Hasil untuk "Metropolitan areas"

Jian Peng, Lü Tian, Yan-xu Liu et al.

Jiu-Peng Chen, Chi Zhang, Yang Liu et al.

The basic principle of quantum mechanics1 guarantees the unconditional security of quantum key distribution (QKD)2–6 at the cost of forbidding the amplification of a quantum state. As a result, and despite remarkable progress in worldwide metropolitan QKD networks7,8 over the past decades, a long-haul fibre QKD network without a trusted relay has not yet been achieved. Here, through the sending-or-not-sending protocol9, we achieve twin-field QKD10 and distribute secure keys without any trusted repeater over a 511 km long-haul fibre trunk that links two distant metropolitan areas. The fibre trunk contains 12 fibres in the cable, three of which are used for the quantum channel, optical synchronization and frequency locking, respectively. The remaining nine are used for classical fibre communication. Our secure key rate is around three orders of magnitude greater than that expected if the previous QKD field-test system was applied over the same length. Efficient quantum-state transmission and stable single-photon interference over such a long-haul deployed fibre pave the way to large-scale fibre quantum networks. A field test of twin-field quantum key distribution was implemented through a 511 km optical fibre. To this end, precise wavelength control of remote independent laser sources and fast time- and phase-compensation systems are developed.

E. Moy, Macarena C. Garcia, B. Bastian et al.

Problem/Condition Higher rates of death in nonmetropolitan areas (often referred to as rural areas) compared with metropolitan areas have been described but not systematically assessed. Period Covered 1999–2014 Description of System Mortality data for U.S. residents from the National Vital Statistics System were used to calculate age-adjusted death rates and potentially excess deaths for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas for the five leading causes of death. Age-adjusted death rates included all ages and were adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population by the direct method. Potentially excess deaths are defined as deaths among persons aged <80 years that exceed the numbers that would be expected if the death rates of states with the lowest rates (i.e., benchmark states) occurred across all states. (Benchmark states were the three states with the lowest rates for each cause during 2008–2010.) Potentially excess deaths were calculated separately for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas. Data are presented for the United States and the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services public health regions. Results Across the United States, nonmetropolitan areas experienced higher age-adjusted death rates than metropolitan areas. The percentages of potentially excess deaths among persons aged <80 years from the five leading causes were higher in nonmetropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas. For example, approximately half of deaths from unintentional injury and chronic lower respiratory disease in nonmetropolitan areas were potentially excess deaths, compared with 39.2% and 30.9%, respectively, in metropolitan areas. Potentially excess deaths also differed among and within public health regions; within regions, nonmetropolitan areas tended to have higher percentages of potentially excess deaths than metropolitan areas. Interpretation Compared with metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas have higher age-adjusted death rates and greater percentages of potentially excess deaths from the five leading causes of death, nationally and across public health regions. Public Health Action Routine tracking of potentially excess deaths in nonmetropolitan areas might help public health departments identify emerging health problems, monitor known problems, and focus interventions to reduce preventable deaths in these areas.

Donghyun Yoon, Minwoo Jeong, Jinyong Lee et al.

This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for highway-transfer Vertiports to integrate Urban Air Mobility (UAM) with existing highway infrastructure. UAM offers an effective solution for enhancing transportation accessibility in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, where conventional transportation often struggle to connect suburban employment zones such as industrial parks. By integrating UAM with ground transportation at highway facilities, an efficient connectivity solution can be achieved for regions with limited transportation options. Our proposed methodology for determining the suitable Vertiport locations utilizes data such as geographic information, origin-destination volume, and travel time. Vertiport candidates are evaluated and selected based on criteria including location desirability, combined transportation accessibility and transportation demand. Applying this methodology to the Seoul metropolitan area, we identify 56 suitable Vertiport locations out of 148 candidates. The proposed methodology offers a strategic approach for the selection of highway-transfer Vertiport locations, enhancing UAM integration with existing transportation systems. Our study provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, with recommendations for future research to include real-time environmental data and to explore the impact of Mobility-as-a-Service on UAM operations.

