Mokhamad Sukron, Said Agil Husin Al-Munawar, Zaitunah Subhan
et al.
This study investigates the interpretation of the Majelis Tafsir Al-Qur'an (MTA) regarding the obligation of Friday prayers for women, employing the analytical frameworks of Fiqh al-Ḥadīth and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. MTA adopts a literal exegesis of QS. al-Jumuʿah: 9, asserting its universal applicability irrespective of gender. The study critically reevaluates the traditionally understood Hadiths to exempt women, interpreting them as providing legal flexibility rather than categorical exclusion. By applying sanad (chain of transmission) and matan (text-content) analysis, MTA integrates classical methodological rigor with contextual reasoning, thereby advocating a reformist yet tradition-conscious stance. This research highlights MTA's inclusive perspective as a significant contribution to contemporary Islamic legal discourse, aiming to promote enhanced religious participation and social cohesion. Nonetheless, the study identifies ongoing challenges, including contextual limitations and restricted mosque access for women. The findings underscore how MTA's interpretive model embodies a progressive rethinking of Islamic obligations in response to evolving social realities.
Willy Mulyana, Panji Nurrahman, Muhammad Syawal Rosyid
Pembaruan Hukum keluarga Islam banyak dilakukan oleh negara Muslim. Tujuan dari pembaruan tersebut adalah untuk menghasilkan produk hukum yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat modern di negaranya. Salah satu negara yang melakukan pembaruan hukum keluarga Islam adalah Uni Emirat Arab. Uni Emirat Arab melakukan pembaruan Hukum Keluarga Islam dengan cara menafsiri ulang nash Al-Qur’an dan Hadits serta berlandaskan pada prinsip-prinsip hukum keluarga dalam mazhab Maliki. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana dinamika pembaruan hukum keluarga Islam di negara Uni Emirat Arab. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian pustaka (library research). Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi yaitu pengumpulan data tertulis yang berupa artikel ilmiah hasil penelitian dan buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa negara Uni Emirat Arab pertama kali melakukan kodifikasi hukum keluarga pada tahun 1985. Kemudian pada tahun 2005 melakukan reformasi hukum keluarganya dengan mengeluarkan Undang-undang Federal Nomor 28 Tahun 2005 tentang Status Hukum Pribadi. Dalam melakukan reformasi hukum keluarga, Uni Emirat Arab menggunakan metode talfiq dan ijtihad. Adapun unsur-unsur pembaruan dalam Undang-undang Federal Nomor 28 Tahun 2005 tentang Status Hukum Pribadi di antaranya yaitu; perkawinan, perjanjian dan pencatatan perkawinan, usia kecakapan boleh menikah dan kafa’ah, hubungan antara suami dan istri, perceraian, dan khuluk.
Sharia Banking is a business entity that carries out the function of collecting funds from parties with a surplus of funds and then channeling them to parties with a deficit of funds and providing other financial services based on Islamic sharia principles. This article analyzes. This type of research uses normative legal research, using a conceptual approach and a statutory approach as well as the Koran and hadith, primary and secondary. Legal materials obtained and analyzed qualitatively and then presented descriptively. The article aims to explain in general, the principles of sharia financing business activities include justice ('adl), balance (tawazun), kemashlahatan (maslahah), universalism (alamiyah), and do not contain gharar, maisir, usury, zhulm, risywah, and other haram objects. Financing or financing is funding provided by one party to another to support planned investments, both carried out by themselves and institutions. In other words, financing is funding issued to support planned investments. Law Number 10 of 1998 states that financing based on sharia principles is the provision of money or bills that are equated with it based on an agreement or agreement between a bank and another party that requires the financed party to return the money or bill after a certain period of time in return or profit sharing.
