Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Taher Lavzheh, Fariba Arayesh Tabiat

While narrating the stories of Masnavi, Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī in many cases ignores their narration and avoids expressing esoteric knowledge. After explaining the multiple mystical themes and announcing a return to the appearance of the original story, he uses the phrase "This speech has no end..." and similar expressions, which act as a verse of the return and reversal of the stories of Masnavi. What links all these stories in a unified text is shown in some of the key words of the aforementioned phrase, which are helpful in explaining the mystical details of the Masnavi. The main purpose of the research is to analyze the "return verses" and the main role of their words in drawing the audience's attention to the message of the story, as well as to examine how the form and content of Rūmī's thought can be explained on the basis of the "return verses". This research was conducted using the method of content analysis and with regard to the stories of the first book of the Masnavi. Studies show that Rumi, using "return verses" and at the intersection of the inner and outer aspects of the story, establishes words, terms, and combinations that play a decisive role in discovering and expanding mystical concepts in that verbal situation. The care in this meaning highlights some of the main purposes of the speech and reveals Rumi's meaning-making creativity in accessing the reader's deeper foundations of mystical experience.

Hanifi Taşkın

Gelek mîrektiyên kurdan hene ku gelek bi hêz temendar bûne. Ji wan yek Mîrektiya Bitlîsê ye ku 760 salî desthilatdar bûye. Mirektiyan Cizîrê û Hekariyê jî bi nav û deng bûne. Bi navê beglik û mîrek wekî Miks, Hîzan Mehmûdî û wekî din jî hebûne. Lêbelê Mîrektiya Kêsanê heta niha nehatiye naskirin. Xebat li ser vê Mîrektiyê nehatine kirin. Me jî xebatek li ser vê mijarê hem di qadê da hem jî di çavkaniyan da kir. Bi alîkriya rêberên herêmê em çûne Sunbanê. Me yek ji endamên wê mîrmalbatê ku Cemîl Begê ye tesbît kir û agahiyên pêwîst jê wergirtin. Çi ku li ser erdnigariya vê binemala mîrektiyê bi hûrgilî yan xebat nehatine kirin, yan jî ji aliyê çand, huner, dîrok û erdkolojiyê ve kêm xebatên zanistî çêbûne. Lewra hê jî gelek cih hene ku li ser herêmeke din tên hesibandin, yan jî nayêne naskirin; lê di nav gel da bi navekî cuda têne binavkirin. Ew herêm yan jî şaxên malmîrekan tam nehatine tesbîtkirin. Zemanê berê, serdema navîn rêveberiya herêma Kurdistanê ji aliyê axa, mîr û begên kurdan ve hatiye îdarekirin. Yek ji wan jî Mîrektiya/Beglika Kêsanê ye. Ev Mîretiya han, ji dema şerê Ulama û Şeref Xanê Bitlîsî bi şûn ve ava bûye û heta dema Murad Begê Kêsanî dewam kiriye. Desthilatdariya Osmanî ew rûxandiye. Mîrekên Kêsanê herçiqas nêzê 250 û 300 sal ev herêm îdare kirine jî dîroka medreseya wê digihîje heta 383 salan berê. Ev herêma ku em ê li serê bixebitin, navenda Mîrektiyê Kêsanê û Keleha Sunbanê derdora 60-70ê gundî nav xwe da dihewîne. Em ê behsa Keleha Mîran, Medreseya ‘Ebdulah Beg, dêr û camiyên wan bikin. Herweha dê jiyana Fileh û Musulmanên ku wê hingê çawa bi awayekî biedalet bi hev ra mi‘amele kirine bibe mijara lêkolînê. Dê şopa çîrok û serpêhatiya vê mîrektiya ku wekî sancaqekê bûye cihê gerandin û nivîstekên medrese û kêlikên têkildarî Begen Kêsanê bihên vekolan.