Roman Shakhovoy, Evgeniy Dedkov, Igor Kudryashov

A positive economic effect from the implementation of quantum key distribution (QKD) technology can be achieved only with significant scaling, which involves the deployment of branched metropolitan area networks. The creation of QKD systems suitable for such networks is an important task for the coming years. This paper considers a method for preparing quantum states using pulsed optical injection, which can be used as a basis for a compact modulator-free transmitter ideally suited for QKD at typical distances within a city. Considering the relative proximity between nodes of a MAN, we suggest to abandon the decoy states, which, together with the proposed method of quantum state preparation, allows making the transmitter extremely simple. We report here the results of an experiment confirming the operating principle and provide a security analysis of the three-state decoy-free QKD protocol that can be implemented using such a device.

Oksana Buinytska , Valeriia Smirnova, Bohdan Hrytseliak et al.

The article is devoted to the study of the quality assurance issues in higher education. Based on the analysis of international regulations on quality assurance and methodologies of international and Ukrainian ratings, the authors identify key areas of monitoring and relevant indicators of internal assessment. They affect the quality, and the relationship between them provides a comprehensive assessment of the quality of higher education. The key to ensuring high-quality education at a university is the introduction of internal assessment with key indicators using digital tools, which allows collecting and analyzing data, processing large amounts of data to make informed decisions, supporting effective management, administration, and visualization of performance. Conducting systematic monitoring with the identified indicators allows systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of educational activities, timely identification of areas for improvement, and ensures compliance with European standards of education quality. The article presents the results of the analysis of the key indicators of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University in the areas of «Reputational support of the educational process», «Reputational attractiveness of educational content», «Teaching reputation», «International reputation», «Academic reputation», which allows not only to assess the current level of the quality of educational services but also to obtain the dynamics of its changes.

Longyang Huang, Jing Wang, Ying Fang et al.

Abstract Rapid urbanization has led to landscape fragmentation, habitat loss, and the disruption of ecosystem functions. Ecological networks (ENs) are effective comprehensive spatial regulation schemes for mitigating the negative impacts of rapid urbanization on ecosystems. However, the methods of constructing ENs were not sufficiently developed for determining its spatial range and overlooked its internal defects and external threats which may affect its function and effectiveness. Taking the Shanghai metropolitan region as a case study area, this study developed an integrated approach to identify the spatial range, internal defects and external threats of ENs based on circuit theory and assessment of ecological degradation risk to identify the restored and conserved priority areas of ENs. The results show that the restored priority areas included the obstacles and ecological fracture points of ecological corridors in the terrestrial ecosystem (TEC), covering an area of 79.21 km2, and the conserved priority areas were composed of 273.3 km2 of areal ecological patches in the TEC, and 891.35 km of waterways of ecological corridors in the aquatic ecosystem (AEC). This approach attempts to provide a spatial reference for the identification and implementation of ENs in metropolitan regions by focusing on restored and conserved priority areas.

A. Moreno-Monroy, Marcello Schiavina, P. Veneri

Abstract This paper presents a novel method to delineate metropolitan areas – or functional urban areas (FUAs) – in the entire world and assesses their population trends. According to the definition developed by the OECD and the European Union, FUAs are composed of high-density urban centres with at least 50 thousand people plus their surrounding commuting zones. The latter represent the urban centres’ areas of influence in terms of labour market flows. The proposed method combines a functional and a morphological approach to overcome the dependency on travel-to-work data to define commuting zones and allow a global delineation. It relies on a probabilistic approach and the use of population and travel impedance gridded data across the globe. Results show that around 3.9 billion people, making up 53% of the world population, live in 8,790 FUAs, out of which 17% live in their commuting zones. Between 2000 and 2015, population growth was higher in larger FUAs, highlighting a general trend toward higher concentration of the metropolitan population. Commuting zones grew faster than urban centres, though with heterogeneous patterns across world regions, income levels and metropolitan size.

