Hasil untuk "Biology"

Seth R. Bordenstein, K. Theis

Groundbreaking research on the universality and diversity of microorganisms is now challenging the life sciences to upgrade fundamental theories that once seemed untouchable. To fully appreciate the change that the field is now undergoing, one has to place the epochs and foundational principles of Darwin, Mendel, and the modern synthesis in light of the current advances that are enabling a new vision for the central importance of microbiology. Animals and plants are no longer heralded as autonomous entities but rather as biomolecular networks composed of the host plus its associated microbes, i.e., "holobionts." As such, their collective genomes forge a "hologenome," and models of animal and plant biology that do not account for these intergenomic associations are incomplete. Here, we integrate these concepts into historical and contemporary visions of biology and summarize a predictive and refutable framework for their evaluation. Specifically, we present ten principles that clarify and append what these concepts are and are not, explain how they both support and extend existing theory in the life sciences, and discuss their potential ramifications for the multifaceted approaches of zoology and botany. We anticipate that the conceptual and evidence-based foundation provided in this essay will serve as a roadmap for hypothesis-driven, experimentally validated research on holobionts and their hologenomes, thereby catalyzing the continued fusion of biology's subdisciplines. At a time when symbiotic microbes are recognized as fundamental to all aspects of animal and plant biology, the holobiont and hologenome concepts afford a holistic view of biological complexity that is consistent with the generally reductionist approaches of biology.

Ashley M. Mohr, J. Mott

Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui, O. Hassan, Yi-Wei Yang et al.

J. Doorbar, W. Quint, L. Banks et al.

B. Dickinson, Christopher J. Chang

J. K. Nicholson, J. Lindon

P. Ball

M. Deininger, J. Goldman, J. Melo

W. F. Millington, C. D. Sculthorpe

R. May, R. Anderson

N. McKenna, R. Lanz, B. O’Malley

I. Sbalzarini, P. Koumoutsakos

B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis et al.

T. Ideker, T. Galitski, Leroy Hood

K. K. Ebbesen, T. B. Hansen, J. Kjems

K. Cooke, L. Luznik, S. Sarantopoulos et al.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of late, nonrelapse mortality and disability in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients and a major obstacle to improving outcomes. The biology of chronic GVHD remains enigmatic, but understanding the underpinnings of the immunologic mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of disease is fundamental to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. The goals of this task force review are as follows: This document is intended as a review of our understanding of chronic GVHD biology and therapies resulting from preclinical studies, and as a platform for developing innovative clinical strategies to prevent and treat chronic GVHD.

Takehito Ono, T. Nakashima

R. Hughes, A. Ellington

Min Liu, Yuanyuan Li, Zhilin Deng et al.

Abstract Mutation in genes involved in DNA replication continuously disrupt DNA replication and give rise to genomic instability, a critical driver of oncogenesis. To prevent leukemia, immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability often undergo rapid cell death during development. However, the mechanism by which immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid cell death upon genomic instability has been enigmatic. Here we show that zebrafish mcm5 mutation leads to DNA damage in immature T lymphocytes and the immature T cells sensitively undergo rapid cell death. Detailed analyses demonstrated that the immature T lymphocytes undergo rapid apoptosis via upregulation of tp53 and downregulation of bcl2 transcription in mcm5 mutants. Mechanistically, Mcm5 directly binds to Stat1a and facilitates its phosphorylation to enhance bcl2a expression under the conditions of DNA replication stress. However, in mcm5 mutants, the absence of the Mcm5-Stat1 complex decreases Stat1 phosphorylation and subsequent bcl2a transcription, accelerating apoptosis of immature T lymphocytes with genomic instability. Furthermore, our study shows that the role of Mcm5 in T-cell development is conserved in mice. In conclusion, our work identifies a role of Mcm5 in regulating T cell development via Stat1-Bcl2 cascade besides its role in DNA replication, providing a kind of mechanism by which immature T cells with gene mutation-induced DNA damage are rapidly cleared during T lymphocyte development.

Xin Liu, Yongqin Liao, Zhufeng Shi et al.

Streptomycetes are vital microbial resources used in agriculture and biotechnology and are diverse secondary metabolites. The <i>Streptomyces olivoreticuli</i> YNK-FS0020 strain was isolated from the rhizosphere soil in Yunnan’s Wuliangshan Forest; its functions were explored via a series of experiments and genomic analysis. Indoor assays showed that this strain inhibits seven plant pathogens (including <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense</i> Tropical Race 4) and exhibits phosphorus solubilization, siderophore production, and plant-growth promotion. Genomic analysis revealed 47 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters: 12 shared over 60% similarity with known clusters (4 exhibited 100% similarity, involving antimycin and ectoine), while 19 showed low similarity or unknown functions, indicating the strain’s potential in the development of novel compounds. Genes related to tryptophan-IAA synthesis, phosphate metabolism, and siderophore systems were annotated, while metabolomics detected indole-3-acetic acid and kitasamycin, revealing mechanisms like hormonal regulation and antimicrobial secretion. In summary, YNK-FS0020 has potential for use in plant-growth promotion and disease control, aiding agricultural microbial resource utilization.