Hasil untuk "Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture"

I. Petrova, Liyousa Taghikilanidamavandi

Type of the article: Research ArticleThis paper examines the increasingly complex problem of corporate culture transformation in ever-changing, crisis-prone organizations, where conventional management models do not adequately guarantee the adaptability and stability of personnel. It is intended to explore the role of the effectiveness of human resource (HR) training and human capital development as a link in the transformation of corporate culture and an innovation-driven leadership style. CIIRS is used as the underlying theory that builds on the TEI in assessing the relationship between leadership styles and adaptability that develops in organizations. The paper used comparative techniques to examine the CIIRS factors to determine the most dominant culture transformation patterns among 28 organizations participating in the study and operating in the energy, logistics, and service industries in Ukraine during 2024–2025. Organizations with greater TEI values have greater adaptability, more positive and stable innovation processes, and higher employee engagement. Energy sector organizations tended to have the best combination of innovation leadership and human resource development processes. Logistics organizations had the widest discrepancies between training programs and culture. The findings show that insufficient implementation of innovation leadership strategies in HR training processes significantly hinders corporate culture change. This paper finds that HR training effectiveness has mediating and key significance in corporate culture transformation based on innovation management leadership. The results of this study may provide valuable guidance and recommendations on how companies can improve agility by combining leadership and HR training strategies, and serve as a basis for further analysis and research.

Divasa Fatikhatul Laeli, F. Bagis, Naelati Tubastuvi et al.

Dynamic changes in the healthcare sector require organizations to adopt a leadership style that is capable of encouraging innovation while maintaining work stability. This study aims to examine the effect of ambidextrous leadership, consisting of opening leadership behavior and closing leadership behavior, on innovative work behavior and employee performance, and to analyze the mediating role of innovative work behavior. The study used a quantitative approach with a population of 524 employees with a final sample of 235 respondents from three health institutions in Pemalang Regency. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results of the study show that opening leadership behavior and closing leadership behavior do not have a direct effect on employee performance. However, both leadership behaviors had a positive and significant effect on innovative work behavior. In addition, innovative work behavior was proven to significantly influence employee performance and mediate the relationship between opening leadership behavior and closing leadership behavior with employee performance. These findings confirm that innovation is a key mechanism in converting the influence of ambidextrous leadership into improved employee performance. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of cultivating an innovative work culture and the role of leaders in balancing freedom to explore with procedural control to improve work effectiveness in healthcare institutions. procedural control to improve work effectiveness in healthcare institutions.

S. Shah

This study aims to analyse how cultural and religious values shape individual attitudes towards responsible consumption (RC), with a particular emphasis on contrasting Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic countries. The objective was to find out how adherence to religious beliefs could drive sustainable behaviours as a sure way to achieve sustainable development goals, among them RC and production. The research classifies countries into Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic based on data derived from World Values Surveys from 1980 to 2020. To find out the effect of religious and cultural values on RC behaviours, the authors use a logistic regression model by controlling the sociodemographic variables country, denomination and town size. The findings determined that in Abrahamic countries, high adherence to religious teachings is strongly correlated with positive RC behaviours. In most non-Abrahamic countries, however, while the strength of the effect of cultural values on RC is somewhat diminished, there is potential for a positive shift insofar as the central doctrines of the respective faiths will be adopted more actively by their adherents. While this study provides valuable insights into the influence of cultural and religious values on RC, it is limited by its reliance on cross-sectional data, which restricts the ability to infer causality. Future research could benefit from longitudinal studies to track changes over time or experimental designs to test causality more directly. Additionally, the study’s focus on broad religious categories may overlook the nuanced differences within each religious group, suggesting a need for more detailed subgroup analyses. The practical implications of such findings lie in the fact that marketers have to design campaigns that relate to the cultural and religious ethos of their target audiences. Therefore, marketing strategies locally practised bring effectiveness in running initiatives meant to be taken for sustainable consumption practices, to develop brand loyalty and to support corporate environmental and social responsibility. By aligning consumption practices with religious teachings, communities can foster a collective sense of purpose and ethical responsibility. This alignment not only enhances social cohesion but also supports broader social goals such as environmental sustainability and economic moderation. Moreover, by encouraging values like thrift and stewardship, societies can mitigate the adverse effects of consumerism, such as waste and environmental degradation, thus improving the quality of life and fostering a more sustainable future. This paper is going to add to the existing literature by identifying how religious teachings can be pivotal for the sustainability of modern times. Its findings provide new insight for policymakers and marketers who are seeking to encourage RC in cultures.

