Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Polina Smirnova, Mykola Makhortykh

This study examines how Russian far-right communities on Telegram shape perceptions of political figures through memes and visual narratives. Far from passive spectators, these actors co-produce propaganda, blending state-aligned messages with their own extremist framings. In Russia, such groups are central because they articulate the ideological foundations of the war against Ukraine and reflect the regime's gradual drift toward ultranationalist rhetoric. Drawing on a dataset of 200,000 images from expert-selected far-right Telegram channels, the study employs computer vision and unsupervised clustering to identify memes featuring Russian (Putin, Shoigu) and foreign politicians (Zelensky, Biden, Trump) and to reveal recurrent visual patterns in their representation. By leveraging the large-scale and temporal depth of this dataset, the analysis uncovers differential patterns of legitimation and delegitimation across actors and over time. These insights are not attainable in smaller-scale studies. Preliminary findings show that far-right memes function as instruments of propaganda co-production. These communities do not simply echo official messages but generate bottom-up narratives of legitimation and delegitimation that align with state ideology. By framing leaders as heroic and opponents as corrupt or weak, far-right actors act as informal co-creators of authoritarian legitimacy within Russia's informational autocracy.

Ilya Sokov

Introduction. The article’s purpose is to identify new challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean (hereinafter – LAC) countries regarding the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter – SDGs). The scientific novelty consists in highlighting the main trends, factors, and signs in the development of LAC countries in the third decade of the 21st century and ways to overcome new challenges of their sustainable development goals. Methods and materials. The messages from news agencies in the USA and Latin American countries were used as materials for the study. Analysis. An analysis of the formal approaches of the United Nations to the process of creating sustainable development was carried out on the basis of foreign sources and literature, including the conditions and possibilities for the implementation of SDGs 1, 2, and 8 by the LAC countries; conceptual differences in the approaches of the United Nations and LAC to the implementation of the SDGs in the context of contemporary turbulence in regional and global politics; and the emergence of new conditions for their cooperation with the leading world powers were identified. Results. The author’s article succeeded in clarifying the possible results from the UN approaches to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of SDG-2030 in his article. It has been established that LAC countries are unable to fulfill them either on their own or with the help of international organizations. The main goals of SDGs 1, 2, and 8 remain unattainable, both due to the expected decline in economic growth in the period 2026–2029 and the social situation of the population in LAC countries. Past problems of cross-border crime, drug trafficking, extortion, and kidnapping are causing new internal displacement of millions of people. Despite the growing number of prisoners in LAC countries, the problem of crime remains one of the main concerns of Latin American governments. The problem of migration exodus is being resolved very slowly, and its negative impact remains almost at the same level, and in some countries, such as Haiti, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, and El Salvador, this problem is growing. In addition, new negative factors have been added, hindering the implementation of the UN SDGs. These are negative environmental and climatic factors in Latin America, the American policy of mass deportations of Latin Americans from the USA, which creates additional pressure among the most vulnerable segments of the population, and the American tariff policy in the Latin American region. At the same time, a “window of opportunity” is opening for LAC countries to enter the world stage to expand their cooperation with countries from other continents in Africa and Eurasia, both directly and within the framework of BRICS and the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative.

Кирилл Александрович Кочегаров

По мере завершения русско-турецкой войны 1672–1681 гг. османская сторона теряла интерес к поддержке своего ставленника на Правобережной Украине, гетмана Юрия Хмельницкого. Для последнего это грозило скорым свержением с поста, тем более что известия о его замене на османского администратора появились уже в начале 1680 г. В этих условиях осенью 1680 г. Хмельницкий всячески поддерживал распространение слухов о готовящемся крупном османском нашествии на Киев весной следующего года и пытался организовать нападения татарских отрядов на окрестности города. Эти слухи крайне тревожили левобережного гетмана Ивана Самойловича, пересылавшего в Москву информацию о военных приготовлениях турок, поступавшую от лазутчиков и выходцев из турецко-татарской неволи. Весьма вероятно, что султанский двор также активно поддерживал распространение известий о своих военных приготовлениях, чтобы сделать Россию более уступчивой на мирных переговорах. В действительности Порта и Крым также стремились к миру, заключение которого окончательно решило судьбу Хмельницкого. Он был смещен со своего поста и отправлен в Константинополь. Статья поступила в редакцию 05.03.2025. Рецензирование завершено 12.03.2025. Статья принята к публикации 18.03.2025. Цитирование Кочегаров К. А. Последние дни Юрия Хмельницкого (осень 1680 – весна 1681 г.) // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 1–2. С. 12–46. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.1-2.01