Vittorio Springfield Tomelleri

The present work introduces to the annotated re-edition of an article written by the prominent Ossetian scientist, folklorist and teacher Grigory Alekseevich Dzagurov (1888–1979), which was published in 1924 under the title “The Japhetic Theory of Academician N. Ya. Marr and the Question of the Origin of the Ossetians”. The text, reproduced in a new annotated version with identification of the sources used by the author, introduces to the new linguistic theory promoted by Academician N. Ya. Marr (1864–1934), postulating the relationship between Hamito-Semitic and Kartvelian languages as well as the idea of linguistic mixing and crossing. By deliberately overusing direct quotations from the works of the creator of Japhetic linguistics, Dzagurov gives a brief overview of the main provisions of Marr’s linguistic theory, showing its direct relation to the question of the dual nature, Indo-European (Iranian) and Japhetic, of Ossetic. At that time, as is well known, linguistic arguments were readily provided when discussing thorny questions about the ethnogenesis of peoples. Overall, Dzagurov’s article has historical significance in many respects. Firstly, it testifies to the reception of the Japhetic stage of Marr’s linguistic theory (that is, before the emergence of the New Doctrine of Language) with respect to the study of the Iranian linguistic world in the Northern Caucasus. Secondly, such ideas about the phenomena of the Caucasian substrate and language mixing were skillfully developed over the following decades by one of the best students of Marr, V. A. Abaev (1900–2001), who identified numerous Caucasian elements in the Ossetian language at all language levels. Finally, it is interesting to notice that it was Dzagurov who gave a recommendation on Abaev’s application for admission to the Petrograd State University, thus indirectly contributing to the onset of an important stage in the history of Ossetian studies and, in general, Soviet linguistics.

آرزو پوریزدان پناه کرمانی

یکی از موضوعات مهم زندگی بشر امروز و به تبع آن یکی از مهم‌ترین مختصّات پسامدرنیسم، عدم قطعیت است. نفوذ این اصل به حوزة ادبیّات و تأثیرپذیری رمان از آن سبب جذّابیت هرچه بیشتر رمان‌های مدرن و پست‌مدرن برای خواننده و مشارکت هرچه بیشتر خواننده در خوانش رمان شده‌است. رمان «دیلمزاد» اثر محمّد رودگر یکی از رمان‌های برگزیدة دفاع مقدّس است که در آن از عوامل گوناگونی برای ایجاد تشکیک و عدم قطعیت بهره‌گرفته شده‌است و ساخت‌مایة اصلی آن را عدم قطعیت تشکیل می‌دهد.در جستار حاضر، جلوه‌های متفاوت عدم قطعیت در رمان «دیلمزاد» با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی بررسی و از این رهگذر تمهیدات نویسنده برای ایجاد عدم قطعیت و قراردادن خواننده در مرز باور و ناباوری تحلیل شده‌است. یافته‌های تحقیق حکایت از آن دارد که در این رمان، عدم قطعیت در سطوح زبانی، روایت، شخصیّت‌پردازی، زاویة دید و زمان و مکان داستان نمود یافته و از این میان، در سطح زبانی رمان از برجستگی خاصّی برخوردار است. همچنین نویسنده با داستانی‌کردن واقعیت و آمیختن خیال و واقعیت به همراه بی‌توجّهی به رابطة علّت و معلولی در داستان، بر تشکیک مخاطب و عدم قطعیت داستان افزوده است.