Inna Ippolitova, Olena Serhiienko

In the article has been considered the importance of developing and enhancing employees' professional (individual) competencies as a fundamental component of a competent organization, aimed at strengthening its long-term competitiveness. In a competent organization, a structured system of processes is in place to facilitate continuous improvement and development, while employees serve as carriers of a corporate culture that fosters learning, innovation, and collaboration. It is noted that competent organizations exhibit high levels of productivity, adaptability, and market competitiveness. As organizations evolve, significant attention must be devoted to the development of employees' competencies. A high level of individual (professional) competency development can have a substantial impact on business performance, contributing to increased productivity, work quality, innovation, and team efficiency. Organizations that invest in developing their employees’ competencies and enhance their organizational capabilities – leveraging knowledge, skills, expertise, experience, and resources to create new products – gain a competitive edge. This reflects both the presence of organizational competencies and the extent of their manifestation. In the article has been introduced the "Employee Competency Level" matrix as a tool for assessing individual employee effectiveness and competency. Each quadrant of this matrix represents a combination of an employee’s competency development level and their awareness of the tasks they are required to perform according to their job responsibilities. Based on this matrix, a personalized competency development plan has been designed, enabling employees to maximize their competencies and thereby build the potential necessary to achieve strategic business objectives. It has been demonstrated that a competent organization focused on fostering employees' professional competencies enhances its competitive position and ensures long-term market sustainability. This approach not only drives market success but also establishes a foundation for sustainable development, strategic partnerships, and rapid adaptation to future changes. Future research will focus on assessing employee competency levels.

یوسف اسماعیل‌زاده, رضا دوستدار, حسن کلاکی et al.

اقامه نماز به عنوان یکی از اصول اساسی دین اسلام، در محیط‌های کاری و عمومی اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. با این حال، در عملیات‌های پلیسی، افسران با چالش‌های متعددی در اقامه نماز مواجه می‌شوند که می‌تواند بر عملکرد و رضایت شغلی آنها تأثیر بگذارد. هدف این مطالعه شناسایی و تحلیل موانع فرهنگی و ساختاری اقامه نماز در محیط‌های پلیسی و ارائه راهکارهای عملی و مبتنی بر فناوری برای تسهیل اقامه نماز در این محیط‌ها بود.این مطالعه کیفی و از نوع تحلیل مضمون بود که با مشارکت ۴۵ نفر از فرماندهان میدانی عملیات‌های پلیسی، روحانیون شاغل در عقیدتی و سیاسی و کارکنان کوپ، پلیس‌های تخصصی و یگان ویژه فرماندهی انتظامی استان آذربایجان غربی در سال ۱۴۰۳ انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری به صورت هدفمند و گزینشی انجام شده و داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از طریق سوالات باز و تحلیل با روش کلایزی استخراج و به روش تحلیل مضمون، تحلیل شدند.یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که موانع فرهنگی شامل تأثیرات اجتماعی و نگرش عمومی، آگاهی و آموزش دینی، حمایت و فرهنگ‌سازی در محیط کار و توازن بین وظایف شغلی و دینی است. همچنین، موانع ساختاری شامل زیرساخت‌ها و امکانات فیزیکی، زمان‌بندی و برنامه‌ریزی، قوانین و مقررات و فناوری و منابع بود.نتایج نشان داد که برای رفع موانع اقامه نماز در عملیات‌های پلیسی، نیاز به رویکردی جامع و چندجانبه است که شامل آموزش و فرهنگ‌سازی، بهبود زیرساخت‌ها، برنامه‌ریزی مناسب و استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین باشد. این اقدامات می‌توانند به ایجاد محیطی مساعدتر برای اقامه نماز و تقویت ارزش‌های دینی در جامعه کمک کنند.

Artem A. Binyakovsky

The article studies the theoretical foundations of risk management in the conditions of uncertainty of modern economies. In the context of rapidly changing economic conditions the emphasis is made on the need to adapt existing methods of risk assessment and management. The influence of external and internal factors on risky situations is analyzed, as well as the assessment of existing quantitative and qualitative methods used in the practice of risk management. The approach to the integration of various assessment methods is substantiated, which will allow to raise awareness and organize the process of management decision- making at a higher quality level. The importance of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and big data, for improving the effectiveness of risk management systems is considered. Special attention is paid to the importance of developing corporate culture and creating a flexible management structure that promotes openness in discussing risk situations. Based on the analysis, recommendations for improving risk management methods and tools are made, and directions for future research are outlined, including the relationship between corporate culture and risk management effectiveness. The results of the study emphasize the need for continuous development and implementation of innovative approaches in the field of risk management, which contributes to the resilience of organizations in the context of global uncertainty.