A. A. Aseev, S. Matrenin

The new political reality in the post-Soviet space, brought about by the former union republics gaining sovereignty, created an urgent need for the formation of their own national histories. The rejection of the unified approaches that had dominated Soviet historiography— both in evaluating historical events and in interpreting their causes, course, consequences, and key figures — gave rise to new debates. The process of the Kazakh zhuzes’ (tribal confederations) incorporation into the Russian Empire has also undergone a fundamental reassessment, which often focuses only on certain aspects of this complex phenomenon. Among these aspects were national uprisings led by segments of the Kazakh elite who resisted profound changes to their traditional political, social, and economic order. One of the most debated episodes in Russian-Kazakh relations of the first half of the nineteenth century is the uprising led by the last Kazakh khan, Kenesary Kasymov, whose title was not recognized by the Tsarist administration. An investigation of the uprising’s nature and its significance in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations requires a detailed analysis within the framework of a civilizational approach — one that makes it possible to offer new interpretations of this historical phenomenon.

Степан Миколайович Борчук, Володимир Комар, Адам Шиманович

This article aims to analyze the development of Polish-Japanese relations, which emerged during the years 1904–1905 on the basis of a shared anti-Russian agenda. Particular attention is devoted to the evolution of these relations in the interwar period, especially in the context of Poland’s Promethean strategy. This geopolitical concept sought the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the annexation of parts of its territory under the guise of establishing quasi-independent national republics. The methodological framework of the study is grounded in the principles of historicism and scholarly objectivity. Among the general scientific methods applied, the logical method made it possible to explore the spatial dynamics of Polish-Japanese relations, while the historical method enabled an examination of their evolution over time. The scholarly novelty of this research lies in its use of these methods to uncover the historical context in which Polish-Japanese relations emerged during the period of Poland’s statelessness. The analysis of Józef Piłsudski’s policies in fostering cooperation with Japan demonstrates a convergence of interests between the two nations in the dismemberment of Tsarist Russia and, later, the Soviet Union into separate national states. It is established that Polish-Japanese cooperation was characterized by a distinctly anti-Russian, anti-Soviet, and anti-communist orientation. Conclusions. The origins of Polish-Japanese cooperation can be traced back to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, where their shared opposition to the Russian Empire provided a common strategic foundation. In the interwar period, this antagonism persisted, though within a significantly altered geopolitical landscape: in 1918, an independent Polish state was restored, and in 1922, the Bolsheviks consolidated most of the former territories of the Russian Empire into the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1930s, Polish-Japanese relations evolved within the framework of Poland’s Promethean strategy, which sought the fragmentation of the Soviet Union into separate national states. Japan’s interests, shaped by its Pan-Asian doctrine, aligned with Poland’s objectives – particularly with regard to the idea of establishing a puppet Ukrainian state, known as Zeleny Klyn (Green Ukraine), in the Russian Far East. Although these plans proved unrealistic and unattainable during the 1930s, bilateral cooperation between Poland and Japan continued to develop in a sustained and mutually beneficial manner.

Julan Du, Zhigang Tao, Jing Bu

Can foreign intervention in civil wars or proxy wars create a long-term impact on economic exchanges between the foreign intervenors and the intervened state? Could the regions belonging to the two opposing and warring sides in the civil war react differentially to economic exchanges with the foreign intervening powers? We draw on one of the longest and most brutal wars of the second half of the 20th century: the Vietnam War (1955 1975). It involved the United States and the Soviet Union supporting opposing sides in a conflict to advance their geopolitical interests. The U.S. forces carried out the longest and most intense aerial bombardment in the recorded history. Since 1995, U.S. investment in Vietnam has grown rapidly. Leveraging detailed data on U.S. bombing campaigns in Vietnam, our analysis reveals no statistically significant overall association between bombing intensity and U.S. investment. However, in the former North Vietnam region, provinces exposed to higher bombing intensity experienced reduced U.S. investment inflows. By contrast, in the former South Vietnam region, provinces with elevated bombing levels saw a corresponding increase in U.S. investment. This can be attributed to the differing nature of U.S. bombing: In North Vietnam, U.S. bombing attacked the Northern regime, whereas in South Vietnam, it defended South Vietnam. At the same time, the provinces with high-intensity bombing in South Vietnam have less investment from Russia and the former Soviet Union republics. But investment from Russia and former Soviet Union in general does not significantly increase in Northern Vietnam.