Lucas Machado Moschen, María Soledad Aronna

This study presents a mathematical model for optimal vaccination strategies in interconnected metropolitan areas, considering commuting patterns. It is a compartmental model with a vaccination rate for each city, acting as a control function. The commuting patterns are incorporated through a weighted adjacency matrix and a parameter that selects day and night periods. The optimal control problem is formulated to minimize a functional cost that balances the number of hospitalizations and vaccines, including restrictions of a weekly availability cap and an application capacity of vaccines per unit of time. The key findings of this work are bounds for the basic reproduction number, particularly in the case of a metropolitan area, and the study of the optimal control problem. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations provide insights into disease dynamics and the effectiveness of control measures. The research highlights the importance of prioritizing vaccination in the capital to better control the disease spread, as we depicted in our numerical simulations. This model serves as a tool to improve resource allocation in epidemic control across metropolitan regions.

Asal Mehditabrizi, Behnam Tahmasbi, Saeed Saleh Namadi et al.

This study evaluates the accessibility of public EV charging stations in the Washington metropolitan area using a comprehensive measure that accounts for both destination-based and en route charging opportunities. By incorporating the full spectrum of daily travel patterns into the accessibility evaluation, our methodology offers a more realistic measure of charging opportunities than destination-based methods that prioritize proximity to residential locations. Results from spatial autocorrelation analysis indicate that conventional accessibility assessments often overestimate the availability of infrastructure in central urban areas and underestimate it in peripheral commuting zones, potentially leading to misallocated resources. By highlighting significant clusters of high-access and low-access areas, our approach identifies spatial inequalities in infrastructure distribution and provides insights into areas requiring targeted interventions. This study underscores the importance of incorporating daily mobility patterns into urban planning to ensure equitable access to EV charging infrastructure and suggests a framework that other regions could adopt to enhance sustainable transportation networks and support equitable urban development.

Pengfei Gao, Chaoxian Yang, Yong Liu et al.

China’s long-standing dual-track institutions, which differentiate between urban and rural areas, have prioritized urban development, exacerbating the urban–rural divide and contributing to the ongoing decline of rural regions. In response, the “Comprehensive Land Consolidation”(CLC) policy has garnered significant attention from both academics and policymakers. However, there is an urgent need to assess the effectiveness of CLC in revitalizing rural areas. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the impact of CLC on the reconstruction of rural spaces, including production, living, and ecological spaces (PLES). We examined CLC’s role in shaping rural spaces by developing an evaluation index system and employing the TOPSIS method along with obstacle degree models to measure its effects. Our findings reveal that CLC’s impact on rural spatial reconstruction in Chongqing is D3 (good) and varies across regions. The reconstruction of production and living spaces is more pronounced in metropolitan areas compared to rural-dominated regions in the northeast and southeast. Conversely, the effect on ecological spaces is slightly greater in remote areas than in metropolitan areas. The primary obstacle to effective reconstruction is the vitality of production spaces, though the factors influencing reconstruction differ across regions. Therefore, different regions should adopt differentiated CLC strategies. The main urban area should focus on ecological spatial governance and agricultural modernization infrastructure; the northeastern region should strengthen public service infrastructure and improve production and living pollution treatment facilities; and the southeastern region should moderately concentrate the population and improve the efficiency of services, as well as protect and excavate the cultures of ethnic minorities.

Till Koebe, Zinnya del Villar, Brahmani Nutakki et al.

Abstract Child pornography—better known as child sexual abuse material (CSAM)—represents a severe form of exploitation and victimization of children, leaving the victims with emotional and physical trauma. In this study, we aim to analyze local patterns of CSAM consumption across 1341 French communes in 20 metropolitan regions of France between March 16 to May 31, 2019 using fine-grained mobile traffic data of Tor network-related web services. We estimate that approx. 0.08% of Tor mobile download traffic observed in France is linked to the consumption of CSAM by correlating it with local-level temporal porn consumption patterns. This compares to 0.19% of what we conservatively estimate to be the share of CSAM content in global Tor traffic. In line with existing literature on the link between sexual child abuse and the consumption of image-based content thereof, we observe a positive and statistically significant effect of our CSAM consumption estimates on the reported number of victims of sexual violence and vice versa, which validates our findings, after controlling for a set of geographically disaggregated features including socio-demographic characteristics, voting behavior, nearby points of interest and Google Trends queries. While this is a first, exploratory attempt to look at CSAM from a spatial epidemiological angle, we believe this research provides public health officials with valuable information to prioritize target areas for public awareness campaigns as another step to fulfill the global community’s pledge to target 16.2 of the sustainable development goals: “end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children".