With a systematic and systematic view, Saussure considers language to be a set of signs, and therefore, in her linguistic theory, sign is the main keyword. Signs are also very important in translation, and the translator should be able to identify the relationships between them by knowing the words of the text accurately and use these relationships for a more accurate translation; This issue is doubly important in the translation of the Holy Quran. Among the words used in the Holy Qur'an, whose semantic analysis requires attention and precision, is the word "Sehr". The present research, which was carried out in an analytical-descriptive method, tries to answer the question with a semantic-structuralist approach, how the different levels and layers of meaning of the word "Sehr" are formed in the Holy Quran, and the concept of "sohar" in the use of the Holy Quran, based on The axis of substitution and companionship is synonymous with which words? And the obtained result states that although both in the Persian original of the word "Sehr" and in the Arabic dictionary, one of its main meanings, "Nasab", is mentioned, but on the other hand, its association with the same word causes it to have a different meaning. To be therefore, translators have taken different approaches in this regard, and some of them have translated the two into relative and causative, taking into account the conflicting relationship between Nasb and Sahr. Some have translated these two as male and female. Also, although the meaning of son-in-law for the word Sahr is found in many sources, but in the ten translations examined in this article, only one of the sources, the translation of Fuladvand, gives such a meaning for this word.Keywords: Translations of the Qur'an, Relative, Ferdinand de Saussure, Succession and Cohabitation.IntroductionOne of the most important factors in the formation of meaning in a text is the relationships of substitution and association of words. Saussure, with a new and structuralist approach to language, shifted his focus from the word to the phrase, leading to a major revolution in linguistics. A part of Saussure's modern theories pertains to the two axes of substitution and association. One of the binary oppositions among signs is the contrast between two fundamental types of relationships, namely the associative relationship and the substitutive relationship or "syntagmatic" relationship in language. In other words, meaning is derived from the difference between signifiers, which are of two types: differences arising from association, also known as syntagmatic, and differences resulting from the axis of substitution.The substitutive relationship examines the reason for choosing a word for a phrase, and the associative relationship examines the reason for creating a specific order for the arrangement of words in a phrase. Thus, the substitutive relationship delves into the deeper layers of language, necessitating comparison and analogy since one must examine a word and its synonyms in various texts.The substitutive relationship is based on intertextual and intratextual relations. In this relationship, texts are always interacting with each other (Ostakhrian Haqiqi and Ahsant, 2019: 15). Chandler examines substitutive relationships in three layers: contrastive, analogical, and comparative; and associative relationships in three layers: sequential, spatial, and conceptual (Sajudi, 2019: 52).After Saussure, structuralists who have theorized about translation, including Catford and Nida, believe in the translatability of texts because they argue that what Saussure established are general rules that align with the principle of linguistic systems, and therefore, the substitutive and associative relationships that exist in one language can also be transferred to another language.Saussure specifically, and structuralism in general, hold a view aligned with translatability: "If all natural languages share a level called 'langue,' this is where translation is possible, and therefore, anything that can be expressed in one language can be expressed in another language as well, which means absolute translatability" (Mousavi Razavi, 2018: 562).Given the axes of substitution and association in Saussure's theory, the present article conducts a comparative analysis of the translation of the word "ṣahr" in Surah Al-Furqan, explaining its semantic aspects, synonyms, and related concepts. This word appears in the Quran in this form only once:﴿وَهُوَ الَّذِی خَلَقَ مِنَ الْمَاءِ بَشَرًا فَجَعَلَهُ نَسَبًا وَصِهْرًا وَکَانَ رَبُّکَ قَدِیرًا﴾ (Al-Furqan/54)and once in another form with a different meaning:﴿یُصْهَرُ بِهِ مَا فِی بُطُونِهِمْ وَالْجُلُودُ﴾ (Al-Hajj/20)which, given the semantic difference, does not seem to have the same root.The necessity of this research lies in its structuralist perspective, meticulously examining the axes of substitution and association to analyze and compare the translations of one of the disputed words in the Holy Quran.In this context, the study aims to answer the following questions:How are the different semantic levels and layers of the word "ṣahr" in the Holy Quran formed?With which synonymous words is the concept of "ṣahr" in its Quranic usage associated on the axis of substitution, and how does each synonym change the meaning of the verse?Literature ReviewNumerous articles have been written on the semantics of Quranic vocabulary, including:Akbari and Kabiri, in an article titled "The Semantics of the Word Makr in the Holy Quran" (2018), explained the verses related to this word and concluded that this term in the Quran is used for both good and evil deeds and has synonyms