Neonila Nasad, Narek Mkrchyan

The article analyzes the specifics of leadership as a key element of the organization's management system. The main specific features of leadership in the management system are considered. From a number of main specific features, the following are highlighted: the strategic role of the leader, the influence of the leader on the corporate culture, motivational function, change management, orientation towards personnel development, flexibility and adaptability. In the conditions of war, enterprises face numerous challenges, such as disruption of business processes, destruction of infrastructure, loss of personnel and psychological pressure on employees. In such crisis situations, leadership potential plays a decisive role in ensuring the stability, adaptability and competitiveness of the enterprise. Leaders contribute to the formation of corporate culture, the introduction of innovations, the improvement of interaction between divisions and the increase of the organization's competitiveness. It has been proven that leadership is a determining factor in the effectiveness of an organization's management system, while the absence of a competent leader can negatively affect the performance of management functions and the achievement of strategic goals. It is emphasized that the effective management of leadership potential becomes a necessary condition for overcoming crisis phenomena and achieving strategic goals. In today's conditions, for effective functioning, the enterprise needs to pay attention to such aspects as: identification of leadership potential, development of leadership competencies, motivation and attraction of leaders, retention of leaders in the company and interaction between leaders. It is summarized that the main tasks of leadership potential management are the identification, development and effective use of leaders at all levels of the organization. This includes organizing training, mentoring, creating a motivating environment and implementing innovative approaches to personnel management. It was concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development of enterprises, it is necessary to form a system of support and development of leadership potential, which will ensure their stability, innovation and ability to achieve strategic goals even in difficult conditions.

Mimoza Sylejmani, Maja Meško

Effective stress management in the workplace is key to improving the performance of employees and the entire company. Focusing on measures to manage stress and create a supportive work environment not only benefits employee health and productivity but also acts as a catalyst for fundamental changes in the corporate response to various problems. This promotes a healthy work culture that supports user happiness and long-term organizational success. The study analyzed stress management approaches and their relationship with employee performance in the Prishtina region, including a total of 60 participants who answered a survey questionnaire. The results were processed with the SPSS program, using correlation analysis to confirm the hypotheses. Workplace stress, which is influenced by various factors, requires a comprehensive management approach for employee well-being and organizational effectiveness. The complex relationship between stress and performance highlights the need for adaptive strategies and resource optimization. Organizations in Prishtina should prioritize targeted stress management, emphasizing a supportive culture, leadership training, and addressing local stressors. Integrating flexible work arrangements and technology management, along with wellness programs, promotes a holistic approach to improved satisfaction and performance. This study adds to the literature on stress management, highlighting nuanced interventions for different stressors.

DM Arvind Mallik

The Bhagavad Gita offers deep insights into human behaviour, ethics, and leadership, promoting principles such as selfawareness, ethical decision-making, resilience, and the pursuit of excellence. Objectives: This paper aims to synthesize spiritual principles from the Bhagavad Gita with practical management strategies to inspire leaders to cultivate a deeper understanding of themselves, their teams, and their organizations, fostering a culture of purpose, integrity, and holistic growth. Methodology: A qualitative approach is used, analyzing the Bhagavad Gita’s teachings through the lens of contemporary management theories, involving a literature review and thematic analysis. Findings: Key themes from the Bhagavad Gita applicable to modern leadership include self-awareness, ethical decision-making, resilience, and the pursuit of excellence. Results: Integrating these principles into management practices enhances leadership effectiveness, improves team dynamics, and fosters a cohesive organizational culture, inspiring trust and driving sustainable success. Social Implications: Incorporating the wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita can create workplaces that prioritize well-being, ethical conduct, and personal growth, transforming organizational environments to be more inclusive and purposedriven. Conclusion: The Bhagavad Gita offers timeless principles that, when combined with modern management practices, can enhance leadership effectiveness, providing a framework for navigating the ever-changing business landscape with authenticity, integrity, and purpose.

Ajatray Swagat Bhuyan, Savita Gehlawat, Aarti Pardeshi et al.

Businesses are using data analytics more and more in the age of digital transformation to inform strategic choices and maximize operational effectiveness. The goal of this research study is to improve decision-making processes in corporate operations via the integration of modern data analytics approaches. Through the analysis of case studies from a range of sectors, we demonstrate how essential data analytics is for seeing patterns, projecting results, and gaining useful knowledge. As we explore data collecting, processing, and analysis techniques, highlighting the significance of data integrity and quality. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and machine learning algorithms to automate decision-making, lower human error, and speed up company procedures is also covered in the article. The essential elements-organizational culture, technology infrastructure, and workforce competencies, among others-that make up effective data analytics efforts via a thorough literature research and practical analysis. Based on the results, companies who use data analytics well may enhance their agility in adapting to market changes and get a competitive advantage. Data privacy, security, and prejudice are among the ethical issues and concerns related to data analytics that are finally covered in this study. Businesses may handle these obstacles and optimize the advantages of data- driven decision-making by following the recommendations given.