Tayebe Domanlou

The New Left Thinkers is undoubtedly one of the most controversial and newsworthy works of the late English philosopher, Roger Scruton, which has been published in recent decades as a critique of the new left thinkers. Scruton analyzed, and critiqued the most important contemporary philosophers in the last decades, aimed to decrypt the new speak of the left discourse. The most common aspect between these thinkers, more than anything else, is the distance from the right discourse. By critical reading, Scruton tried to simplify the idea, complex language, and complicated theories of the New Left. He wanted to show how these ideas were emerged in emotional reaction to the historical events of their time, and actually they were rooted in the human’s need for faith and belief in something. Although criticizing the mainstream of Scruton’s time is a courageous subject, special and scares, and we can admire Scruton for doing this, in final analysis of this work, I must say Scruton argued and criticized the new left in a way that he should be criticized too. In the other word we can criticize Scruton as the same point that he criticized and accused the new left. Regardless of the content of his arguments, as the methodological view, his approach to these texts is selective, unscientific and emotional. By critical reviewing of this book, I try to prove my claim about the selective and emotional approach of Scruton in this article. Without arguing the content of his discussions, as far as possible, I show that the value-based approach and believing in single truth, and anger and hated of the Left and the New Left are the basis of his argument in criticizing the personality of thinkers, selecting and describing their theory and finally Seizure as he desired the argument. He argued in the same way and the same style that he claimed the New Left did it.

رامین گلشائی

این مقاله ترجمة کتاب کاربردشناسی واژگانی و نظریة ذهن: فراگیری پیوندها، نوشتة سندرین زوفری و ترجمۀ محمدحسن ترابی، شهره صادقی و الهه کمری را بررسی و نقد می‌کند. نظریة ذهن یکی از مهم‌ترین حوزه‌های مطالعاتی در روان‌شناسی شناختی است که توانایی افراد در درک حالات ذهنی خود و دیگران را بررسی می‌کند. این کتاب با رویکردی میان‌رشته‌ای سعی می‌کند جوانب گوناگون رابطة نظریة ذهن و کاربردشناسی زبان را بکاود. در این مقاله، کتاب از منظر ساختاری و شکلی و نیز محتوایی بررسی شده است. از نقاط قوت کتاب، می‌توان به ترجمة بسیار روان و خوش‌خوان، دقت قابل‌قبول ترجمه، پانویسی اصطلاحات تخصصی و اسامی خاص، واژه‌نامة دوزبانه، و رعایت اصول ویرایشی اشاره کرد. از کاستی‌های کتاب نیز می‌توان یک‌دست‌نبودن برخی معادل‌های به‌کاررفته در کتاب، ضعف و کم‌دقتی در صحافی، و برخی خطاهای املایی و دستوری را برشمرد. درمجموع، کلیت کتاب به‌دلیل پرداختن به موضوعی بدیع و برخورداری از ترجمه‌ای خوب و روان مثبت ارزیابی می‌شود و می‌تواند منبع ارزش‌مندی برای پژوهش‌گران فارسی‌زبان به‌منظور تحقیقات میان‌رشته‌ای در حوزه‌های زبان و نظریة ذهن باشد.

فاطمه خداکرمی

با همه‌گیری‌کرونا درسراسردنیا تمامی فعالیت‌های آموزشی‌تعطیل شدند و تنها گزینۀ ادامه فعالیت مراکز آموزشی"آموزش از راه‌ دور" بود. در‌ این پژوهش تلاش شده کیفیت و تاثیرآموزش مجازی بر یادگیری دانشجویان ورودی جدید زبان‌آلمانی که شروع تحصیل‌آنها در دانشگاه همزمان با تغییرسیستم آموزش‌حضوری به شکل آموزش آنلاین- مجازی بوده‌است، درسه مهارت زبانی خواندن، نوشتن، صحبت‌ کردن‌ مورد ارزیابی قرارگیرد و سطح علمی دروس پایۀ تعداد 55 نفر از دانشجویان درچهار بخش‌خواندن، زبان ‌گفتاری، زبان نوشتاری و دستور در آزمون‌های پایانی نیمسال اول 1401-1400 در دو سطح کمی و کیفی بررسی و همچنین دیدگاه آنها درباره‌آموزش‌ از راه دور مورد ارزیابی قرارگیرد. نتایج حاصل از این ارزیابی‌حاکی از تفاوت قابل توجه در قبولی دانشجویان است؛ هیجکدام از دانشجویان جامعه آماری این تحقیق بر خلاف سنوات گذشته در مواد امتحانی دروس پیش‌دانشگاهی و ترم یک رد نشدند، این در حالی است که براساس ارزیابی فقط 12% از دانشجویان ورودی جدید به زبان آلمانی آشنایی داشتند و %80 از دانشجویان‌ تجربۀ آموزش از راه دور نداشتند و سطح آگاهی آنها از اطلاعات فناوری پایین بوده‌است، ضمنا دراین بررسی مزایا و معایب مختلف یادگیری از راه دور و راه حل‌های آموزشی برای رفع مشکلات ناخواسته بواسطۀ ضعف‌ها و نقصان‌های آموزش از راه دور ارائه گردید.

