Hasil untuk "physics.soc-ph"

D. Neina

In the natural environment, soil pH has an enormous influence on soil biogeochemical processes. Soil pH is, therefore, described as the “master soil variable” that influences myriads of soil biological, chemical, and physical properties and processes that affect plant growth and biomass yield. This paper discusses how soil pH affects processes that are interlinked with the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the soil environment as well as how these processes, through anthropogenic interventions, induce changes in soil pH. Unlike traditional discussions on the various causes of soil pH, particularly soil acidification, this paper focuses on relationships and effects as far as soil biogeochemistry is concerned. Firstly, the effects of soil pH on substance availability, mobility, and soil biological processes are discussed followed by the biogenic regulation of soil pH. It is concluded that soil pH can broadly be applied in two broad areas, i.e., nutrient cycling and plant nutrition and soil remediation (bioremediation and physicochemical remediation).

C. Penn, J. Camberato

Occasionally, the classic understanding of the effect of pH on P uptake from soils is questioned through the claim that maximum P uptake occurs at a pH much lower than 6.5–7. The purpose of this paper was to thoroughly examine that claim and provide a critical review on soil processes that control how soil pH affects P solubility and availability. We discuss how individual P retention mechanisms are affected by pH in isolation and when combined in soils, and how both real and apparent exceptions to the classic view can occasionally occur due to dynamics between mechanisms, experimental techniques (equilibration time, method of soluble P extraction, and pH adjustment), and plant species that thrive under acidic conditions. While real exceptions to the rule of thumb of maximum P availability at near neutral pH can occur, we conclude that the classic textbook recommendation is generally sound.

Haitao Ding, Ping Tan, Shiqin Fu et al.

Microenvironment-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) can achieve targeted drug delivery, reduce drug side effects and improve drug efficacies. Among them, pH-responsive DDSs have gained popularity since the pH in the diseased tissues such as cancer, bacterial infection and inflammation differs from a physiological pH of 7.4 and this difference could be harnessed for DDSs to release encapsulated drugs specifically to these diseased tissues. A variety of synthetic approaches have been developed to prepare pH-sensitive DDSs, including introduction of a variety of pH-sensitive chemical bonds or protonated/deprotonated chemical groups. A myriad of nano DDSs have been explored to be pH-responsive, including liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, dendritic macromolecules and organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, and micron level microspheres. The prodrugs from drug-loaded pH-sensitive nano DDSs have been applied in research on anticancer therapy and diagnosis of cancer, inflammation, antibacterial infection, and neurological diseases. We have systematically summarized synthesis strategies of pH-stimulating DDSs, illustrated commonly used and recently developed nanocarriers for these DDSs and covered their potential in different biomedical applications, which may spark new ideas for the development and application of pH-sensitive nano DDSs.

Misbah Naz, Z. Dai, Sajid T. Hussain et al.

Soil microbial community is the main indicator having a crucial role in the remediation of polluted soils. These microbes can alter soil pH, organic matter in soils (SOM), soil physic-chemical properties, and potential soil respiration rate via their enzymatic activities. Similarly, heavy metals also have a crucial role in soil enzymatic activities. For this purpose, a number of methods are studied to evaluate the impact of soil pH (a key factor in the formation of biogeographic microbial patterns in bacteria) on bacterial diversity. The effects of pH on microbial activity are glamorous but still unclear. Whereas, some studies also indicate that soil pH alone is not the single key player in the diversity of soil bacteria. Ecological stability is achieved in a pollution-free environment and pH value. The pH factor has a significant impact on the dynamics of microbes' communities. Here, we try to discuss factors that directly or indirectly affect soil pH and the impact of pH on microbial activity. It is also discussed the environmental factors that contribute to establishing a specific bacterial community structure that must be determined. From this, it can be concluded that the environmental impact on soil pH, reducing soil pH and interaction with this factor, and reducing the effect of soil pH on soil microbial community.

N. Barrow, A. Hartemink

The effects of pH on nutrient availability are not solely caused by to the effects on reaction with soils but are an interaction between these effects and the effects on rate of uptake by plants. Some effects are specific to particular ions, but an important aspect is that plant roots and soil particles both have variable charge surfaces. This influences availability, but in opposite directions. Sulfate is an example of this interplay. Its sorption by soil decreases markedly with increasing pH and thus “soil availability” increases. However, plant uptake also decreases with increasing pH thus “plant availability” decreases. For phosphate, the plant effect is stronger than the soil effect and uptake decreases with increasing pH. In contrast, effects of increasing pH on molybdate adsorption are so large that they dominate the overall effect. Sorption of cations, such as zinc or copper, increases with increasing pH but uptake rate also increases. The net effect is a small decrease in availability with increasing pH. Boron is an exception; there are small effects of pH on sorption; and it is the uncharged boric acid molecules that are taken up by plant roots. Their uptake is not affected by charge and uptake is proportional to the concentration of uncharged boric acid molecules. We argue that emphasis on the effects of pH on reactions with soil has led to a distorted picture of the effects of pH on nutrient availability.