Yasmin Romitti, Ian Sue Wing, K. Spangler et al.

Abstract Continued climate change is increasing the frequency, severity, and duration of populations’ high temperature exposures. Indoor cooling is a key adaptation, especially in urban areas, where heat extremes are intensified—the urban heat island effect (UHI)—making residential air conditioning (AC) availability critical to protecting human health. In the United States, the differences in residential AC prevalence from one metropolitan area to another is well understood, but its intra-urban variation is poorly characterized, obscuring neighborhood-scale variability in populations’ heat vulnerability and adaptive capacity. We address this gap by constructing empirically derived probabilities of residential AC for 45,995 census tracts across 115 metropolitan areas. Within cities, AC is unequally distributed, with census tracts in the urban “core” exhibiting systematically lower prevalence than their suburban counterparts. Moreover, this disparity correlates strongly with multiple indicators of social vulnerability and summer daytime surface UHI intensity, highlighting the challenges that vulnerable urban populations face in adapting to climate-change driven heat stress amplification.

Pedram Saeidizand, K. Fransen, Kobe Boussauw

Abstract This article aims to contribute to the understanding of car dependency of cities, a line of inquiry which emerged in the late 1980s. First, we update possibly outdated insights based on more recent data. Second, we highlight methodological limitations of this type of research, which will help determine the relevance of typical findings in the broader debate on urban sustainability. For our analysis, we base ourselves on the Mobility in Cities Database which includes properties of urban form and mobility of 56 metropolitan areas worldwide. Using OLS modelling, we found that density, public transport supply and demand, car ownership, fuel price and level of congestion are important predictors of car use. However, although these variables are significantly associated with car travel in metropolitan areas, they do explain variance to a limited extent only, partly since such variables do not cover underlying personal attributes such as age, income, attitudes, or residential self-selection. This puts the findings and the implications of earlier comparative analysis of car dependency of metropolitan areas into perspective and questions the tendency of urban planning policies to view urban density as a silver bullet solution.

Daniel A. Hackman, Dora Cserbik, J. Chen et al.

Importance Neighborhood disadvantage is an important social determinant of health in childhood and adolescence. Less is known about the association of neighborhood disadvantage with youth neurocognition and brain structure, and particularly whether associations are similar across metropolitan areas and are attributed to local differences in disadvantage. Objective To test whether neighborhood disadvantage is associated with youth neurocognitive performance and with global and regional measures of brain structure after adjusting for family socioeconomic status and perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, and to assess whether these associations (1) are pervasive or limited, (2) vary across metropolitan areas, and (3) are attributed to local variation in disadvantage within metropolitan areas. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a cohort study conducted at 21 sites across the US. Participants were children aged 9.00 to 10.99 years at enrollment. They and their parent or caregiver completed a baseline visit between October 1, 2016, and October 31, 2018. Exposures Neighborhood disadvantage factor based on US census tract characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures Neurocognition was measured with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess whole-brain and regional measures of structure. Linear mixed-effects models examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and outcomes after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results Of the 11 875 children in the ABCD Study cohort, 8598 children (72.4%) were included in this analysis. The study sample had a mean (SD) age of 118.8 (7.4) months and included 4526 boys (52.6%). Every 1-unit increase in the neighborhood disadvantage factor was associated with lower performance on 6 of 7 subtests, such as Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (unstandardized Β = -0.5; 95% CI, -0.7 to -0.2; false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P = .001) and List Sorting Working Memory (unstandardized Β = -0.7; 95% CI, -1.0 to -0.3; FDR-corrected P < .001), as well as on all composite measures of neurocognition, such as the Total Cognition Composite (unstandardized Β = -0.7; 95% CI, -0.9 to -0.5; FDR-corrected P < .001). Each 1-unit increase in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with lower whole-brain cortical surface area (unstandardized Β = -692.6 mm2; 95% CI, -1154.9 to -230.4 mm2; FDR-corrected P = .007) and subcortical volume (unstandardized Β = -113.9 mm3; 95% CI, -198.5 to -29.4 mm3; FDR-corrected P = .03) as well as with regional surface area differences, primarily in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Associations largely remained after adjusting for perceptions of neighborhood safety and were both consistent across metropolitan areas and primarily explained by local variation in each area. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that, in the US, local variation in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with lower neurocognitive performance and smaller cortical surface area and subcortical volume in young people. The findings demonstrate that neighborhood disadvantage is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental and population health and enhancing the neighborhood context is a promising approach to improving the health and development of children and adolescents.