such as deceit, plot, arrogance, treachery, and betrayal.Among the articles addressing the subject of substitution and association are:Zafari et al., in a study titled "Semantic Components of the Word 'Nazul' with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Association and Substitution" (2017), examined the uses and derivatives of this word and its synonyms, concluding that the word has gained semantic breadth through its association with other concepts.Vafaei and Ali Nouri, in a study titled "Artistic Appropriateness in the Two Axes of Association and Substitution in the Poetry of Qaisar Aminpour" (2010), examined the poems of this poet and concluded that Aminpour deliberately chooses words on the axis of substitution to create the greatest semantic and lexical harmony in combination with other elements of speech on the axis of association.Parmehr Yabandeh et al., in a study titled "Semiotic Analysis of the Collection of Posters of the Art of Resistance Festival with Emphasis on the Two Axes of Substitution and Association of Signs" (2022), conducted an analytical-conceptual examination of these posters, concluding that in all the works, when a visual sign metaphorically expresses the concept of revolution and Iran, the understanding of the sign occurs on the axis of substitution, and the arrangement of textual and visual signs is based on the axis of association.Additionally, Mousavi Razavi, in an article titled "An Explanation of What Structuralism Is, Based on the Views of Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, and Propp, and Examining the Traces of Structuralist Thought in Contemporary Translation Theories" (2018), examined the views of structuralists on the translatability or untranslatability of texts and concluded that structuralism believes in the translatability of texts.Upon reviewing the studies related to the subject of the present article, it was found that no research has been conducted on this specific topic, thus indicating the innovation in this study.Research MethodologyTextual AnalysisCollect and analyze interpretive and lexical texts related to the term "صهر"from various sources such as Quranic dictionaries, lexicons, and Quranic commentaries.Examine the usage of the term "صهر" in Arabic poetry before and after the revelation of the Quran and compare it with its usage in the Quran. Collocation AnalysisInvestigate the term "صهر" in collocation with words that appear alongside it in Quranic sentences. This includes analyzing the relationship between the term "صهر" and the term "نسب" in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan.Analyze different translations of the Quran and examine how various translators have rendered the term "صهر" in context with other words.Substitution AnalysisAnalyze the substitution axis of the term "صهر" with words that can replace it. For example, substituting the term "صهر" with "بعل" and "الأقربین".Examine the impact of substituting the term "صهر" with other words on the meaning of the sentence and the overall concept of the verse.Comparative AnalysisCompare different translations of the term "صهر" in the Quran and analyze their differences and similarities.Investigate the impact of substitution and collocation relationships on various interpretations of the term "صهر".Linguistic AnalysisExamine linguistic and semantic structures related to the term "صهر" using theories of linguistic semantics.Analyze the phonetic and pronunciation features of the term "صهر" and their impact on meaning.Sources and ReferencesThe Holy Quran and its various translations.Quranic commentaries including Tafsir Al-Mizan, Tafsir Majma' Al-Bayan, and Tafsir Nemooneh.Reputable lexicons such as Lisan Al-Arab, Taj Al-Aroos, and Quranic dictionaries.Articles and books related to semantics and theories of substitution and collocation.Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and poetry after the revelation of the Quran.ConclusionThe word "sahr" (صهر) appears in the Quran only twice and in two different meanings: as "صِهْرًا" and "یُصْهَرُ." These two uses have no semantic connection and do not seem to share the same root. This paper analyzed the first usage of the word in verse 54 of Surah Al-Furqan and examined its translations based on Saussure’s theory in terms of substitution and collocation. The findings indicate that in terms of collocation, the association with the word "nasab" (نسب) plays a crucial role in the translation of "sahr" because, while one of its main meanings in both Persian and Arabic dictionaries is "kinship" (نسب), its collocation with this word gives it a different meaning. Consequently, translators have adopted various approaches regarding this term, with some translating it as "males" and "females."Although the meaning "son-in-law" for "sahr" is mentioned in several sources, only one out of the ten translations reviewed in this study, namely Fooladvand’s translation, uses this meaning.In terms of substitution, words such as "ba'al" (بعل), "al-aqrabin" (الاقربین), "arham" (ارحام), and "zawj" (زوج) are conceptually and semantically close to "sahr" and are mentioned in the Quran. However, the choice of "sahr" over these synonyms relates to the context of the verse. In the preceding verse, verse 53 of Surah Al-Furqan, Allah mentions: "He is the One who merges the two seas, one fresh and sweet, the other salty and bitter." Therefore, since verse 54 also speaks of water and its division into two opposites, it seems that "sahr" more effectively conveys the concept compared to its synonyms. Additionally, considering the preceding verse, translating "nasab" and "sahr" as opposites may be more accurate.