Charlotte Baltzer, Eva-Lena Lindster Norberg

Sammanfattning Syftet med denna artikel är att diskutera hur den statliga interventionen Samverkan för bästa skola (SBS) styr rektorer i svensk grundskola. SBS är ett regeringsuppdrag till Skolverket som pågått sedan 2015 och vänder sig till skolor med låga resultat, vilka inte på egen hand förväntas kunna vända denna trend. Artikeln bygger på intervjuer med rektorer i grundskolan som deltagit i SBS. Ett resultat i studien är att rektorerna generellt är osäkra i sitt ledarskap och välkomnar det statliga stödet som handlar om att utveckla det systematiska kvalitetsarbetet. Enligt Foucault (2008) innebär detta att staten genom olika maktteknologier styr och reglerar rektorernas beteende i syfte att elevers kunskapsutveckling ska öka och ge högre resultat. Idén om effektiv intervention är en central aspekt inom den evidensbaserade praktiken, dvs. att administrera en behandling för att uppnå en viss effekt (Biesta, 2007). Denna rörelse är ett internationellt fenomen som bygger på ett tayloristiskt synsätt som vuxit fram sedan 1990-talet med sanktionssystem och offentlig rangordning av utbildning (Uljens, 2021a, 2021b). Forskning om tänkbara konsekvenser av SBS är ännu begränsad varför denna studie kan bidra genom analys av insamlat empiriskt material.  ENGLISH ABSTRACT “It was like hacking with a machete in the beginning – now we are refining it” – A study of Collaboration for Best School as a governance technology The purpose of this article is to discuss how the state intervention Collaboration for the Best School (CBS) governs principals in Swedish compulsory schools. CBS is a government assignment to the Swedish National Agency for Education which has been ongoing since 2015, and targets schools with low results that are not expected to be able to reverse this trend on their own. The article is based on  interviews with compulsory school principals who have participated in SBS. One result of the study is that the principals are generally insecure in their leadership and welcome the government’s support, which especially focuses on developing the systematic quality work. According to Foucault (2008), this means that the state through various technologies of power controls and regulates the principals’ behavior, in order to increase students’ knowledge development and produce higher grades. The idea of effective intervention is a central aspect within evidence-based practice, i.e. administering a treatment to achieve a certain effect (Biesta, 2007). This is an international phenomenon based on a Taylorist approach that has emerged since the 1990s with sanction system and public ranking of education (Uljens, 2021a, 2021b). Research on possible consequences of CBS is still limited, therefore this study can contribute in this field through analysis of collected empirical material. 

Irfan Saleem, Muhammad Ashfaq, Shajara Ul‐Durar

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to learn, understand, examine and customize leadership styles per organizational culture; understand the conflict management styles of a female leader; and comprehend the organizational change process to devise an effective communication strategy. Case overview/synopsis Ever-changing business demands managers adopt organizational change in leadership styles, business processes, updated skill sets and minds. One must be ready to understand influential nurtured corporate culture and human resource resistance towards the inevitable change. This case study attempted to discuss the female protagonist dealing with an organizational conflict. The case study introduces one such protagonist from a century-old woman’s educational institution. Subsequently, this case study presents organizational change under the leadership of a female protagonist. This teaching case study gives the reader an insight into situational leadership, conflict management styles and the corporate change process by implementing an appropriate communication strategy. This case study describes the change process through the various decision-making scenarios that an academic institute over a century old faced during the post-pandemic crisis after adding a crucial protagonist. The employee union, followed by students and administrative employees, has challenged the dominating leadership position held by the college principal. Protests occurred due to the college administrator’s refusal to adjust her approach to leadership. This teaching case then provided different leadership styles of the current and old leaders. Finally, the case study lists the challenges a leader faces during turbulent times and the lessons a leader should learn from such situations while transforming the institute. Complexity academic level The teaching case benefits undergraduate students in business management subjects such as conflict management, leadership and organizational behaviour. Nevertheless, trainers can use this case study to teach seasoned managers and emerging leaders the significance of adopting and implementing change while understanding situational leadership. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 10: Public Sector Management.

