Hasil untuk "International relations"

Lisa Dellmuth, Maria-Therese Gustafsson, Suanne Mistel Segovia-Tzompa

Abstract There is a lively debate about the legitimacy of the international climate regime, as represented by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the quality of non-state actor participation in the regime. This commentary examines perceptions of involved non-state actors from 2021–2022 regarding their participation and regime legitimacy. The findings reveal no legitimacy crisis for the adaptation and mitigation regimes, but the surveyed NSAs are divided in their legitimacy beliefs. NSAs also express significant disappointment about their opportunities for participation.

Mehrbod Zarifi, Mohamad Amin Jamshidi, Zolfa Anvari et al.

Hydraulic systems have been one of the most used technologies in many industries due to their reliance on incompressible fluids that facilitate energy and power transfer. Within such systems, hydraulic cylinders are prime devices that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Some of the genuine and very common problems related to hydraulic cylinders are leakages. Leakage in hydraulic systems can cause a drop in pressure, general inefficiency, and even complete failure of such systems. The various ways leakage can occur define the major categorization of leakage: internal and external leakage. External leakage is easily noticeable, while internal leakage, which involves fluid movement between pressure chambers, can be harder to detect and may gradually impact system performance without obvious signs. When leakage surpasses acceptable limits, it is classified as a fault or failure. In such cases, leakage is divided into three categories: no leakage, low leakage, and high leakage. It suggests a fault detection algorithm with the basic responsibility of detecting minimum leakage within the Hydraulic system, and minimizing detection time is the core idea of this paper. In order to fully develop this idea, experimental data collection of Hydraulic systems is required. The collected data uses pressure sensors and other signals that are single-related. Due to the utilization of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks, more complex data analysis was enabled, which the LSTM-based leakage detection algorithm successfully achieved, providing almost 96% accuracy in classifying leakage types. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can perform real-time and online fault diagnosis for each cycle, reducing maintenance costs and prolonging the hydraulic system's lifespan.

Ван Хэюн, Д.В. Татаринов

The 21st century is the “era of international organizations”. the SCO is facing a realistic dilemma of “insufficient rule orientation”, “imperfect international law system” and “uneven level of rule of law among its members”. International law has its own structural dilemma of uncertainty, which lies in structure, language and doctrine, and overturns the existing international law system. Within the framework of the SCO, the traditional normal way can’t quickly and effectively establish legislation. The argumentative paradigm is rooted in the “intersubjectivity” of the international community, reshaping the effectiveness and source scope of international law, and using this paradigm can quickly and effectively build a set of international law system for SCO. This paradigm needs value guidance in line with universal rationality. The “community with a shared future for mankind” proposed by the Chairman Xi Jinping is expected to achieve the multi-dimensional goals of common prosperity, universal security, openness and win-win results, equality and inclusiveness, and joint construction, which can provide a value orientation for the development of SCO international law. This paper focuses on the SCO, tries to elaborate the problems faced by the SCO from the perspective of international law, and puts forward the research paradigm of improving the construction of SCO international law and the value orientation of “community with a shared future for mankind” on the basis of its system, in order to further clarify the direction of efforts to build the SCO legal system. Under the guidance of the theory of community with a shared future for mankind, the SCO’s practice of argumentative international law can improve the legal system construction within the organization on the basis of maintaining regional peace, and then contribute to the SCO’s participation in world governance and the promotion of the rise of Asia. Keywords: norms, indeterminacy, argumentalism, community with a shared future, SCO

International Clock, Oscillator Networking, Collaboration et al.