Aleksandr Medvedev

Представлен анализ францисканских идей в творчестве М. Пришвина 1908–1953 гг. в контексте европейской и русской францискианы Серебряного века. В текстах выявляются прямые и скрытые отсылки к образу св. Франциска Ассизского и францисканским текстам («Гимн Брата Солнца», «Первое житие» Фомы Челанского, «Цветочки св. Франциска»). Устанавливается, что францисканские тексты становятся для Пришвина источником непосредственного, онтологического и персоналистического переживания мира как прекрасной и чудесной целостности, в которой рождается райская гармония человека и всего творения. Чувство жалости к природе в житиях св. Франциска становится одним из творческих импульсов «Жень-Шеня » (1933) и «Золотого Рога» (1934). Францисканское переживание природы в ее живой реальности и персоналистической уникальности (природа как субъект, а не объект) – один из важнейших источников «родственного внимания», главного онтологического и жизнетворческого принципа Пришвина. Писатель полемизирует с противоположным францисканству – с утилитарным, объектным отношением к природе в советской практике, в которой живая, онтологическая и персональная реальность природы воспринимается как объект и подменяется «патриотической» и утилитарной идеологией. В 1940‑е гг. Пришвин возвращается к культурному мифу о св. Франциске как ренессансной личности, сложившемуся в русском религиозно-философском Ренессансе рубежа ХIХ–ХХ вв.; в этом контексте св. Франциск своим приятием и оправданием мира как Божьего творения преодолевает средневековый аскетический дуализм (материя как зло, разрыв плоти и духа) и выражает гуманистические ценности (персонализм и онтологизм), тем самым соединяя Бога и мир, христианство и природу, христианство и культуру. Св. Франциск становится одним из ключевых источников пришвинской концепции целостности бытия (единства земного и небесного, плоти и духа). Со св. Франциском Пришвина сближает чувство радости, которая переживается писателем как сущностная основа бытия. Образ св. Франциска становится не только литературным, но и экзистенциальным, онтологическим и жизнетворческим ответом писателя на вызовы времени. Подводя итог своей жизни, Пришвин определяет свою жизнетворческую стратегию и миссию в трагическом ХХ в. в духе св. Франциска («жизнь есть счастье»).

Анна Макарова

The article is devoted to the analysis of the discussion at the Pre-Council Commission of 1906 on the composition of the participants in the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church and on the procedure for choosing delegates to the Council. The key topic of controversy between the members of the Commission was the question of the admissibility of the presence at the Council (in addition to the bishops) of representatives of the laity and the clergy and of the rights that such delegates should be endowed with. This discussion traces the understanding of the problem of the existence of intra-church groups with different interests and the desire of these groups to be represented at the Local Council (the idea of representation). In the argumentation of supporters of the idea of representation, economic (teleological) arguments stand out, justifying the violation of the canons by the actual needs of church life, as well as attempts to dogmatically substantiate the existence of different groups with equal rights into the church community. The article deals with the issue of "political analogies" manifested themselves in the argumentation of the supporters of the idea of representation in the Commission. An analysis of the arguments of the participants in the discussion gives grounds to conclude that, although supporters of the broad composition of the Local Council rarely appealed to modern political institutions as models for the body of church administration, political analogy was implicitly present in their theological argumentation. Related to this is the understanding of the “Body of the Church” in a mechanical rather than a mystical sense. The article concludes that the assessments that supporters of the idea of representation gave to isolated intra-church groups are inconsistent. While teleological argumentation characterized such a situation as unhealthy and offered ways to heal it, dogmatic argumentation, on the contrary, was called upon to justify such a situation as a norm. Comparison of the various arguments of the supporters of the idea of representation and the reaction of opponents to it allows us to make a conclusion about the choice in favor of teleological argumentation in the process of the final discussion of the composition of the members of the Local Council.

