Hasil untuk "Comparative law. International uniform law"

Vitória Oliveira

This article explores the intersection of dark patterns — deceptive design practices that manipulate user behavior—with children’s digital experiences, examining how universal cognitive vulnerabilities intersect with context-specific susceptibilities. After reviewing scholarship on dark patterns and synthesizing fragmented empirical research on children’s encounters with manipulative design, the article applies Mathur, Mayer, and Kshirsagar’s (2021) normative framework to assess harms across individual welfare, collective welfare, regulatory objectives, and autonomy in children’s contexts. Drawing on vulnerability theory, children’s rights instruments, and childhood studies, it situates children within this taxonomy to clarify how developmental characteristics and relational dependencies shape exposure to manipulation in digital environments. Children constitute a particularly revealing analytical lens for understanding digital vulnerability: while developmental characteristics heighten their exposure to manipulation, dark patterns exploit cognitive features universally shared. By engaging both particularist and universalist accounts, the article argues that protective measures developed with children in mind may establish baseline standards addressing digital vulnerability more broadly.

خالد سمير محمد حسن

تأتي هذه الدراسة في ظل تصاعد دعوات كثيرة من أجل إصدار قانون جديد لتنظيم الإدارة المحلية في مصر، نظرًا لأن القانون الحالي ( قانون رقم 43 لسنة 1979) لم يعد مواكباً لما جاء بالدستور الجديد ( دستور 2014 ) من صلاحيات جديدة ودعم صريح للامركزية و ترسيخ لديمقراطيتها و تعزيز لصلاحياتها .و تستعرض هذه الدراسة تاريخ الإدارة المحلية في مصر، مع التركيز على انتخابات المجالس المحلية خلال فترة حكم الرئيس الأسبق حسني مبارك ، وهي فترة غنية بالتفاعلات السياسية وشهدت عدة استحقاقات انتخابية محلية وقرارات بشأنها لم تتناولها دراسات سابقة بشكل كافٍ ، وقد استخدمت الدراسة المدخل التاريخي وذلك سعياً لحصر السلبيات والإستفادة منها وكذا الوقوف على مواضع القوة فى تجربة " إدارة المحليات " فى مصر بشكلها الحديث ومفهومها المعاصر عبر قرابة قرن كامل من الزمان ، سعيا للوصول إلى نتائج علمية يمكن أن نستقرأ منها توصيات فاعلة فى حالات مماثلة للدول النامية أو حديثة العهد بالتعددية السياسية والحريات والديمقراطية فى إدارة الأقاليم ..

Mohamed A. Ismail

Liquidated damages (LDs) lie at the heart of every transaction and dispute, whether private–public, involving a State or a State-owned entity, or purely commercial, a private–private nature. This article tackles this theme in the specific context of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where the influence of Egyptian law—a civil law legal system—cannot be overstated. The article offers useful insights and analysis of some of the challenges that plague ‘dualist’ systems of law that distinguish between public law and private law, administrative courts and civil and commercial courts, and administrative contracts and private law contracts. The article is divided into four parts. Following an introductory section, the article is divided into four parts. The second section deals with the doctrine of penalty clauses in LDs in comparative approaches. The third offers the main objectives of harmonization of contract law principles and provides an analysis to the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) in LDs. The fourth provides an analysis to convergences and divergences between administrative and private contracts in Egypt and the English doctrine of LDs. Finally, the article offers concluding remarks and suggestions showing the necessity of UPICC in Egypt and the MENA region in light of punitive nature of LDs, given the reality of a clear lack of coherent uniform standards in awarding LDs in the region.