Optical clocks have improved their frequency stability and estimated accuracy by more than two orders of magnitude over the best caesium microwave clocks that realise the SI second. Accordingly, an optical redefinition of the second has been widely discussed, prompting a need for the consistency of optical clocks to be verified worldwide. While satellite frequency links are sufficient to compare microwave clocks, a suitable method for comparing high-performance optical clocks over intercontinental distances is missing. Furthermore, remote comparisons over frequency links face fractional uncertainties of a few $10^{-18}$ due to imprecise knowledge of each clock's relativistic redshift, which stems from uncertainty in the geopotential determined at each distant location. Here, we report a landmark campaign towards the era of optical clocks, where, for the first time, state-of-the-art transportable optical clocks from Japan and Europe are brought together to demonstrate international comparisons that require neither a high-performance frequency link nor information on the geopotential difference between remote sites. Conversely, the reproducibility of the clocks after being transported between countries was sufficient to determine geopotential height offsets at the level of 4 cm. Our campaign paves the way for redefining the SI second and has a significant impact on various applications, including tests of general relativity, geodetic sensing for geosciences, precise navigation, and future timing networks.

Consejo Editorial ISRI

Chunkit Chan, Jiayang Cheng, Weiqi Wang et al.

This paper aims to quantitatively evaluate the performance of ChatGPT, an interactive large language model, on inter-sentential relations such as temporal relations, causal relations, and discourse relations. Given ChatGPT's promising performance across various tasks, we proceed to carry out thorough evaluations on the whole test sets of 11 datasets, including temporal and causal relations, PDTB2.0-based, and dialogue-based discourse relations. To ensure the reliability of our findings, we employ three tailored prompt templates for each task, including the zero-shot prompt template, zero-shot prompt engineering (PE) template, and in-context learning (ICL) prompt template, to establish the initial baseline scores for all popular sentence-pair relation classification tasks for the first time. Through our study, we discover that ChatGPT exhibits exceptional proficiency in detecting and reasoning about causal relations, albeit it may not possess the same level of expertise in identifying the temporal order between two events. While it is capable of identifying the majority of discourse relations with existing explicit discourse connectives, the implicit discourse relation remains a formidable challenge. Concurrently, ChatGPT demonstrates subpar performance in the dialogue discourse parsing task that requires structural understanding in a dialogue before being aware of the discourse relation.

Miloslav Machon

Since the 1970's the debate about the rising importance of transnational relations has existed in international relations. Apart from states, related research also focuses on other actors, including epistemic communities. The article uses the concept of epistemic communities and finds whether the activity of epistemic communities determines the process of the international management of outer space in the case of the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA. The activity of epistemic communities exists in the political negotiations relating to space debris in UNCOPUOS and UNOOSA, but it has not been reflected in the related scholarly literature. Epistemic communities from the non-governmental organizations IAF, COSPAR and IISL contributed to setting the space debris problem on the agenda of UNCOPUOS. Also, under the influence of epistemic communities from the governmental organization IADC, UNCOPUOS adopted guidelines preventing the creation of further amounts of space debris.

N. M. Panova, O. V. Merkulova, A. D. Lodygin et al.

The relevance of obtaining functional feed additives enriched with components of animal or plant origin is justified. The effect of a protein-carbohydrate Supplement and protein hydrolysates obtained from skimmed milk and soy milk on the cultivation of Lb. bifidum in subsurface whey was studied. A new generation of feed additives technology has been developed.

Chandralekha Singh

This article describes reflections on the Fifth International Conference on Women in Physics which was a conference attended by 215 female physicists and a few male physicists from 49 different countries. The article focuses on the barriers that women face in their professional advancement in physics and the extent to which the situation is different in various countries.

Marat Kappasov

Introduction. The article, based on the “Materials on the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use Collected and Developed by the Statistical Parties of the Turgai-Ural Resettlement Region”, examines the crafts of the nomads of the Lbischensky, Uralsky, Turgai, Irgiz, Temir uyezds in the early 20th century. Temir, Lbishchensky and Ural uyezds belonged to the Ural region, Turgai and Irgiz uyezds to the Turgai region. Methods and materials. Using the mathematical method, the method of comparative analysis and content analysis, the author shows how much income per person came from crafts in the studied uyezds and proves that crafts were only additional industries and could not compete with nomadic cattle breeding. The article examines the crafts that brought the greatest income. Farmhands, transportation, groundhog hunting, fishing, etc., were well-known crafts; the Muslim spiritual cult and its servants was an unusual craft. Analysis. Our article shows that the studied uyezds had their own craft specializations. For example, a significant number of nomads in Lbischensky uyezd were engaged in transportation, in Turgai uyezd in hunting groundhogs, in Irgiz uyezd in hunting and fishing. Results. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the majority of nomads were primarily engaged in crafts as farmhands due to their poverty.