Sineenart Chautrakarn, Waraporn Khumros, P. Phutrakool

Background and Objectives: Self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) medicines is becoming an increasingly popular practice around the world. The global prevalence rate of self-medication ranges from 11.2% to 93.7%, depending on the target population and country. However, there is a lack of data on the prevalence and practices of self-medication among the working-age population, particularly in Thailand metropolitan areas. The current study describes the prevalence of self-medication practices, adverse drug reactions and severity, reasons for self-medication, and basic medication knowledge among people of working age in metropolitan areas in Thailand. Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional study between December 2020 and January 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze self-medication data. A chi-square test was used to assess the association between self-medication and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: This study found high prevalence of self-medication among the working-age population in metropolitan areas of Thailand (88.2%). The most commonly used drug groups were NSAIDs (34.8%) and antibiotics (30.2%). Minor illness and easy access to pharmacies were the most common reasons for self-medication. Almost half of the participants' illnesses (42.6%) for which they self-medicated were not always completely cured, necessitating treatment at a hospital or clinic. Although only a small number of participants (ranged from 0.6 to 6.6%) experienced adverse drug reactions as a result of self-medication, some had severe symptoms that disrupted their daily lives or required hospitalization. In terms of basic medication knowledge, we discovered that study participants misunderstood some antibiotic drug concepts. Conclusions: According to the study findings, it is recommended that more information about the risks of self-medication, drug adverse reactions, antibiotic stewardship, more supervision of the prohibition of over-the-counter drugs and selling practices, and adequate facilities for peoples access to medical services be provided at the policy level.

Ashwin S. Nathan, Lin Yang, Nancy Yang et al.

Importance Despite the benefits of high-technology therapeutics, inequitable access to these technologies may generate disparities in care. Objective To examine the association between zip code-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition and rates of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) among Medicare patients living within large metropolitan areas with TAVR programs. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter, nationwide cross-sectional analysis of Medicare claims data between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018, included beneficiaries of fee-for-service Medicare who were 66 years or older living in the 25 largest metropolitan core-based statistical areas. Exposure Receipt of TAVR. Main Outcomes and Measures The association between zip code-level racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic composition and rates of TAVR per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries. Results Within the studied metropolitan areas, there were 7590 individual zip codes. The mean (SD) age of Medicare beneficiaries within these areas was 71.4 (2.0) years, a mean (SD) of 47.6% (5.8%) of beneficiaries were men, and a mean (SD) of 4.0% (7.0%) were Asian, 11.1% (18.9%) were Black, 8.0% (12.9%) were Hispanic, and 73.8% (24.9%) were White. The mean number of TAVRs per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries by zip code was 249 (IQR, 0-429). For each $1000 decrease in median household income, the number of TAVR procedures performed per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries was 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%-0.4%) lower (P = .002). For each 1% increase in the proportion of patients who were dually eligible for Medicaid services, the number of TAVR procedures performed per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries was 2.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-2.9%) lower (P < .001). For each 1-unit increase in the Distressed Communities Index score, the number of TAVR procedures performed per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.5%) lower (P < .001). Rates of TAVR were lower in zip codes with higher proportions of patients of Black race and Hispanic ethnicity, despite adjusting for socioeconomic markers, age, and clinical comorbidities. Conclusions and Relevance Within major metropolitan areas in the US with TAVR programs, zip codes with higher proportions of Black and Hispanic patients and those with greater socioeconomic disadvantages had lower rates of TAVR, adjusting for age and clinical comorbidities. Whether this reflects a different burden of symptomatic aortic stenosis by race and socioeconomic status or disparities in use of TAVR requires further study.