Ali Mashhadi

Wild animals need special attention because of their significance from the environmental,ecological, genetic, scientific, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic points ofview. There are numerous international instruments and documents in the field of internationalwildlife law (IWL). Among them, there are three well-known instruments namely the Ramsar,Bonn, and CITES Conventions. In the present piece, these Conventions are studied comparativelyin order to find out their approaches toward the protection of wildlife. In doing so, the author,first and foremost, provides a brief overview of these Conventions. Thereafter, their approachestoward wildlife protection would be analyzed. The methodological approach of this researchincludes analysis of wildlife protection through descriptive and normative explanation of theRamsar, Bonn, and CITES Conventions. According to the findings of this study, reasonable andwise use of wetlands (the approach of the Ramsar Convention), special attention to migratorybirds (the approach of the Bonn Convention), and the regulation of international wildlifetrade (the approach of CITES) are three main and prevalent approaches in these instruments.Furthermore, it appears that CITES has played a more important and effective role in IWL andprotection of wildlife. It is due to the fact that this Convention has more operative tools and itsState Parties have undertaken more extensive and practical obligations.

Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo

Katarzyna Kryla-Cudna

S. Sefriani, Y. Putro, J. Putra et al.

This study aims to analyze the annulment of the Joint 3 (three) Ministerial Decree concerning School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court and to examine the Supreme Court’s decision under international human rights law and Islamic law. In the annulment of the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decree on School Uniforms for Students, Educators, and School Personnel by the Indonesian Supreme Court, the legal reasoning follows a meticulous analysis rooted in normative legal research. The study employs statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach to unravel the complexities surrounding the decree. Through the descriptive analysis, it is established that the decree runs afoul of the educational values enshrined in the National Education System Act, particularly the imperative to foster religious spiritual strength in students. Moreover, the National Education System Act also mandated that the Indonesian National Education must also be rooted in religious values. The Supreme Court’s decision to annul the Joint 3 (Three) Ministerial Decrees grounded in the rationale that the decree conflicts with the higher law, specifically the National Education System Act. The annulment also aligns with international human rights law and the values of Islamic law. Indonesia has a margin of appreciation in the regulation of religious freedom as practiced in the European Court of Human Rights, adjusting to the condition that Indonesia is not a secular country but also not a religious country. Indonesia is based on Belief in the one and only God and upholds pluralism.

Ван Хэюн, Д.В. Татаринов

The 21st century is the “era of international organizations”. the SCO is facing a realistic dilemma of “insufficient rule orientation”, “imperfect international law system” and “uneven level of rule of law among its members”. International law has its own structural dilemma of uncertainty, which lies in structure, language and doctrine, and overturns the existing international law system. Within the framework of the SCO, the traditional normal way can’t quickly and effectively establish legislation. The argumentative paradigm is rooted in the “intersubjectivity” of the international community, reshaping the effectiveness and source scope of international law, and using this paradigm can quickly and effectively build a set of international law system for SCO. This paradigm needs value guidance in line with universal rationality. The “community with a shared future for mankind” proposed by the Chairman Xi Jinping is expected to achieve the multi-dimensional goals of common prosperity, universal security, openness and win-win results, equality and inclusiveness, and joint construction, which can provide a value orientation for the development of SCO international law. This paper focuses on the SCO, tries to elaborate the problems faced by the SCO from the perspective of international law, and puts forward the research paradigm of improving the construction of SCO international law and the value orientation of “community with a shared future for mankind” on the basis of its system, in order to further clarify the direction of efforts to build the SCO legal system. Under the guidance of the theory of community with a shared future for mankind, the SCO’s practice of argumentative international law can improve the legal system construction within the organization on the basis of maintaining regional peace, and then contribute to the SCO’s participation in world governance and the promotion of the rise of Asia. Keywords: norms, indeterminacy, argumentalism, community with a shared future, SCO

Juarez Cirino dos Santos

Falar sobre Juarez Tavares é uma tarefa agradável, por muitas razões: a descrição de sua personalidade sugere substantivos fortes e adjetivos dignificantes, que tornam o discurso fácil e fluente. E, na comemoração dos seus 80 anos, rodeado por amigos e admiradores, é importante destacar as dimensões filosófica, política e científica de sua personalidade carismática e comunicativa, que produzem profunda impressão em todos os que o conhecem ou com ele convivem, de uma forma ou de outra.