International Linear Collider International Development Team

During the preparatory phase of the International Linear Collider (ILC) project, all technical development and engineering design needed for the start of ILC construction must be completed, in parallel with intergovernmental discussion of governance and sharing of responsibilities and cost. The ILC Preparatory Laboratory (Pre-lab) is conceived to execute the technical and engineering work and to assist the intergovernmental discussion by providing relevant information upon request. It will be based on a worldwide partnership among laboratories with a headquarters hosted in Japan. This proposal, prepared by the ILC International Development Team and endorsed by the International Committee for Future Accelerators, describes an organisational framework and work plan for the Pre-lab. Elaboration, modification and adjustment should be introduced for its implementation, in order to incorporate requirements arising from the physics community, laboratories, and governmental authorities interested in the ILC.

Nicolas Addor, Marcos Viana Costódio

A pesquisa pretende analisar a estrutura jurídico-administrativa da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES e sua relevância para a regulação da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira, buscando, assim, demonstrar que a entidade possui, de fato, a condição de agência reguladora. Para isso, é necessário abordar três pontos, utilizando, para tanto, metodologia dedutiva, com fontes bibliográficas e documentais relacionados à entidade: O primeiro ponto busca descrever e contextualizar a formação da fundação CAPES, bem como relatar as atividades administrativas que exerce sobre a pós-graduação. No segundo ponto, aborda-se sobre o processo histórico de surgimento das agências reguladoras, analisando também os objetivos e atribuições a elas incumbidas. Por fim, no terceiro ponto, expôs-se, de maneira crítica, considerações sobre a condição da CAPES como agência reguladora. Dessa maneira, compreende-se que uma fundação pública, quando atende uma função típica do Estado, não é, apesar do que formalmente a lei que a instituiu afirma, uma fundação, mas sim, ao contrário, uma autarquia, o que possibilita compará-la com uma agência reguladora. Conclui, assim, que em razão dos extensos poderes que a CAPES exerce sobre os programas de pós-graduação, a sua natureza autárquica e por regular uma atividade econômica, em sentido amplo, considera-se que ela é na realidade uma agência reguladora da pós-graduação brasileira.  Além disso, dado o esvaziamento terminológico da noção de agência, a condição diferenciada dos dirigentes não é um fator relevante para a categorização de um ente da administração indireta como agência.

Puguh Toko Arisanto, Tiffany Setyo Pratiwi

Issues of LGBT boomed in Malawi in 2009 after an arrest of homosexual couple who held a wedding party. The criminalization was based on the Malawi’s Penal Code. In 2010, Malawian government also added an article on the Penal Code to criminalize lesbians. However, after the succession of Malawi President in 2012, the successor president, Joyce Banda suspended the policy criminalizing LGBT to await a review of the Parliament. Amid the suspension, under a different President, on April 2015 Malawi passed an LGBT Act of criminalization through Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. The authors note that there had been an inconsistency of the Malawi government in applying policy criminalizing LGBT. The government implemented the policy of criminalization towards LGBT based on Malawi Penal Code, suspended it in 2012, and then 2015 re-issued policy criminalizing LGBT through certain act. This article explores the roles of conflicting interest groups between religious leaders (RLs) and domestic NGOs followed by politics “stick and carrot” on foreign aid of donor states in Malawi. These variables are subjects to analysis that affect the inconsistency of Malawi government to implement policy criminalizing LGBT. Keywords: Criminalizing LGBT, Penal Code, Inconsistency, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot   Abstrak Isu LGBT mulai menggelegar di Malawi pada tahun 2009 pasca penangkapan pasangan homoseks yang tertangkap mengadakan pernikahan. Kriminalisasi didasarkan pada pasal-pasal di KUHP Malawi. Tahun 2010, pemerintah Malawi juga menambah pasal di KUHP untuk menkriminalisasi lesbian. Namun pasca bergantinya Presiden tahun 2012, Presiden pengganti, Joyce Banda menangguhkan kebijakan kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT untuk menunggu review dari Parlemen. Ditengah pengangguhan, tahun 2015, di bawah Presiden yang berbeda, Malawi mengeluarkan UU kriminalisasi pelaku LGBT melalui Marriage, Divorce and Family Relations Act. Penulis melihat bahwa terjadi inkonsistensi pemerintah Malawi dalam menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT. Pemerintah Malawi menerapkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT berdasarkan KUHP Malawi, tahun 2012 menangguhkannya, dan kemudian 2015 kembali mengeluarkan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT melalui UU. Artikel ini hendak memaparkan peran kelompok kepentingan yang saling bertentangan (conflicting interest groups) antara religious leaders (RLs) dan NGOs domestik beserta politik “stick and carrot” dalam bantuan luar negeri negara-negara pedonor di Malawi. Variabel-variabel tersebut menjadi pokok analisis yang mempengaruhi inkonsistensi penerapan kebijakan kriminalisasi LGBT di Malawi. Kata Kunci : Kriminalisasi LGBT, KUHP Malawi, Inkonsistensi, Conflicting Interest Groups, Stick and Carrot

