Here, we should elaborately consider probable target index effects or their particular aspects.
We present the Multi-Modal Discussion Transformer (mDT), a novel methodfor detecting hate speech in online social networks such as Reddit discussions. In contrast to traditional comment-only methods, our approach to labelling a comment as hate speech involves a holistic analysis of text and images grounded in the discussion context. This is done by leveraging graph transformers to capture the contextual relationships in the discussion surrounding a comment and grounding the interwoven fusion layers that combine text and image embeddings instead of processing modalities separately. To evaluate our work, we present a new dataset, HatefulDiscussions, comprising complete multi-modal discussions from multiple online communities on Reddit. We compare the performance of our model to baselines that only process individual comments and conduct extensive ablation studies.
Sakshi Saldanha, Claas Kirchhelle, Emily Webster
et al.
Manual scavengers, or ‘Safai Karamcharis’, as they are known in India, are sanitation workers who manually clean human waste for a living and face considerable occupational health risks. They are subject to deep-seated, caste-based stigma associated with their perceived ‘caste impurity’ and lack of cleanliness, which result both in consistently dangerous substandard working conditions and lack of social mobility, with women facing greater hardships. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated their plight. Despite the considerable efforts of social advocates, organised movements and government institutions, reforms and criminalisation have produced mixed results and campaigners remain divided on whether banning manual scavenging is an effective solution. This article reviews the history of attempts to address scavenging in India. Starting in the colonial period and ending with the current government’s Swachh Bharat Mission, it highlights how attempts to deal with scavenging via quick-fix solutions like legal bans criminalising their employment, infrastructure upgrades or paternalistic interventions have either failed to resolve issues or exacerbated scavengers’ situation by pushing long-standing problems out of view. It argues that meaningful progress depends on abandoning top-down modes of decision-making, addressing the underlying sociocultural and infrastructural factors that perpetuate the ill health and social conditions of manual scavengers, collecting data on the true extent of scavenging, and investing in and providing political agency to communities themselves.
Esta reseña aborda un libro libro coordinado por Jessica Ramírez y Mario Sarmiento sobre la orden de los carmelitas descalzos en Nueva España, provincia en la que afianzaron su posición como en ningún otro reino hispanoamericano gracias a los distintos tipos de relaciones que sus miembros forjaron con la población, el arraigo que adquirieron sus devociones características y su capacidad de adaptación a distintos territorios y contextos. A lo largo de cinco apartados con artículos escritos por especialistas en historia eclesiástica muestran las principales figuras de la orden, la trayectoria de sus conventos y su influencia en el orden social.
History (General), Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
Yelena Mejova, Jisun An, Gianmarco De Francisci Morales
et al.
The United States have some of the highest rates of gun violence among developed countries. Yet, there is a disagreement about the extent to which firearms should be regulated. In this study, we employ social media signals to examine the predictors of offline political activism, at both population and individual level. We show that it is possible to classify the stance of users on the gun issue, especially accurately when network information is available. Alongside socioeconomic variables, network information such as the relative size of the two sides of the debate is also predictive of state-level gun policy. On individual level, we build a statistical model using network, content, and psycho-linguistic features that predicts real-life political action, and explore the most predictive linguistic features. Thus, we argue that, alongside demographics and socioeconomic indicators, social media provides useful signals in the holistic modeling of political engagement around the gun debate.
Fighting the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic has been declared as one of the most important focus areas by the World Health Organization since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the information that is consumed and disseminated consists of promoting fake cures, rumors, and conspiracy theories to spreading xenophobia and panic, at the same time there is information (e.g., containing advice, promoting cure) that can help different stakeholders such as policy-makers. Social media platforms enable the infodemic and there has been an effort to curate the content on such platforms, analyze and debunk them. While a majority of the research efforts consider one or two aspects (e.g., detecting factuality) of such information, in this study we focus on a multifaceted approach, including an API,\url{https://app.swaggerhub.com/apis/yifan2019/Tanbih/0.8.0/} and a demo system,\url{https://covid19.tanbih.org}, which we made freely and publicly available. We believe that this will facilitate researchers and different stakeholders. A screencast of the API services and demo is available.\url{https://youtu.be/zhbcSvxEKMk}