Hari Sugiharto Yusuf, Juajir Sumardi, Birkah Latif
This research discusses the position of the Marine Security Agency in law enforcement at sea. This research uses a statutory approach and a historical approach. Descriptive qualitative analysis technique, namely by describing, explaining, describing, and describing primary legal materials and secondary legal materials following the problems closely related to this research, then drawing a conclusion based on the analysis that has been done. The results showed that the position of the Marine Security Agency (Bakamla) with fellow law enforcers at sea as a coordinator, but it does not eliminate the authority of other law enforcers. Bakamla is present to replace the function of the Marine Security Coordinating Agency (Bakorkamla) which was previously considered to fail in synergizing law enforcement at sea. Meanwhile, Bakamla's authority is to conduct instant pursuit, stop, inspect, arrest, bring ships, and hand over to related agencies. These authorities are authorities that are often found in the investigation process, but Bakamla as a law enforcer at sea, is not given the authority to conduct investigations. Bakamla's authority as an investigator is still waiting for the Omnibus Law on Marine Security which is currently being discussed in the House of Representatives.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Islamic law
Abstract This study examines the nonlinear relationship between Islamic banking development, major macroeconomic variables and economic growth in Islamic countries. Using the panel smooth transition model, the results show a positive nonlinear relationship between Islamic banking development and economic growth. Moreover, the relationship between the macroeconomic variables and economic growth is asymmetric and regime-dependent. Further, by using the dynamic panel quantile model, we show that for many cases the Islamic banking variables lead economic growth across the quantiles. More specifically, foreign direct investment, oil production and inflation have a positive impact on economic growth during the normal financial development state, while government consumption, one-lag economic growth, terms of trade and financial development have a negative impact on economic growth for this state. The human capital index, education and the rule of law have an insignificant impact, regardless of the prevailing regime. The results for the separated oil-importing and oil-exporting economies are generally consistent with the combined sample regarding the Islamic banking development variables. As for the macro variables, they have a positive and significant (insignificant) effect on EG for the oil-importing (oil-exporting) economies for almost all models.
Not all investment agreements are made before notary, so that agreement does not have strong enough evidence, so when one party commits default, the other party does not have sufficient evidence to prosecute the party committing the default before the law. The purpose of this study is to analyze the validity of investment agreements without a notary deed and the legal consequences of default in investment agreements without a notary deed. This research is normative legal research technique. This research used descriptive, interpretation, evaluation and argumentation technique to analyze legal material. Akad (contract) is a bond that occurs between two parties, one states ijab and the second states qabul, which then creates legal consequences, namely the emergence of rights and obligations between the two parties. This ijab and qabul show that both parties have voluntarily entered into an agreement that made must be in accordance with the Shari'a.The agreement made not before a notary is still valid, as long as it has fulfilled the legal requirements of the agreement stated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code and as long as no law that stipulates that the agreement to be made must be in writing. Legal consequences of the default, the debtor is required to pay compensation for the losses suffered by the creditor, if the engagement is reciprocal, the creditor can demand termination or cancellation of the engagement through the court, the engagement to provide something, the risk of switching to the debtor since the default, the debtor is required to fulfill the engagement if it can still be made or cancellation, accompanied by payment of compensation, and the debtor obliged to pay court fees if brought before a district court and debtor found guilty.