Panagiotis Podiotis

This paper presents a three-component work. The first component sets the overall theoretical context which lies in the argument that the increasing complexity of the world has made it more difficult for International Relations (IR) to succeed both in theory and practice. The era of information and the events of the 21st century have moved IR theory and practice away from real policy making (Walt, 2016) and have made it entrenched in opinions and political theories difficult to prove. At the same time, the rise of the "Fourth Paradigm - Data Intensive Scientific Discovery" (Hey et al., 2009) and the strengthening of data science offer an alternative: "Computational International Relations" (Unver, 2018). The use of traditional and contemporary data-centered tools can help to update the field of IR by making it more relevant to reality (Koutsoupias, Mikelis, 2020). The "wedding" between Data Science and IR is no panacea though. Changes are required both in perceptions and practices. Above all, for Data Science to enter IR, the relevant data must exist. This is where the second component comes into play. I mine the CIA World Factbook which provides cross-domain data covering all countries of the world. Then, I execute various data preprocessing tasks peaking in simple machine learning which imputes missing values providing with a more complete dataset. Lastly, the third component presents various projects making use of the produced dataset in order to illustrate the relevance of Data Science to IR through practical examples. Then, ideas regarding the future development of this project are discussed in order to optimize it and ensure continuity. Overall, I hope to contribute to the "fourth paradigm" discussion in IR by providing practical examples while providing at the same time the fuel for future research.

Shkura Iryna

Aim/purpose – The aim of the paper is to examine the regional peculiarities of development of socially responsible investment markets based on the main trends in the global socially responsible investment (SRI).

Maria Becker, Michael Staniek, Vivi Nastase et al.

Commonsense knowledge relations are crucial for advanced NLU tasks. We examine the learnability of such relations as represented in CONCEPTNET, taking into account their specific properties, which can make relation classification difficult: a given concept pair can be linked by multiple relation types, and relations can have multi-word arguments of diverse semantic types. We explore a neural open world multi-label classification approach that focuses on the evaluation of classification accuracy for individual relations. Based on an in-depth study of the specific properties of the CONCEPTNET resource, we investigate the impact of different relation representations and model variations. Our analysis reveals that the complexity of argument types and relation ambiguity are the most important challenges to address. We design a customized evaluation method to address the incompleteness of the resource that can be expanded in future work.

Dorothea Hilhorst

Abstract Humanitarian aid has long been dominated by a classical, Dunantist paradigm that was based on the ethics of the humanitarian principles and centred on international humanitarian United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations. While in previous decades alternative paradigms and humanitarianisms evolved, this classical paradigm remained the central narrative of humanitarianism. In recent years, however, this paradigm has been paralleled by a resilience paradigm that is focused on local people and institutions as the first responders to crises. Whereas classical humanitarianism is rooted in the notion of exceptionalism, resilience humanitarianism starts from the idea of crisis as the new normality. This paper discusses the two paradigms and the incongruent images they evoke about crises, local institutions and the recipients of aid. The article puts forward the case for studying the ways in which these contrasting aid paradigms shape practices, dealing with the importance of discourse, the social life of policy, the multiplicity of interests, the power relations and the crucial importance of understanding the lifeworld and agency of aid workers and crisis-affected communities. The article demonstrates how the stories that humanitarians tell about themselves are based on highly selective views of reality and do not include the role they themselves play in the reordering and representation of realities in humanitarian crises.