فاطمه عسگری

برنامه‌های آموزشی و فرهنگی تبادل دانشجو و دوره‌های کوتاه‌مدت آموزش زبان و فرهنگ خارجی که معمولاً در دانشگاه‌های جامعۀ هدف که زبان آن مورد مطالعه دانشجویان زبان است، فرصت مناسبی برای گسترش مهارت‌های زبانی و اجتماعی- فرهنگی برای زبان‌آموزان فراهم می‌آورد. در دهه‌های گذشته، معمولاً در برنامه‌های آموزشی اینگونه دوره‌های زبان در کنار نکات مربوط به‌دستور زبان، با پخش قطعه‌ای از یک فیلم در کلاس زبان، مدرس سعی بر انتقال مفاهیم فرهنگی و اجتماعی جامعۀ مقصد به‌زبان‌آموز داشت. حال آنکه چنین رویکردی به‌فرهنگ، در بطن آموزش زبان، چندان موفق نبود چرا که چنین رویکردی قادر به‌خلق ارتباط و پل بینافرهنگی با زبان‌آموز نبود. در این مقاله،  برنامۀ آموزشی که در سال‌های اخیر در یکی از این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت زبان و فرهنگ در یکی از دانشگاه‌های ایتالیایی ارائه شده، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با تحلیلی بر داده‌های گرداوری شده طی  مصاحبه با دو زبان‌آموز که دانشجوی مقطع کارشناسی در رشته زبان ایتالیایی در دانشگاه تهرانند، سعی بر این شده است تا با عنایت به‌مطالعات بین‌المللی انجام شده در حیطه توانش کنشگری بینافرهنگی و مسئله مهارت فرهنگی-اجتماعی زبان ببینیم چقدر این دوره‌های کوتاه مدت، با اتکا بر برنامه‌های آموزشی مناسب و هوشمند، در کسب مهارت‌های فرهنگی زبان به‌دانشجویان کمک می‌کنند.

Hossein Qashqaee

A critical study on works that have scientific content will lead to the growth and development in a field of knowledge. Having a right understanding of legal articles depends on referring to the original texts from those laws that have been enacted. One major shortcoming of this book is that only some minor religious sources were pointed out to interpret a legal article, while to review a legal article, it is essential to see all the documents and resources, or all legal reasons should be investigated. At least, well-known fatwas available at the time of the law must be examined because it can be considerably helpful. Foundations and presuppositions of any legal article are appropriate with a legal system, and for the interpretation of every legal article, the special legal system should be considered and examined.

Fatemeh Bayatfar, Najmeh Shobeiri

Quality assessment of literary texts translation has always been irregular since some theorists believe that faithful translation to the original text is impossible. Therefore, through time, various theories for literary texts assessment have been created. In this paper with the comparative study of the value system of Lorca's "The moon" romance discourse and its Persian translation by Shamloo, has been emphasized the importance of discourse and context in the analysis and translation of literary texts, via investigating the factors such as assumption, previous background, utterances, the principle of cooperation, connection and coherence and theme. Besides, it has been shown that to what extent the translator could remain faithful to the source text by observing the discourse and context of the target language; as in this way Shamloo in the translation of “The moon” romance, has preserved all the linguistic coherence and also established rhetorical coherences except in one case. Therefore, by assuming that we know the necessity of paying attention to the discourse and context of the source-language and target-language in translation, Shampoo’s translation of “The moon” romance could be considered a faithful translation to the original text.