Ricardo Alexandre Costa, Carlos Renato Cunha

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a aplicação da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) nos cartórios de protesto, com ênfase na importância da transparência e proteção dos dados pessoais no contexto dessas instituições. Para alcançar esse propósito, serão discutidos diversos aspectos relacionados à coleta, tratamento, compartilhamento e direitos dos titulares de dados no ambiente dos cartórios de protesto. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, trazendo a compreensão da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados e a compreensão das serventias extrajudiciais. Por fim, constatou-se como se dá a aplicação da LGPD nos casos de Cartório de Protesto.

Miklós Király

Deciding whether a contract of sale is an international transaction or not and according to which criteria is an inescapable task, not only for private international law (PIL) but also for the instruments aiming to create uniform substantive contract law. The paper reviews the different solutions from the 1930s to the development of the last decades, from the first drafts of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (‘UNIDROIT’) on international sales to the Draft Common European Sales Law. Of course, the Vienna Sales Convention (‘CISG’), as a successful international instrument, is also given special emphasis in this comparative and historical analysis. Although during the past century of unification, the definition of international character became clearer and simpler, much however depends on how broadly or narrowly legislators wish to define the scope of the uniform substantive law to facilitate the acceptance and ratification of an international convention. A further specific question is whether uniform law should apply to all international sales (universal application) or only to international transactions linked to Contracting States. The paper also analyses the different positions on this issue.Décider si un contrat de vente est une transaction internationale ou non et selon quels critères est une tâche incontournable, non seulement pour le droit international privé, mais aussi pour les instruments visant à créer un droit materiel uniforme des contrats. L’article passe en revue les différentes solutions depuis les années 1930 jusqu’à l’évolution des dernières décennies, des premiers projets d’UNIDROIT sur les ventes internationales au projet de droit commun européen de la vente. Bien entendu, la Convention de Vienne sur les ventes, en tant qu’instrument international couronné de succès, fait également l’objet d’une attention particulière dans le cadre de cette analyse comparative et historique. Bien qu’au cours du dernier siècle d’unification, la définition du caractère international soit devenue plus Claire et plus simple, beaucoup dépend toutefois de la manière dont les législateurs souhaitent définir le champ d’application du droit matériel uniforme pour faciliter l’acceptation et la ratification d’une convention internationale. Une autre question spécifique est de savoir si le droit uniforme devrait s’appliquer à toutes les ventes internationales (application universelle) ou seulement aux transactions internationals liées aux États contractants. Le document analyse également les différentes positions sur cette question.Die Entscheidung, ob ein Kaufvertrag ein internationals Geschäft ist oder nicht und nach welchen Kriterien, ist eine unausweichliche Aufgabe, nicht nur für das internationale Privatrecht, sondern auch für die Instrumente, die auf die Schaffung eines einheitlichen materiellen Vertragsrechts abzielen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Lösungen von den 1930er Jahren bis zu den Entwicklungen der letzten Jahrzehnte, von den ersten Entwürfen des UNIDROIT zum internationalen Kaufrecht bis zum Entwurf des Gemeinsamen Europäischen Kaufrechts. Natürlich wird auch das Wiener Kaufrechtsüberienkommen als erfolgreiches internationals Instrument in dieser vergleichenden und historischen Analyse besonders berücksichtigt. Obwohl die Definition des internationalen Charakters im Laufe des letzten Jahrhunderts der Vereinheitlichung klarer und einfacher geworden ist, hängt doch vieles davon ab, wie weit oder eng der Gesetzgeber den Anwendungsbereich des einheitlichen materiellen Rechts definieren will, um die Annahme und Ratifizierung eines internationalen Übereinkommens zu erleichtern. Eine weitere spezifische Frage ist, ob das einheitliche Recht für alle internationalen Verkäufe (universelle Anwendung) oder nur für internationale Transaktionen mit Verbindung zu Vertragsstaaten gelten soll. In dem Beitrag warden auch die verschiedenen Standpunkte zu dieser Frage analysiert.