This study aims to reconstruct the community's original knowledge in the process of making potato dodol into scientific knowledge according to the halal criteria of a product determined by the halal product guarantee system. The research method used is descriptive qualitative based on ethnoscience with the scope of examination including document analysis, interviews and documentation. Data collection is done directly to respondents (business actors) by purposive sampling. The data obtained were analyzed according to the criteria for the halal product assurance system which includes: commitment and responsibility, materials, halal product processes, products and monitoring and evaluation. Data analysis is carried out with traceability according to the halal document of a product. The results showed that the process of making potato dodol according to community knowledge can be transformed into scientific knowledge was acquired and developed from generation to generation. The stage of start from preparing ingredients, boiling, milling, mixing the dought with other ingredients, kneading, printing and cutting, drying, packaging and labeling. It can be concluded that the procedure for making potato dodol developed through generations is comply with Islamic law, star from use of tools, production facilities, packaging systems, storage, distribution that are free of non-halal materials which meet standards and can be consumed by the public.
This study aims to analyze the concept of the creation of the universe from the Islamic view through the interpretation of Ibn Katsir and the Christian view through the Bible. This study uses qualitative research methods. Based on Ibn Katsir's view, the universe's creation consists of several processes. Firstly, Allah created the earth in two days, then created the sky in the next two days, then spread out the earth in the last two days. In the last process, Allah brings out water, plants, mountains, sand, inanimate objects, hills, and everything between the sky and the earth. According to the Bible, the process of creating the universe also consists of six days. Day and night were created on the first day. On the second day, the sky was created. On the third day, the earth was created. The stars and sun were created on the fourth day. On the fifth day, creatures in the water and the sky were created. All kinds of animals were created on the sixth day, and humans were created on the last. The seventh day is God's rest/rest day. Thus, it can be concluded that there are similarities and differences between Islam and Christianity in the concept of the creation of the universe.
Mohammad Bitar, Kuntara Pukthuanthong, Thomas J. Walker
Abstract We show that higher capital and liquidity ratios increase the efficiency of conventional and Islamic banks. Using conditional quantile regressions, we further show that the effect is stronger for highly efficient, small, highly liquid, and highly capitalized conventional banks. We also find that more capitalized and liquid banks were efficient during the 2008/2009 financial crisis and the Arab Spring. Our findings support the view that the constraints imposed by Shari'a law may widen the efficiency gap between the two bank types, at the expense of Islamic banks. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the efficiency of conventional banks not only depends on bank capital and liquidity, but also on the level of bank efficiency while the relationship is inconclusive for Islamic banks. These findings provide insight into how capital and liquidity can shape bank efficiency. They suggest that higher capital and liquidity buffers serve a constraint on policymakers and may function very differently depending on the level of bank efficiency.
The purposes of this research are; First, to analyze the flexibility of Islamic law related to Pandemic situations that contagious in every single country in the World. So, the world has new diligence in Fiqh named Pandemic Fiqh. Second, as is Pandemic Fiqh we need to review Ulama, Government Policy, and the application in public. The research method that used is qualitative research, with descriptive-analytic methods with a Literature Study approach accompanied with observations of what was happened in a community environment. The example of Pandemic Fiqh’s diligence in pure worship and not pure in an emergency like pandemic situations caused Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) that was experienced in Indonesia at this time. Indonesia’s Ulama issuing opinions and the Government made the regulations to break the chains of spreading the Covid-19. It has been proven that created varied opinions and views in the Indonesian Muslim community. So that one side raises the understanding of the policies. On the other side, they created different conflicts of perspectives and understandings. With Pandemic Fiqh, we can unite all of the perspectives and different applications in the Indonesian Muslim community.
Ahmad Amiri, Hojjat Mobayen, Mohammad Ali Khorsandian
et al.
Although the human personality and dignity are respected in all legal systems and under certain conditions, a criminal liability has been determined for damaging it, civil liability caused by damage to personality has been payed less attention especially in Iranian Law. On this basis, the main issue in this article is studying the institution of civil liability, its conditions and criteria and methods of compensation in Iran jurisprudence and law and its comparison with the English Law. The research method is a descriptive-analytic and comparative one. Civil liability caused by damage to personality is studied under the general heading of "desecration" in Imamiyah jurisprudence and Iran law, and under the heading of "defamation" in English law. The criteria for defamation in English law is "lowering the reputation from a right-thinking member view of society" and the criteria for desecration in Iran law and Imamiyah jurisprudence is "damage to the personality". The conditions of liability are different in these systems based on these two criteria. In English law, unlike law of Iran, compensation for defamation is usually financial, the amount of which is determined by the court.