Alberd T. Boziev, Vyacheslav Kh. Unatlokov

The article discusses the linerialization of adjectives in a typological aspect. The approach to the arrangement of adjectives in multi-system languages is not accidental. The study tests the hypothesis that native speakers, regardless of linguistic orientation, trigger the same or similar thought processes at the cognitive level. Examples from English and Kabardino-Circassian languages are chosen as contrasting ones. The issues raised in the paper are of interest both from a practical and theoretical point of view. For example, it is known what difficulties linguists have to face interpreting nouns used in the definition function, which affects the work of lexicographers and teachers engaged in educational activities. The researchers determined during the research that the English language has a unified position regarding how the hierarchy of prepositive adjectives in syntagmatics is built. An analysis of examples from the Kabardino-Circassian language shows that their attribution influences the distribution of adjectives to different classes – relative or qualitative. Relative adjectives are located to the left of the vertex word (preposition), and qualitative adjectives are located to the right (postposition). In general, the idea is confirmed that the linearization of adjectives is universal, while preserving a certain specificity for each language.

Oscar Barragán, Suzanne Aigrain, James McCormac

Space-based photometry missions produce exquisite light curves that contain a wealth of stellar variability on a wide range of timescales. Light curves also typically contain significant instrumental systematics -- spurious, non-astrophysical trends that are common, in varying degrees, to many light curves. Empirical systematics-correction approaches using the information in the light curves themselves have been very successful, but tend to suppress astrophysical signals, particularly on longer timescales. Unlike its predecessors, the PLATO mission will use multiple cameras to monitor the same stars. We present REPUBLIC, a novel systematics-correction algorithm which exploits this multi-camera configuration to correct systematics that differ between cameras, while preserving the component of each star's signal that is common to all cameras, regardless of timescale. Through simulations with astrophysical signals (star spots and planetary transits), Kepler-like errors, and white noise, we demonstrate REPUBLIC's ability to preserve long-term astrophysical signals usually lost in standard correction techniques. We also explore REPUBLIC's performance with different number of cameras and systematic properties. We conclude that REPUBLIC should be considered a potential complement to existing strategies for systematic correction in multi-camera surveys, with its utility contingent upon further validation and adaptation to the specific characteristics of the PLATO mission data

Elena Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova

The author reconstructs the regional historical experience of the anti-alcohol struggle in pre-revolutionary Russia. There is emphasized important practical significance of the problem under study in the context of solving problems of promoting a healthy lifestyle in modern Russian society. A wide range of historiographical literature and sources is involved, on the basis of which it is shown that by the beginning of the XX century in the work of the Ural guardianships of national sobriety there dominated the cultural and educational trend. The author comes to the conclusion that in late XIX - early XX centuries the guardianships of national sobriety failed to stop the spread of drunkenness in the region. However, despite the limited material resources allocated from the treasury, these institutions made a significant contribution to the organization of “reasonable” leisure for the Ural residents and to the development of the culture of the Ural society as a whole. The social support of guardianships of national sobriety in the Urals was one of the prerequisites for strengthening the temperance movement in the region during the period under review. Under the harsh conditions of the state-owned wine monopoly, the temperance movement was the spiritual and mental response of the public (secular and church) to the challenges of the time, and the promotion of the idea of sobriety was a palliative means of resolving this issue.

Andrey Borisyuk

The publication presents documents of the Moscow Diocesan authorities related to the organization of national penitential events in 1919: the Message of Archbishop Joasaph (Kallistov) on the need for repentance from August 2, 1919, the Decree of the Moscow Diocesan Council on penitential services, Appendices to the decree: permanent additions to the services (litanies and penitential prayer), the Brochure "Repentance is the need of our time". These documents appeared as a reaction of the diocesan authorities to the nationwide disasters that occurred after the revolution (poverty, famine, epidemics) and were sent to the churches of the Moscow Diocese. They contain both practical instructions of a liturgical nature and a theoretical understanding of the events taking place from a theological point of view. The hardships of the time experienced are perceived in these sources as the result of a sin that requires repentance. The idea is substantiated that without the elimination of the spiritual causes of disasters, any other struggle against them will not be successful. The need to organize special church penitential events was noted by the supreme Ecclesiastical authority (represented by the Patriarch), and was also the most important activity of the Moscow Diocesan Council in 1919, while to this day this activity remains practically unexplored. The documents presented in this article are published for the first time.