C. Okoli

Where the parties to an international contract fail to specify the choice of law, a forum selection agreement is one of the most, if not the most, significant factors to consider in implying the choice of law in many international, supranational, regional instruments, and national jurisdictions. However, it is an ill-defined, notoriously complex, and hotly debated issue as to the weight that should be attached to a forum selection agreement in implying the choice of law. Hence, this article is devoted to discussing this topic from a comparative perspective, in order to propose a guide to global uniform criteria. To achieve this, the article covers all relevant international, regional, and supranational instruments, and selected legal systems in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. The legal systems compared include those from the global North and global South, including common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems. The article’s core proposal is that an exclusive forum selection agreement should be a key factor in implying the choice of law. However, except in such cases as where a forum is chosen on a neutral basis, there should be a general requirement of corroboration with at least one other factor of significance. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to greater uniformity, predictability, and certainty in the global community in this field of law.

Elsa Fernando-Gonzalo

La Declaración de Nueva York en el año 2016 y el posterior Pacto global para la migración segura, ordenada y regular del año 2018 suponen un hito en la regulación o gobernanza de los flujos migratorios. Este fue proclamado como un instrumento no vinculante y, por tanto, del soft law; sin embargo, este tipo de "derecho" no es ajeno al resto del ordenamiento jurídico. Aunque el soft law no genera obligaciones exigibles jurídicamente para los Estados, sí da lugar a varias interacciones interesantes que se abordan en este artículo. Se analiza su potencial interpretativo y de conjunción con otras normas (escasas) de la regulación internacional del fenómeno migratorio. Se incluye también un breve análisis de su mecanismo propio de seguimiento con el objetivo de enmarcar al Pacto dentro de la regulación migratoria internacional y arrojar luz sobre sus potencialidades jurídicas. Siendo que el recurso de soft law un mecanismo cada vez más común en los retos globales, es necesario analizarlo en conjunción con el resto de normas del ordenamiento jurídico, así como analizar su potencial a la hora de conseguir sus objetivos a través de mecanismos de seguimiento diferentes al tradicional método-sanción del hard law.

عبدالله عبدالعال محمد خزيم خزيم

ملخص الدراسة : Abstract يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسعير تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق وذلک باستخدام نظرية المصداقية Credibility Theory بالتطبيق على شرکة مصر للتأمين ، ويعتمد الباحث فى سبيل الوصول إلى السعر العادل والکافى لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق على استخدام نظرية المصداقية وذلک من خلال تحديد التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لعدد الحوادث (التوزيعات المنفصلة) ، وکذلک تحديد التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لقيم الخسائر(التوزيعات المتصلة) ، ثم تطبيق معادلة المصداقية فى تسعير تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق وذلک بتقدير معامل المصداقية Credibility Factor للوصول للقسط الصافى والسعر العادل ، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لعدد الحوادث هو التوزيع البواسونى Poisson Distribution ، والتوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لحجم الخسارة هو توزيع باريتو pareto Distribution ، کما توصلت الدراسة إلى السعر العادل والکافى لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق باستخدام نظرية المصداقية بالتطبيق على شرکة مصر للتأمين وهو 0.006 ، وبمقارنة السعر العادل الذى توصلت إليه الدراسة لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق بالسعر السائد والمطبق فى شرکة مصر للتأمين نجد أن الشرکة محل الدراسة تحصل على أسعار أقل من السعر العادل التى توصلت إليه الدراسة وبالتالى فقد أوصت الدراسة شرکة مصر للتأمين بضرورة تعديل أسعار تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق لديها وذلک بزيادة ورفع هذه الأسعار؛ حتى لا تحقق خسائر فى هذا النوع من التأمين فى المستقبل وحتى تتناسب الأسعار مع درجة الخطورة ولکى تتمکن هذه الشرکة من تکوين محفظة اکتتاب متوازنة تمکنها من تخفيض معدلات الخسائر لديها.