Larysa Fedoryshyna, Olha Harvat

Purpose. The aim of the article is research of approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of “personnel development”, existing methods of personnel development and outlining the features of their use in modern conditions. Methodology of research. The following research methods are used to achieve such purpose: historical, analytical, abstract and logical - to establish the nature and objectives of staff development, as well as to reveal the relationship between staff development and the success of organizational entities; interpretation and comparison - to determine the prospects for increasing the level of labour potential as a separate organizational entity, and at the national level; inductions and deductions - in determining the impact of personnel development on the effectiveness of corporate governance and, conversely, corporate governance on the development of personnel of organizational education; tabular - for a visual presentation of systematized material to determine the essence of the concept of “staff development”, methods of staff development; generalization - to formulate their own definition of “staff development” and the conclusions of the conducted study. Findings. It has been established that staff development provides staff with the acquisition of relevant knowledge and professional skills, unlocking the potential of employees, strengthening staff commitment to the values of the organization, facilitating the process of implementing certain organizational changes. It is substantiated that the continuous development of staff on a systematic basis will ensure the effectiveness of the organization and the formation of an appropriate corporate culture. The main teaching methods and experience of organizing and implementing personnel development programs of successful companies are analysed. Originality. Scientific approaches to defining the essence of the concept of “staff development” are generalized and given its own definition as a purposeful systemic process of improving the quality characteristics of the organization’s staff on a systematic basis using various methods to improve individual and collective performance, increase overall productivity and thus ensure continuous improvement efficiency of organizational education. Practical value. Based on the results of the study, proposals for the implementation of personnel development programs on a continuous systematic basis can be used by organizational entities of any form of ownership, regardless of the field of management and industry affiliation. Key words: personnel, development, training, teaching methods, human capital, enterprise.

Afsaneh Hassanzadeh Dastjerdi

Introduction One of the important sources for getting to know the culture, lifestyle, beliefs and customs of different nations and how they react to events is the texts written by other nations in literary formats such as stories, travelogues, and letters about them. These texts often show an image of the observed society, which is mainly different from what the people of that society know about themselves. The represented image of another society may correspond to the reality to some extent, but sometimes the author generalizes a part of his experience and understanding from that society to the whole society. This generalization is sometimes caused by little awareness and inadvertence, but sometimes it is done intentionally. Sir Cecil Spring Rice's private letters during the Qajar period are among such sources. Although these letters show a vivid picture of the political and social situation of Iran during the Constitutional period and are also valid and valuable sources for anthropological and sociological researches, a picture of Iranian culture, lifestyle of Iranians, beliefs, moral teachings, norms, and values ​​accepted by people are depicted in them in a different form, a distorted image that causes the formation of a wrong view of us in the society of the alien author. Imagology is an important approach in the field of image research and comparative studies that studies the figured illustration of the other and his/her cultural elements, countries, personalities, nation or a foreign society, in the literature and art of the self or vice versa. It can be said that this image is a symbolic expression of the ethnic and intercultural relations of two viewing and viewed societies and a dialogue between two cultures, two literatures, or two texts. . The current research is devoted to the examination of the private letters of Sir Spring Rice based on the iconography approach and Edward Saeed's thoughts about the Orient and the conflict between East and West in post-colonial studies. In these letters, the author is the West and the other is the East. The author's view of us/the other is influenced by his stereotypes and mental images, and therefore, it is not free from falsification. These letters are a sign of the West othering and strengthen and stabilize the colonial ideology. Methodology This research is done using the content analysis method. First, we have collected information by referring to library sources and in a professional manner, then we have analyzed and examined them by using the principles of the interdisciplinary approach of imaging. In the meantime, we have also paid attention to post-colonial studies and Edward Said's views on the confrontation between the West and the East and the way the East is represented in the texts of the foreign West. Discussion Imagology is an important approach in the field of image studies, the purpose of which is to "investigate insider culture in another's literature or another culture in insider's literature" (NamorMotlagh, 1388: 122); Therefore, it has an intercultural color. The represented image of the other is either an image of a foreigner or an alien character, or an image of a country, or a nation or a society, or an image of an author's sensibility in a period. This approach has four main concepts: stereotype, template, prejudice, and image. A set of stereotypes form a temple, a set of temple form a prejudice, and a set of prejudices form an image (Mora, quoted by Nanket, 2013: 105). These images are either the result of the author's direct communication with the target community, or based on other images, and are formed through mediation. In general, prejudices are involved in making and processing these images. The image of other is always based on the paradigms and ideologies of the culture of the author and the reader of the image maker" (Namor Mutlaq, 1388: 126). However, studying these texts allows the nations to see their image in the literature of other nations and to be aware of their place among other nations (GhanimiHilal, 2010: 564). In the Imagological reading of texts, theories such as post-colonial criticism can also be used. This method, which is considered among the branches of cultural criticism and post-structuralism, is dedicated to the criticism of the literary texts of the colonized. In post-colonial literature, the concept of "self" is always superior to "other" and what belongs to oneself is positive, better and more acceptable, and what belongs to "the other" is reprehensible, false, and bad. According to Edward Said in the book of Orientalism, in the works of 19th century writers, the East (and the Middle East) is constructed in relation to the West and defined according to its differences with the West... The description that was presented of these colonized countries was in a way that made them look inferior, they were made as a negative image, as other, in order to present a positive and civilized image of the British society (Mills, 1382: 137). The subjective of western human that is formed based on orientalist narratives, considers itself as superior and the oriental man as different and inferior. The post-colonial discourse tries to change the represented image of the East and represent an attitude of viewing and receiving differently. (Yang, 1390: 10). What causes the creation of other, in the first step, is the lack of sufficient knowledge of the subject of knowledge. The result of combining little knowledge with sparse and sometimes incorrect information is generalization. Generalizing a part to the whole of a group or generalizing stereotypes and unrealistic images of a society to its reality. In his letters, the author often shows a false picture and far from the reality of Iranian society. The political and economic disorder in Iran is the most vivid picture that Rice figures in his letters. This image is sometimes associated with a compassionate and pitiful look. He considers one of the main causes of the disorderly situation of the country and the court to be the person of Muzaffaruddin Shah and his inefficiency and stupidity, and he uses humorous language to express it. The author's humorous language and expression in describing the morals of Iranians is also remarkable. In these parts, there are signs that he follows the post-colonial discourse; The repeated use of the term "Oriental", attributing negative traits such as stupidity, laziness, theft, and ... to Iranians, and his surprise at seeing the dominance of patriarchal discourse in Iran are among these signs. By presenting negative images of Iranian society and culture, he emphasizes the contrast and confrontation between himself and the other (us) and with incorrect judgment, he provides the ground for cultural colonization in addition to political and economic colonization. Conclusion Sir Spring Rice's letters are among the important sources that contain valuable information about the customs and culture of Iranian society and the social situation of Iran during the reign of Mozafaruddin Shah and Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar, and are a noteworthy source for studying and examining the drawn image. from us in the literature of another nation and from another point of view; Because not only does it play a role in the creation of a dialogue between two cultures in literature, but also the influence of these letters in giving a western man's perspective to non-indigenous societies (here: us) and their influence in strengthening the colonial ideology is undeniable. Is. Although Rice was present in the target society and the perception of him and his images is apparently the result of his direct communication with the people and there is no intermediary between him as the author and the seen culture, previous images or pre-texts, discourses About the East, stereotypes, stereotypes, and prejudices have an effect on his images, and there are strong evidences of this author's post-colonial discourse and his transcendental view of our culture and society in these letters. Humiliating Iranians, attributing negative traits to them, calling people stupid and showing them as passive are among the features of the Orientalist discourse, which is very prominent in this text. With this point of view, the author has put himself in the center and the other / us in the margin. He considers himself to have the power of observation and analysis, and with a critical look at Iran, he has strengthened the colonial discourse and his superiority over us.