Latif Pınar, Hülya Demirağ

Devletler arasında sürdürülen diplomatik münasebetler uluslararası sistem içerisinde yer alan aktörlerin üzerinde anlaşmış oldukları protokol kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. İfade edilen münasebetlerin protokol kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmesi, ikili ilişkilerin seyrine etki edebilecek problemlerin ortaya çıkmasına engel olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte kamusal alanda yapılan iş ve eylemler, bir kısmı yazılı halde bulunan bir kısmı ise öteden beri süregelen geleneklere dayalı olan protokol kurallarına bağlı olarak yürütülmektedir. Söz konusu iş ve eylemlerin protokol kurallarına bağlı olarak yürütülmesi, disiplinin hüküm sürdüğü bir çalışma ortamı oluşturmasının yanı sıra, çalışanların daha rahat, daha huzurlu, daha mutlu ve daha verimli bir şekilde görevlerini ifa etmelerini sağlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla gerek diplomatik münasebetlerin gerçekleştirilmesinde gerekse kamusal faaliyetlerin yerine getirilmesinde protokol kurallarına uygun tutum ve davranışlar sergilemek mutlak bir zorunluluktur. Ancak Türkiye'de protokol kuralları icap ettiği kadar bilinmemekte ve bu sebepten ötürü dile getirilen zorunluluğa yeterince riayet edilememektedir. Bu durum Türkiye'de kamu kurum ve kuruluşları tarafından sunulan hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesi ve diplomatik ilişkilerin yürütülmesi sırasında önemli aksaklıkların meydana gelmesine neden olmaktadır. Nitekim Türkiye'de kamusal iş ve eylemlerle diplomatik münasebetlerin gerçekleştirilmesine ilişkin süreçler ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelendiğinde, protokol kurallarının uygulanmamasından ya da yanlış uygulanmasından kaynaklanan ciddi sorunlarla karşılaşıldığı çok açık bir biçimde görülmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma, Türkiye'de protokol kuralları eğitimine daha fazla önem verilmesi gerektiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Daniel R. Licata, Ian Orton, Andrew M. Pitts et al.

We begin by recalling the essentially global character of universes in various models of homotopy type theory, which prevents a straightforward axiomatization of their properties using the internal language of the presheaf toposes from which these model are constructed. We get around this problem by extending the internal language with a modal operator for expressing properties of global elements. In this setting we show how to construct a universe that classifies the Cohen-Coquand-Huber-Mörtberg (CCHM) notion of fibration from their cubical sets model, starting from the assumption that the interval is tiny - a property that the interval in cubical sets does indeed have. This leads to an elementary axiomatization of that and related models of homotopy type theory within what we call crisp type theory.

Pallav Kumar Bera, Rajesh Kumar, Can Isik

This paper proposes methods to identify 40 different types of internal faults in an Indirect Symmetrical Phase Shift Transformer (ISPST). The ISPST was modeled using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)/ Electromagnetic Transients including DC (EMTDC). The internal faults were simulated by varying the transformer tapping, backward and forward phase shifts, loading, and percentage of winding faulted. Data for 960 cases of each type of fault was recorded. A series of features were extracted for a, b, and c phases from time, frequency, time-frequency, and information theory domains. The importance of the extracted features was evaluated through univariate tests which helped to reduce the number of features. The selected features were then used for training five state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers. Extremely Random Trees and Random Forest, the ensemble-based learners, achieved the accuracy of 98.76% and 97.54% respectively outperforming Multilayer Perceptron (96.13%), Logistic Regression (93.54%), and Support Vector Machines (92.60%)