Martina Focardi, Barbara Gualco, Vilma Pinchi et al.

Many studies have examined the genetic contribution to suicide. However, data on suicide in the Italian population are scarce. We therefore aimed to address this gap by investigating a cohort of 111 Italians for whom a verdict of suicide had been declared in court in Florence, Italy between 2007 and 2017. This cohort included 86 men and 25 women. DNA samples were obtained from tissues or blood, and 22 genes from multiple neurobiological pathways previously shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of suicide were analysed. Next-generation sequencing was used to compare these gene sequences with those from a large, normal population. In this study, we identified 19 gene variants that were present at significantly lower frequencies in our Italian cohort than in the general population. In addition, four missense mutations were identified in four different genes: Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA), 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2 A (HTR2A), Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 8 (SCN8A), and Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3). Our study identified several potential genetic links with suicide in a cohort of Italians and supports a relationship between specific genetic variants and suicidal behaviour in this population. Key pointsThis study shows a genetic analysis of suicide.This study examines a cohort of 111 Italians for whom a verdict of suicide had been declared in court in Florence, Italy between 2007 and 2017. DNA samples were obtained from tissues or blood, and 22 genes from multiple neurobiological pathways were investigated.The study supports a relationship between specific genetic variants and suicidal behaviour.

Nicola Brutti

In nowaday’s international trade, the contracting parties often come from a different linguistic background. As a consequence, the use of foreign languages in contractual relationships raises many issues the implications of which are often underestimated. They are thereby analysed in a comparative law perspective and with reference to the CISG experience.Before invoking consent defects and invalidity, a central role must be devoted to the interpretation of contract. In particular, we have to mention the following criteria: the principle of good faith/fairness, the binding effects of agreed usages and established practice, the promotion of uniform languages and neutral terminologies with specific reference to business contracts. In the first Section, I briefly introduce the debate on language risk in contractual communication, discussing the implications of language barriers for the validity of the contract. Then, I outline the problem of legal constraints protecting offical languages that may significantly impact the choice of a foreign idiom in contractual relationships. The call for language uniformity in the international commercial framework and the prominent role of English, as a ‘lingua franca’, are also discussed. The last Section is devoted to the use of clauses aimed at preventing language inconsistencies in international contracts. Then I deepen the CISG experience by approaching the following key points: formation of contract, incorporation of standard terms, applicable law and foreign terms, non-conformity of the goods. Language, Contract, Validity, Interpretation, Official Languages, Sales of Goods, Good Faith, Lingua Franca, Legal English, Controlling Language Clauses

Upasana Dasgupta

refugees has not been uniform or consistent ... the adoption of specific refugee legislation will help Bangladesh direct its efforts in a more coherent manner” (p. 273); Chapter 23 argues that “Bangladesh is clearly not doing enough to promote minority rights” (p. 285); Chapter 24 submits that “the country’s indigenous peoples are often excluded from the national self-image” (p. 289), and thus Bangladesh should “recognise the special status of indigenous peoples and ethnic groups in the constitution” (p. 296–7); and Chapter 27 claims that “freedom of expression is recognised” in international human rights instruments and in the constitution of Bangladesh (p. 322); however, it adds that “unfortunately, Bangladesh has taken an increasingly regressive approach towards freedom of expression in recent years... The responsibility of ensuring freedom of speech and expression belongs to all three organs of the state—judiciary, legislature, and executive” (p. 329). In 2021, Bangladesh is celebrating its 50th anniversary of independence, having been under British colonial rule for 200 years, and then being part of Pakistan for 24 years. Since 1971, Bangladesh has become involved in a wide range of international law issues, including international trade disputes, the establishment of an international criminal court to try crimes against humanity, maritime border dispute settlements, and Rohingya refugee issues. Moreover, Bangladesh is a leading country globally in exporting ready-made garments, and thus is involved in international labour rights issues. Further, as a coastal State, climate change is also a crucial topic of concern for Bangladesh in international forums. In this context, Bangladesh and International Law is an excellent reference source to study Third World approaches to international law, and is truly the “first-ever comprehensive analysis of international law from Global South perspectives with specific reference to Bangladesh” (Shahabuddin). If anyone wants to understand international law from a Bangladeshi perspective, this book would definitely be the first choice. I wish this great piece of research every success.