حمید بذرپاچ, فرزاد کریمی خنجری, مهدی هاشمی گلیجانی

حقوق شهروندی، عدالت و فرهنگ مفاهیمی هستند که با یک­دیگر تا حدودی گره خورده­اند و رعایت حقوق شهروندی پس از رفع نیازهای ابتدایی انسانی، در درجۀ نخست قرار دارد. مسؤولیت مدنی، به­عنوان یک مبحث مهم در ارتباط با اعمالی که از مأموران دولتی سرمی­زند، مورد توجه نظام­های حقوقی مختلف قرار گرفته است. پلیس درمقام مأموری ازجانب دولت، در اعمال سازمانی خود، در این دسته مطالعات جای می­گیرد. وظایفی که پلیس حتی با دستور مافوق و با انجام وظایف قانونی خود انجام می­دهد، ممکن است دارای تبعاتی باشد که حقوق شهروندان را نقض نماید. این پژوهش، به­روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و کتابخانه­ای انجام شده است. نتایچ حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می­دهد خساراتی که از اعمال پلیس به دیگران وارد می­شود لازم است حسب مورد، به­وسیلۀ مأمور یا دولت جبران شود. آگاه­سازی شهروندان از حقوق قانونی خود و آموزش مأمورها در این زمینه کمک بسیاری می­کند.

omolbanin dashti rahmat Abadi, mahbubeh zeyaekhodadadi, batul fakhroleslm et al.