Chaoqun Wang, Y. Kuzyakov

Priming of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by microorganisms is a key phenomenon of global carbon (C) cycling. Soil pH is a main factor defining priming effects (PEs) because it (i) controls microbial community composition and activities, including enzyme activities, (ii) defines SOM stabilization and destabilization mechanisms, and (iii) regulates intensities of many biogeochemical processes. In this critical review, we focus on prerequisites and mechanisms of PE depending on pH and assess the global change consequences for PE. The highest PEs were common in soils with pH between 5.5 and 7.5, whereas low molecular weight organic compounds triggered PE mainly in slightly acidic soils. Positive PEs up to 20 times of SOM decomposition before C input were common at pH around 6.5. Negative PEs were common at soil pH below 4.5 or above 7 reflecting a suboptimal environment for microorganisms and specific SOM stabilization mechanisms at low and high pH. Short‐term soil acidification (in rhizosphere, after fertilizer application) affects PE by: mineral‐SOM complexation, SOM oxidation by iron reduction, enzymatic depolymerization, and pH‐dependent changes in nutrient availability. Biological processes of microbial metabolism shift over the short‐term, whereas long‐term microbial community adaptations to slow acidification are common. The nitrogen fertilization induced soil acidification and land use intensification strongly decrease pH and thus boost the PE. Concluding, soil pH is one of the strongest but up to now disregarded factors of PE, defining SOM decomposition through short‐term metabolic adaptation of microbial groups and long‐term shift of microbial communities.

J. Singh, P. Nayak

Polymer science has applications in biomedical engineering, prosthetics, surgical implants, and prospective pharmaceutical excipients for drug delivery. “Intelligent or Smart Polymers” are created for drug targeting either by derivatization of natural polymers or controlled radical polymerization of electrolytes. Their mode of action is governed by the environmental stimuli viz. temperature, pH, ionic concentration, magnetism, and so on. pH‐responsive polymers, because of their self‐assembling behavior, alter their solubility, conformation, surface activity, and hydrophilicity when exposed to a specific pH. The physiological pH varies from acidic nuclei to alkaline cytoplasm and highly acidic gastric juice to slightly alkaline plasma; thus, various polymers are under study for delivering small molecules, genes, peptides, enzymes, growth factors, and antibodies. The non‐invasive drug delivery routes like oral, ocular, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal, and rectal routes can be explored for targeting recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules with particular emphasis on the individual's physiological and pathological state. Further, these polymers can be designed into various architectures like dendrimers, liposomes, micelles, and metallic nanoparticles that can serve as drug reservoirs for sustaining drug release. The challenges in this field are the selection of biocompatible polymers with ease of synthesis and scale‐up, ensuring effective drug‐loading, and stability aspects, producing robust pharmacological data, and timely regulatory approvals. This review exclusively explores the physicochemical characteristics of pH‐responsive polymers, their categorization, various architectural entities, recent studies and patents, and their emerging applications concerning specific diseases.

Tingting Cui, Jiafei Yu, Cai‐Feng Wang et al.

The pH value in the wound milieu plays a key role in cellular processes and cell cycle processes involved in the process of wound healing. Here, a microfluidic assembly technique is employed to fabricate micro‐gel ensembles that can precisely tune the pH value of wound surface and accelerate wound healing. The micro‐gel ensembles consist of poly (hydroxypropyl acrylate‐co‐acrylic acid)‐magnesium ions (poly‐(HPA‐co‐AA)‐Mg2+) gel and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) gel, which can release and absorb hydrogen ion (H+) separately at different stages of healing in response to the evolution of wound microenvironment. By regulating the wound pH to affect the proliferation and migration of cell on the wound and the activity of various biological factors in the wound, the physiological processes are greatly facilitated which results in much accelerated healing of chronic wound. This work presents an effective strategy in designing wound healing materials with vast potentials for chronic wound management.

Shunli Chu, Xiaolu Shi, Ye Tian et al.