Alexander C. Fanaroff, Lin Yang, Ashwin S. Nathan et al.

Background Rates of major lower extremity amputation in patients with peripheral artery disease are higher in rural communities with markers of low socioeconomic status, but most Americans live in metropolitan areas. Whether amputation rates vary within US metropolitan areas is unclear, as are characteristics of high amputation rate urban communities. Methods and Results We estimated rates of major lower extremity amputation per 100 000 Medicare beneficiaries between 2010 and 2018 at the ZIP code level among ZIP codes with ≥100 beneficiaries. We described demographic characteristics of high and low amputation ZIP codes, and the association between major amputation rate and 3 ZIP code–level markers of socioeconomic status—the proportion of patients with dual eligibility for Medicaid, median household income, and Distressed Communities Index score—for metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural ZIP code cohorts. Between 2010 and 2018, 188 995 Medicare fee‐for‐service patients living in 31 391 ZIP codes with ≥100 beneficiaries had a major lower extremity amputation. The median (interquartile range) ZIP code–level number of amputations per 100 000 beneficiaries was 262 (75–469). Though nonmetropolitan ZIP codes had higher rates of major amputation than metropolitan areas, 78.2% of patients undergoing major amputation lived in metropolitan areas. Compared with ZIP codes with lower amputation rates, top quartile amputation rate ZIP codes had a greater proportion of Black residents (4.4% versus 17.5%, P<0.001). In metropolitan areas, after adjusting for clinical comorbidities and demographics, every $10 000 lower median household income was associated with a 4.4% (95% CI, 3.9–4.8) higher amputation rate, and a 10‐point higher Distressed Communities Index score was associated with a 3.8% (95% CI, 3.4%–4.2%) higher amputation rate; there was no association between the proportion of patients eligible for Medicaid and amputation rate. These findings were comparable to the associations identified across all ZIP codes. Conclusions In metropolitan areas, where most individuals undergoing lower extremity amputation live, markers of lower socioeconomic status and Black race were associated with higher rates of major lower extremity amputation. Development of community‐based tools for peripheral artery disease diagnosis and management targeted to communities with high amputation rates in urban areas may help reduce inequities in peripheral artery disease outcomes.

Jian-Long Liu, Xi-Yu Luo, Yong Yu et al.

Towards realizing the future quantum internet, a pivotal milestone entails the transition from two-node proof-of-principle experiments conducted in laboratories to comprehensive, multi-node setups on large scales. Here, we report on the debut implementation of a multi-node entanglement-based quantum network over a metropolitan area. We equipped three quantum nodes with atomic quantum memories and their telecom interfaces, and combined them into a scalable phase-stabilized architecture through a server node. We demonstrated heralded entanglement generation between two quantum nodes situated 12.5 km apart, and the storage of entanglement exceeding the round-trip communication time. We also showed the concurrent entanglement generation on three links. Our work provides a metropolitan-scale testbed for the evaluation and exploration of multi-node quantum network protocols and starts a new stage of quantum internet research.

Takanori Sakai, Kohei Santo, Shinya Tanaka et al.

The rapid growth of the e-commerce market creates new dynamics in the logistics landscape, which has been evolving for decades in cities around the world. It is a challenge for businesses and planners to meet the high demand for logistics facilities for e-commerce order fulfillment and goods handling. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, mega-scale multi-tenant logistics facilities have been developed in both the port area near the urban center and the periphery of the city, while delivery service providers locate many last-mile delivery stations, varying in number depending on the urban density. We analyze the spatial distribution and location factors of both mega-scale multi-tenant facilities and last-mile delivery facilities. We found that, due to the scarcity of land, newly developed multi-tenant facilities are more likely to be in less accessible places that have high-level development restrictions. The result also indicates the heterogeneity of the distribution of delivery service providers' facilities, reflecting the heterogeneity in business strategies.