Introduction One of the manifestations of the traditional influence paradigm in political science discussions is espionage, which, because of its tangibility and visibility, falls under the category of hard influence. In international relations, obtaining information from political, military, economic, etc. rivals have a necessary and effective role in seeking the supremacy of nations and helps them to determine fundamental strategies. Hence, the spies try to provide comprehensive information on the quality and quantity of the enemy's potential capabilities through their actions in order to be able to influence the political and military rival and to achieve the desired goals. In other words, it is possible to change political currents through the use of espionage tactics and access to vital competitors' information. In general, in international relations, the principle of power is of particular importance and is at the heart of the study of international politics. Examining the exact dimensions of the act of infiltration (espionage) in the enemy shows that power is a means to an end. The nature of a government's foreign policy goals and the skill of nations in using their capabilities to achieve foreign policy goals are directly linked to the principle of foreign influence and espionage. Hence, intrusion (espionage) is defined as a type of communication with aliens with the intention of changing or stabilizing the behavior of reciprocal forces. A government tries to influence another government or governments in various ways; because it has set specific goals for itself, the realization of which is possible by having comprehensive information on economic, political, military issues of the rival. Consequently, the process of infiltration and espionage plays a crucial role in international politics. Espionage is not an emerging phenomenon of the present century and is common in the political culture of civilizations. Of course, it must be acknowledged that the techniques used for espionage have changed over the centuries and become more sophisticated today. However, the importance of maintaining the survival of governments has always led to this issue in security and intelligence issues. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the most important epic works in Persian which narrates the efforts of the Iranian nation and the governments in this land to push back the foreigners from the borders and protect the people from the enemies. Methodology This research has been compiled based on descriptive-analytical method and inductive method (part to whole) and to collect data and analyze it, documentary studies including books, articles, etc. have been used. Also, the statistical population of the research, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the sample size, include all the verses drawing on the espionage category. The general structure of the article is such that first the main concepts of the research are explained, namely influence and espionage, and in the main part, various headlines are addressed to issues such as tools, goals and motives of spies and its political and governmental positions. Discussion The spy is described as a "detective" in the Shahnameh. This word indicates that the spy in the first step must be a person who is aware of various issues and with special expertise and skill seeks to gather information from the enemy. In other words, the spy in sensitive situations must, in addition to recognizing critical points and threats and external and internal influencing factors, recognize the negative actions affecting the security of the government and the territorial integrity of the land and have a comprehensive knowledge of its details and generalities. And finally, by transferring it to its own forces, to be effective in neutralizing undesirable political events. Therefore, the spy is at the forefront of the fight against enemy threats. The tactics and tasks of the spies described in the Shahnameh have a classical approach and naturally do not have the complexities of espionage in the contemporary era. However, the results obtained through espionage are important. Espionage and obtaining military and political information from a rival group play a role in the survival or extinction of a civilization. “Today, information is considered as one of the national resources of any country and supports any planning, policy-making and management” (Davoodi Dehaghani et al., 2018, p. 54). Spying on outsiders and gathering information is a public duty in the early stages, and spreading a culture of intelligence cooperation will protect society from all kinds of crime and threats, and deterrence should be based on gathering sources of information and their analysis. (Also see Peterson, 2005, p. 212). Information is a means to an end (See: Gill & Phythian, 2007, p. 1). Deceptive influence based on strategic deception is manipulating the audience's mentality and making computational mistakes through forging and creating information. Influential actors take a series of actions to deceive, confuse, seduce, or hasten the decision-makers to make unrealistic estimates. In fact, the purpose of deceptive influence is to deviate from the opponent's decisions by providing guided and sometimes erroneous information and forcing him to act or not to act in the national interests of his own country or to the detriment of his own interests (See: Bagheri Choukami, 2016, p. 20). Spying and gathering information through trained manpower is difficult, time consuming, costly and dangerous, and if the mission is revealed and disclosed, it creates problems for the target country and the country of origin (Borisudi & Goodman, 2005, p. 129). Espionage in classical and traditional form is conducted based on observation and information with emphasis on human senses and creativity (see: Locker, 2001, p. 48). Human resources, considering their discernment and initiative, review and analyze situations in order to take advantage of opportunities and constantly increase their access to the goal (see: Yaghoubi & Ishaqifar, 2013, p. 12). Rostam's goal and motivation in this infiltration was to access sensitive and public information. This espionage should be considered military. “The purpose of military reconnaissance is to obtain knowledge and information about the armed forces in times of peace and war. The enemy seeks to steal the country's defense intelligence, and obtains information about the types and size of weapons, the number of armed forces, and the form of their organization, and that this type of espionage is taken into consideration in the laws of most countries” (Evera, 1992, p. 237). One of the important issues in espionage is the ideological unity of spies. Believing in a common ideology between the spy and the organization is the surest way to get it; because with this idea, such a person considers himself obliged to serve and work with the necessary faith and commitment (see: Almjan, 1990, p. 209). The world's intelligence and counterintelligence agencies generally list four motives for espionage as money, ideology, coercion, and selfishness. No spy is potentially as useful as an ideologically motivated agent. Ideology and school are binding and permanent motives and are considered as the most stable motives. Spy, which is influenced by positive ideological motives, acts because of its commitment to a specific subject (see: Friedel, 2003, p. 39). One of the fundamental goals in the issue of infiltration is to identify the enemy’s strategy and provide appropriate solutions to deal with it. “The essence of a serious threat is the use of military force and even killing, and its target is mainly the territory or military power of the other side. The aim and intention of the enemy is mainly to secure geopolitical, political, economic and sometimes doctrinal interests” (Ahmadian, 2015, p. 40). Spies sometimes obtained classified and vital information about the enemy's military structure. “Spying is the acquisition of classified information without the permission and knowledge of its owner. Espionage is usually an organized, transnational crime; because in it, the vital information of a country is provided to the country or other countries through an organized system and human resources” (Karimi, 2015, p. 67). Espionage is carried out with specific planning and goals to dominate predetermined interests (see: Mir Mohammadi, 2013, p. 37). Hence, the intelligence knowledge enables the prevention of crimes and security breaches and the confrontation of threats and vulnerabilities by obtaining news and information, and by mastering the peripheral issues and anticipating inaccessible events. (See: Jamshidian, 2009, p. 12). The main task of a spy is to report from within the enemy's decision-making body. (See: Nirmal & Astana, 2012, p. 229) Access to the classified and special information has always been the main key to the success of political actors (see: Security Studies Group, 2008, p. 70). Conclusion The most important manifestation of the hard influence in the Shahnameh is the preparation and acceleration of the espionage process, or in other words, the security influence in the political and military structure of the enemy. The study of espionage techniques in Shahnameh shows that the realm and scope of influence includes objective and real space. The spies’ actions to infiltrate the enemy were mission-oriented and of an intelligence and security nature. The main function of this infiltration was to gather strategic information and news, identify the weaknesses and strengths of the enemies, estimate their military tools and weapons, be aware of the geographical conditions of the camps and infiltrate key and sensitive points to facilitate the control process. The method of obtaining information was limited in a human and physical way based on positivism through observation. As a result, this infiltration has a one-dimensional and simple structure, and in this regard, the type of infiltration and espionage should be considered as a case and as an agent or spy infiltration in the target group. The human targets were spies, commanders and military elites of the enemy. Influential actors include the states involved (Iran, Turan, Rome) and the parties involved (kings and their internal opponents) who were using the capabilities of the intelligence services and achieving their security, intelligence and military objectives. The sphere of this influence in Shahnameh is of tactical-military and intelligence. Ferdowsi considers the two great qualities of "commitment" and "expertise" to be necessary for spies, and believes that by creating these two qualities, detectives will achieve great success in carrying out their missions. In general, the scope of the spies’ duties under Ferdowsi includes the following: a) obtaining information from foreign forces; b) monitoring internal social movements; c) ensuring the security of the passage or location of military and national leaders; d) making suggestions to the Shah to adopt appropriate political and military strategies and analyze them; and e) surveillance of soldiers and military leaders of local forces.