Sayyed Reza Mirahmadi

The irreplaceable role of literary historians in proving literary events as well as highlighting the role of writers is undeniable. If it cannot be considered the best tool, it can be considered at least one of the bests in expressing and showing the unique role of literature in the construction and social context and cultural development of society.  One of the most prolific and insightful works of the talented and insightful writer, Mostafa Shaka'a, is the book “Poetry and Poets in the Abbasi Era” which seems to be very influential and practical due to the author’s critical style. Having skimmed the book, what seemed to be very interesting is that the book's possible shortcomings are outweighed by its strengths. One of the best results of this study is that Shaka'a has played an effective role, by mastering the poetry and poets of this very important period of literature and very deep critique, as well as charting the literary style of some poets who appeared in other similar books, who were showed either very dull no significant in other books. The chapters are also based on this approach of the author and his balances on this approach, also reflect his surrounding knowledge and insight. Perhaps most of his weaknesses have been in forms, and sometimes in concept, such as accusing Abu Nawas of nationalism, which, of course, does not detract from the book’s strengths.

Zoya Rozhchenko, Amirreza MOLLAAKHMADI-DEKHAHI

Simin Behbahani is the most outstanding contemporary Iranian poet famous for her participation in political actions for civil freedoms such as women’s rights, against cruel forms of punishment and against Iran-Iraq war. She participated in the movement of mothers of political prisoners as well. But she became more famous in Iran for her lyrical poetry written in a traditional form of ghazal and not for her political activities. The aim of the article is to make the analyses of Simin Behbahani’s poetry and to consider the problems of its translation into different European languages. Such problems can be explained by the different ways of poetry in the eastern and western cultures: 1) the problem of keeping the metrics of ghazal; 2) the problem of keeping the sense of ghazal. Ghazal as the form originated in the Arabic literature was spread through the Near and Middle East culture and it was not known in Europe until 19th century. From the very beginning ghazal was performed against the backdrop of playing stringed musical instruments. According to the last researchers, ghazal became a base for the development of European sonnet. The authors of this article make a short review of the rhythmical features of ghazal and define its main components, such as bayt, matlaa, radif and others, that should be present at the translated text. It is important to keep these components in verse while translating because rhythmical characteristics of the ghazal are primary relatively to its sense. Scientific novelty. Simin Behbahani is known as a pioneer, who combined in her poetry genres and style of qasida and ghazal. This article deals with the translation of the ghazals by Simin Behbahani into different European languages, such as English and Romanian. Various poems by Simin Behbahani were translated by several interpreters who based their work on different reproduction principles of the original text. Metric and rhythmic of Persian verses were not kept even by the best translators into English. Farzane Milani used in her adaptation the free verse (vers libre) which had become the national form in the English poetry of the 20th century. This choise is good for translator who was born in Iran and now works at the University of Virinia. She made Persian verse understandable for native English speaker and focused at the main substance of poetry. In conclusion, Romanian translator reproduced metric and rhythmic features of the English translation but not of the Persian original. That’s why Ukrainian translators must take in account such experience and use the original text for reading.

Hoorieh Afsharipur, Somayyeh Pakbaz, M. Shahriari et al.