Many Islamic countries are facing zakat governance issues including transparency, trust, inconsistency of zakat law with al-Quran and hadith, non-compliance and bureaucracy. Despite of the ongoing issues, little is known about zakat system in Islamic countries particularly the high-income Islamic countries. The high-income Islamic countries should be exemplary models to other Islamic countries as they have unlimited resources to build a dynamic zakat system that includes participation from renowned Islamic scholars to give opinions and fatwa on zakat law and the use of modern technologies to promote transparency and compliance. This study adopts a content analysis technique to analyse zakat system in seven high-income Islamic countries – Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates. The data of zakat governance, zakat collection, zakat distribution, transparency, use of modern technology, issues and recognitions for each country were collected and analysed. This study added value to the minimal zakat system literature in Islamic countries. It is hoped that a harmonized zakat system can be adopted by Islamic countries and a strong commitment by all Islamic countries members to help asnaf particularly those who live in the under-developed countries.
The formulation of the National Policy on Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) and Internet of things signals the Malaysian government readiness to come up with the necessary policy framework for the digitalised era. It has been said that universities’ curriculum structure and instructional design must also be revisited to ready the graduate to face the onslaught of technological revolution. Through content analysis of relevant literature, this paper analyses the myriad ways in which legal education has been impacted by IR4.0 both in terms of the ‘body of knowledge’ as well as the ‘skill sets’ required for law students to survive in the era of automatous systems. The paper is structured to first explain the concept of IR4.0 and how some national countries leverage the digital technology to improve their economy or facilitate social transformation. The paper proceeds with a discussion of how autonomous system, artificial intelligence and data analytics can enhance the instructional design of teaching and researching law. In terms of the body of knowledge, most of the legal principles drawn for the brick and mortar environment are no longer relevant in the IR4.0 era. The paper reveals that the traditional method that focuses on the training of law graduates to think like a lawyer by understanding the reasoning in the judgement of cases or the preparation of conveyancing and court documents are no longer relevant in the IR4.0 era as these activities could easily be undertaken by bots. Instead, law students should be imparted with a multiplicity of human skills that could not be performed by autonomous systems such as those involving conscience, high level thinking, and emotion such as mediation, negotiation, counselling, court prosecution, advocacy, witness examination, plea mitigation as well as social skills, resource management skills, technical skills and most importantly system skills.
Faiz Muhammad Brohi, Ahmed Ali Brohi, Ghulam Ali Buriro
This aim and purpose of this article is to analyse spiritual aspects in Rumi’s Mathnawi (Spiritual couplets). His Mathnawi gives plenty of stories which are based on spiritual message. He also highlights good and evil whereas the readers know the consequences of evil results become evil. Rumi gives allegorical interpretations of allegorical stories how to find the right path. Mathnawi expresses about the connection of humans with God through any special person and such special person has some attributes and elements. In this research, the qualitative research is applied i.e textual analysis and close reading. The research is expected to fill the gap in the research about Rumi and Mathnawi from the dimension of Spiritualism, as most of the earlier researches are done on Rumi and Mathnawi from mystic point of view.
With regard to the focus of the conversation in communicative action and the role of the analysis of the word in the reconstruction and establishment of discourse, 133 the existing Quranic conversation is extracted in full scale, and then, respectively, the descending of the surahs (and not in accordance with the verse) with the adoption of other Quranic studies, In four stages, the public invitation of the Prophet and the secret faith of the believers; the spread of the invitation and publicity of believers' beliefs, the formation of a faith community, and the establishment and monitoring of the Islamic society were categorized. (The first and second steps of Maki and the third and fourth stages of civilization) Then, using a multi-level combination of different types and levels of discourse analysis theory and method, the most important linguistic elements of the dialogues were firstly extracted based on the Halliday role-based school and then the conversations were retrieved in the context and context of the text and the macro-society. Finally, the recruitment of the concepts of the discourse theory of Laclau and Muffe; the formulation of the discursive evolution of the dialogues in the 23 years of the Qur'an revelation has been presented and presented in which the process of the elimination of the prevailing participatory discourse and the initial formation of the discourse of Islamic sovereignty in four phases: "the agitation of the ruling discourse"; "antagonism "," Discourse articulation " and" Discourse enhancement ".