A. A. Watson

A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in LAquila, October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.

D. Amanzholova

The main attention is paid to the national historiography. The achievements of Russian historians are distinguished by an integrated approach, interdisciplinarity, professional analysis of unique sources, which makes it possible to reconstruct the process of implementing Soviet national policy in different ethnosocial environments, highlight similarities and differences on the example of individual national regions, provide a solid foundation for the creation of generalizing works and determining research prospects. In this regard, one of the controversial topics of modern historiography related to the interpretation of the concept of the “Soviet people” is also highlighted. The author notes that the early Soviet period is most intensively studied, when intensive nation-building took place and the image of the Soviet Federation took shape. The most important ideas of scientists are highlighted, which analyze the essence, nature and details of federal construction, the organization of the transit of the multicultural, initially complex society of the USSR from tradition to modernity, the development of interethnic relations, state policy in ethnosocial and ethno-cultural fields, the activities of national leaders, personnel policy in national republics, ethno-oriented practices in different periods of Soviet history. The author emphasizes the actual meaning of the Soviet historical experience of the functioning of a multi-component state and interethnic consolidation, including during the Great Patriotic War, in order to solve modern problems of strengthening the civil unity of Russian society. Due to the need for a critical analysis of the “decolonial” discourse of foreign historiography, the author considers the study of socio-economic relations and interaction of national- state and administrative-territorial units of the USSR to be very relevant, both among themselves and in the context of the organizing and coordinating role of all-Union institutions. Some ideas are proposed to expand the subject field and problematize a wide range of debatable issues.

Адията Ибришимович-Шабич, Елена Баврка

В отличие от петербургского текста, генезис и структура, язык и авторы которого хорошо изучены и теоретически обоснованы благодаря трудам Тартуско-московской школы и фундаментальным исследованиям В. Н. Топорова, сараевский текст и его теоретическая основа все еще находятся в зачаточном состоянии. Несмотря на то, что о Сараеве как о городе, его архитектуре, истории, культуре, улицах и т. д. написано невероятное количество текстов, и на то, что он присутствует в том числе в устной традиции, cараевский текст как термин, который мог бы объединить тексты об этом городе в их семантической и семиотической связи, все еще не является общепринятым. В статье речь пойдет о сараевском тексте и о поэзии А. Сидрана: три его центральных сборника (Sarajevska zbirka, Sarajevski tabut, Morija) описывают город как пространство истории, культуры, памяти и свидетельства. Опус Сидрана побудил исследователей осознать важность изучения генезиса и структуры сараевского текста, что указывает на необходимость определения этого термина в более широком смысле. Следовательно, поэтика города Сидрана для сараевского текста представляет собой то же, что и произведения Достоевского, по утверждению Топорова, представляют для петербургского. Статья поступила в редакцию 10.01.2022. Цитирование Ибришимович-Шабич А., Баврка Е. «В Сараеве жить невозможно»: сараевский текст vs петербургский текст (на примере поэзии Абдулаха Сидрана) // Славянский альманах. 2022. No 1–2. С. 279–292. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.3.05

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Andrea Carosso

In this work, I explore the concept of quantization as a mapping from classical phase space functions to quantum operators. I discuss the early history of this notion of quantization with emphasis on the works of Schrödinger and Dirac, and how quantization fit into their overall understanding of quantum theory in the 1920's. Dirac, in particular, proposed a quantization map which should satisfy certain properties, including the property that quantum commutators should be related to classical Poisson brackets in a particular way. However, in 1946, Groenewold proved that Dirac's mapping was inconsistent, making the problem of defining a rigorous quantization map more elusive than originally expected. This result, known as the Groenewold-Van Hove theorem, is not often discussed in physics texts, but here I will give an account of the theorem and what it means for potential "corrections" to Dirac's scheme. Other proposals for quantization have arisen over the years, the first major one being that of Weyl in 1927, which was later developed by many, including Groenewold, and which has since become known as Weyl Quantization in the mathematical literature. Another, known as Geometric Quantization, formulates quantization in differential-geometric terms by appealing to the character of classical phase spaces as symplectic manifolds; this approach began with the work of Souriau, Kostant, and Kirillov in the 1960's. I will describe these proposals for quantization and comment on their relation to Dirac's original program. Along the way, the problem of operator ordering and of quantizing in curvilinear coordinates will be described, since these are natural questions that immediately present themselves when thinking about quantization.