The complexity of the tumor microenvironment presents significant challenges to cancer therapy, while providing opportunities for targeted drug delivery. Using characteristic signals of the tumor microenvironment, various stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems can be constructed for targeted drug delivery to tumor sites. Among these, the pH is frequently utilized, owing to the pH of the tumor microenvironment being lower than that of blood and healthy tissues. pH-responsive polymer carriers can improve the efficiency of drug delivery in vivo, allow targeted drug delivery, and reduce adverse drug reactions, enabling multifunctional and personalized treatment. pH-responsive polymers have gained increasing interest due to their advantageous properties and potential for applicability in tumor therapy. In this review, recent advances in, and common applications of, pH-responsive polymer nanomaterials for drug delivery in cancer therapy are summarized, with a focus on the different types of pH-responsive polymers. Moreover, the challenges and future applications in this field are prospected.

A. Hartemink, N. Barrow

Nour Alsawaftah, Nahid S Awad, W. Pitt et al.

A number of promising nano-sized particles (nanoparticles) have been developed to conquer the limitations of conventional chemotherapy. One of the most promising methods is stimuli-responsive nanoparticles because they enable the safe delivery of the drugs while controlling their release at the tumor sites. Different intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli can be used to trigger drug release such as temperature, redox, ultrasound, magnetic field, and pH. The intracellular pH of solid tumors is maintained below the extracellular pH. Thus, pH-sensitive nanoparticles are highly efficient in delivering drugs to tumors compared to conventional nanoparticles. This review provides a survey of the different strategies used to develop pH-sensitive nanoparticles used in cancer therapy.

R. Yamamura, Kumi Y. Inoue, K. Nishino et al.

Gut microbiota has been reported to be closely related to host energy metabolism and immunity, and thus influence the development and progression of various human diseases. To date, the gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, defensins, cathelicidins, and lactoferrin in feces have been investigated as biomarkers associated with various disease conditions. In this review, we introduce intestinal and fecal pH, which is relatively easy and rapid to measure compared to the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolites. In particular, this review presents the distribution of pH in the human body, its role and clinical significance, and various factors that affect intestinal and fecal pH, including the gut microbiota and its metabolites.

Jing Ding, P. Zhao, Jie Su et al.

Abstract. Aerosol acidity plays a key role in secondary aerosol formation. The high-temporal-resolution PM2.5 pH and size-resolved aerosol pH in Beijing were calculated with ISORROPIA II. In 2016–2017, the mean PM2.5 pH (at relative humidity (RH) > 30 %) over four seasons was 4.5±0.7 (winter) > 4.4±1.2 (spring) > 4.3±0.8 (autumn) > 3.8±1.2 (summer), showing moderate acidity. In coarse-mode aerosols, Ca2+ played an important role in aerosol pH. Under heavily polluted conditions, more secondary ions accumulated in the coarse mode, leading to the acidity of the coarse-mode aerosols shifting from neutral to weakly acidic. Sensitivity tests also demonstrated the significant contribution of crustal ions to PM2.5 pH. In the North China Plain (NCP), the common driving factors affecting PM2.5 pH variation in all four seasons were SO42-, TNH3 (total ammonium (gas + aerosol)), and temperature, while unique factors were Ca2+ in spring and RH in summer. The decreasing SO42- and increasing NO3- mass fractions in PM2.5 as well as excessive NH3 in the atmosphere in the NCP in recent years are the reasons why aerosol acidity in China is lower than that in Europe and the United States. The nonlinear relationship between PM2.5 pH and TNH3 indicated that although NH3 in the NCP was abundant, the PM2.5 pH was still acidic because of the thermodynamic equilibrium between NH4+ and NH3. To reduce nitrate by controlling ammonia, the amount of ammonia must be greatly reduced below excessive quantities.

H Hernández-Saldaña

The Presidential Election in Mexico of July 2012 has been the third time that PREP, Previous Electoral Results Program works. PREP gives voting outcomes based in electoral certificates of each polling station that arrive to capture centers. In previous ones, some statistical regularities had been observed, three of them were selected to make predictions and were published in arXiv:1207.0078 [physics.soc-ph]. Using the database made public in July 2012, two of the predictions were completely fulfilled, while, the third one was measured and confirmed using the database obtained upon request to the electoral authorities. The first two predictions confirmed by actual measures are: (ii) The Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI, is a sprinter and has a better performance in polling stations arriving late to capture centers during the process. (iii) Distribution of vote of this party is well described by a smooth function named a Daisy model. A Gamma distribution, but compatible with a Daisy model, fits the distribution as well. The third prediction confirms that errare humanum est, since the error distributions of all the self-consistency variables appeared as a central power law with lateral lobes as in 2000 and 2006 electoral processes. The three measured regularities appeared no matter the political environment.