Nicolas Addor, Marcos Viana Costódio

A pesquisa pretende analisar a estrutura jurídico-administrativa da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES e sua relevância para a regulação da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira, buscando, assim, demonstrar que a entidade possui, de fato, a condição de agência reguladora. Para isso, é necessário abordar três pontos, utilizando, para tanto, metodologia dedutiva, com fontes bibliográficas e documentais relacionados à entidade: O primeiro ponto busca descrever e contextualizar a formação da fundação CAPES, bem como relatar as atividades administrativas que exerce sobre a pós-graduação. No segundo ponto, aborda-se sobre o processo histórico de surgimento das agências reguladoras, analisando também os objetivos e atribuições a elas incumbidas. Por fim, no terceiro ponto, expôs-se, de maneira crítica, considerações sobre a condição da CAPES como agência reguladora. Dessa maneira, compreende-se que uma fundação pública, quando atende uma função típica do Estado, não é, apesar do que formalmente a lei que a instituiu afirma, uma fundação, mas sim, ao contrário, uma autarquia, o que possibilita compará-la com uma agência reguladora. Conclui, assim, que em razão dos extensos poderes que a CAPES exerce sobre os programas de pós-graduação, a sua natureza autárquica e por regular uma atividade econômica, em sentido amplo, considera-se que ela é na realidade uma agência reguladora da pós-graduação brasileira.  Além disso, dado o esvaziamento terminológico da noção de agência, a condição diferenciada dos dirigentes não é um fator relevante para a categorização de um ente da administração indireta como agência.

L. Mola, C. Poncibò

Our article is based on a fresh dialogue between two colleagues of public international law and comparative private law. We question whether the standard of interpretation of uniform private conventions is, or should be, identified and shaped under the two scholarships. In particular, we aim to answer three main research questions. The first question is whether the interpretation of uniform private law conventions is governed by the principles of public international law on the interpretation of treaties (as expressed by Articles 31-33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)). In case of an affirmative answer, the second question follows by discussing whether the application of the rules at Articles 31-33 of the VCLT may be beneficial for the interpretation of the conventions of uniform private law. We argue that these articles may finally offer a ‘common interpretative framework’ to domestic courts. Third, the article questions whether, in applying uniform private law conventions, domestic courts are under a duty to apply the VCLT interpretative methods and consider foreign case law. Here our point is that such a duty exists, although domestic courts ‘tend to ignore it’ in adjudicating cases. We will address these questions through dialogue, where we both describe the state of the art in our respective scholarships and try to come to a reciprocal, and if possible even common, understanding on each issue. ‘It would be deplorable if the nations should, after protracted negotiations, reach agreement … and that their several courts should then disagree as to the meaning of what they appeared to agree upon'

Piotr PIEPRZYCA

L’article aborde la problématique de l’équivalence entre les termes principaux du droit cambiaire dans la langue polonaise et française. D’abord, on présente les origines des effets de commerce et l’évolution du droit cambiaire à partir des temps anciens jusqu’au XXe siècle où les règles relatives à cette branche du droit ont été unifiées au niveau international, dans la convention conclue à Genève le 7 juin 1930. Après, on analyse quelques notions liées aux effets de commerce dans les deux versions linguistiques de la convention pour créer le mini-dictionnaire de quelques termes du droit cambiaire. Puis on compare ces résultats avec les équivalents proposés dans les dictionnaires traditionnels. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier si les dictionnaires sont une source valable pour le traducteur des textes juridiques par rapport au corpus composé des textes de droit international, rédigés dans les plusieurs langues.