Filipp Romanov

I present the results of my observations (visual and photographic) of the Geminid meteor shower in 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020. I observed meteors from different regions (Moscow and Primorsky Krai) of Russia, under different observation conditions: light pollution, Moon phases and weather. I used a DSLR camera with a lens to photograph meteor tracks. I compare the results of my visual observations in different years and determine the coordinates of the meteors from the photographs to graphically demonstrate the radiant.

Kristiina Silvan

In September 1991, Vladimir Elagin, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Leninist Communist Youth League of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (LKSM RSFSR), was speaking to a sparse audience. It was the first time in the organization’s history that the attendance was so low: only two-thirds of both the Central Committee and the Central Control Committee members had arrived to hear what Elagin had to say about the organization’s future a week after the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) had been outlawed on Soviet territory.1 Contrary to one contemporary interpretation,2 he did not, however, take the floor to confirm the youth league’s liquidation but instead urged his listeners to revive it: “To keep up with the current turbulent time, we need to make serious, responsible, and radical decisions on the transformation of the Union.... We must transform ourselves into a public organization [obshchestvennaia organizatsiia] ... [and] say that we will continue to develop and participate in the youth movement and help revive it.”3 Speaking almost three decades after the meeting, one of the members of the organizing committee of the LKSM RSFSR, interviewed for this study, claimed that the dismantling of the Russian Komsomol organization was never even considered. “It was because they were real organizations that genuinely worked with youth. They were real organizations, projects, and programs. The activity was real.”4

The term Soviet architecture refers to architectural production on the territory of the former Russian Empire under the control of the Soviet power in the aftermath of the revolution of 1917, and in the USSR between its establishment in 1922 and its fall in 1991. In addition to Russian architecture, it includes a variety of other architectural traditions in national republics and autonomous districts. Somewhat simplistically, the history of Soviet architecture has traditionally been divided into three periods: the “avant-garde” (1917–1932), “socialist realism” or “Stalinism” (1932–1955), and late modernism (1955–1991). The neat boundaries between these periods are provided by two political interventions in architecture. The first is the announcement of the results of the second round of the Palace of the Soviets competition (28 February 1932) followed by the Communist Party decree “On the Reconstruction of Literature and Artistic Organizations” (23 April 1932), which abolished independent artistic groups and replaced them with the state-controlled Union of Soviet Architects. The second is the Communist Party decree “On Elimination of Excesses in Design and Construction” (4 November 1955), which enunciated a turn to postwar modernism and standardization. This stylistically and politically motivated periodization reflected the lack of exchange between Soviet and Western architects and scholars during the Cold War. Indeed, while during the 1920s and the early 1930s, Soviet architects remained in dialogue with their international colleagues, in the late 1930s the ties were cut off, while the historicist turn inside the Soviet Union led to the discreditation of early modernist architecture. It was only in the 1960s, when the “thaw” in the Soviet Union and the activization of left politics in Europe (most importantly in Italy and France, which restored cultural and social connections with the Soviet Union) led to the “rediscovery” of Soviet post-revolutionary architecture, which progressive European architects saw as an operative model for their own programs. During the 1970s, the formal aspects of avant-garde Soviet architecture came to the fore in Britain, where they inspired the work of visionary architects later celebrated as the “deconstructivists,” while simultaneously being cleansed of their political and social program. The destabilization of the Soviet Union during the following decade and its eventual collapse led to the rise of political histories of Soviet architecture. All these historiographic traditions significantly favored the avant-garde over the subsequent period, when, it was believed, architecture had lost its autonomy and hence ceased to exist. More recent scholarship questions these assumptions as more and more projects and discussions from the Cold War period are coming to light, elucidating such topics as Soviet architects’ progressive stance on ecology and the sociability of cities, their use of cybernetic methods in urban planning, and their structural and formal innovations, which situates them on par with their Western counterparts.