C. Carnall

Ree Nancarrow

Artist’s Statement for the cover art of IJPS volume 8, issue 1: Continuum, quilt

Ditte Tofteng, Janne Madsen, Sissel Sollied

Det syvende nummer af Forskning og Forandring rummer seks artikler, der alle er sendt ind udenfor call. Det, der binder artiklerne sammen, er et fælles fokus på at undersøge, hvordan vi kan forstå forskning som en samfundsmæssig forandringskraft, både når det kommer til single case kvalitative studier, når vi samarbejder direkte med praksis om en fælles vidensproduktion, og når vi i lidt højere grad ser på feltet i et mere overordnet, analytisk perspektiv. Rigtig god læselyst.

Andrew R. Glenn, Jennifer H. Callahan

This study compared perceptions of consideration among higher education institutions to corporate benchmarks. Participants in this study were selected among higher education administrators and teaching faculty who completed the Human Synergistics Organizational Culture Inventory (OCI) and OCI-Ideal survey. The mean scores for private not-profit and public institutions were lower than those for private institutions. Higher scores were obtained for the administrators as compared to the faculty subgroups, and a trend for higher scores was noted in the female as opposed to the male subgroup. There is a need for improving the levels of considerate encompassing developmental and supportive leadership styles in higher education. Changes in organizational culture, policies and standards are needed to reverse long-ingrained behavioral norms and to improve the effectiveness of graduate, medical, and professional higher education, thereby promoting a culture of tolerance towards chronic incivility behaviors.