Indo-Iranian medicine dates back to a couple of centuries ago. The Gurkanies’ movement from Iran and Transoxiana to India introduced the Persian language to India, and the scientific language changed from Arabic and Sanskrit to this language. Iranian medicine has had a remarkable influence on the Indian Subcontinent, a sign of which is the elevated medical literature written in this language. Hakim Mohammad Azam Khan was born in 1813 AD.  His ancestors were great sages of Khorasan (in north east of Iran) and then migrated to Afghanistan and India. Since he lived in the late 19th AD century, he had access to many Iranian traditional books. He provided rich sources of traditional medicine for the next generation by publishing traditional medicine books and traditional pharmacology. He wrote great books such as the Exir Azam (a comprehensive medical encyclopedia), Romouz Azam (a general book on medicine), Qarabadin Azam (Pharmacopeia). With his profound 19th century orientalist approach that emphasized safeguarding the Persian language, he created numerous works in the field of medicine, making him the most serious custodian of Indo-Iranian medicine in India. The present study reviews the scientific life of a contemporary famous author of Indo-Iranian medical literature written in Persian Language.

Abbas Khalaji

This article is an analytical-critical review of “Preindustrial Communities, or An Anatomy of Pre-Modern World” by Patricia Crone. This study is mainly concerned with the theoretical aspect and the content of the book. Hence, the scientific method, theoretical approach, and historical data, and the content analysis of the book are evaluated, and its strengths, and shortcomings are identified. Accordingly, the critical phase of this study is presented in three sections relating to form, methodology, and content. The strong points of the book relate to the fact that the author retains powerful imagination, precise visualization, interpretive analysis of the preindustrial situation, and the ability to illustrate the cultural, political, social, and economic situations of pre-modern era with an accurate explanation of the positions of politics, government, culture, society, individuals, and religion.

Artemis Papatheodorou

From its earliest days, photography was linked to material remains of the past. Western pioneers of the medium were attracted to photographing Ottoman lands, especially the land of the Pharaohs, and the Holy Land. The Ottomans also seized upon photography themselves, turning the lens upon monuments and artefacts within their own Empire. The literature on archaeological photography in the region has focused on European travel photography, and on the upper echelons of state officialdom. This article shifts attention to Ottoman bureaucracy, and to the societal level. It discusses the relationship between photography and the daily tasks associated with the Ottoman administration of antiquities. Additionally, it looks at the ways that an important learned society, the Hellenic Literary Society at Constantinople, used photography. The article treats Ottoman archaeological photography in its own right, largely on the basis of primary material in Ottoman Turkish and Greek. The article argues that photography was a new, technologically advanced medium that - in tandem with other visual reproduction techniques - was instrumental in promoting visions of modernisation. Photography, and other visual media, helped the Ottoman state promote state centralisation and modernisation, while enhancing the Hellenic Literary Society’s civilising mission.

Lidia Wojtczak

The Winding Ways of Poetry: Ratnaśrījñāna on Daṇḍin’s mārgas One of the earliest Sanskrit poeticians, Daṇḍin, dedicates an entire chapter of his Kāvyādarśa to the investigation of mārgas or the ‘ways’ of poetry. These are based on adaptable configurations of poetic qualities and faults and, although there seems to be an infinite number of ‘ways’, Daṇḍin characterises only two, Vaidarbha and Gauḍīya. In this paper, I show how the earliest known commentator of the Kāvyādarśa, Ratnaśrījñāna, uses philosophical discussions and archetypes to expand on Daṇḍin’s rather cursory engagement with the methodology of the ‘ways’ to create a truly śāstric schema.

Qandeel Hussain, M. Proctor, M. Harvey et al.

Punjabi (Western, ISO-639-3 pnb) is an Indo-Aryan language (Indo-European, Indo-Iranian) spoken in Pakistan and India, and in immigrant communities in the UK, Canada, USA, and elsewhere. In terms of number of native speakers, it is ranked 10th among the world’s languages, with more than 100 million speakers (Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016). Aspects of the phonology of different varieties of Punjabi have been described in Jain (1934), Arun (1961), Gill & Gleason (1962), Singh (1971), Dulai & Koul (1980), Bhatia (1993), Malik (1995), Shackle (2003), and Dhillon (2010). Much of this literature is focused on Eastern varieties, and the phonology of Western Punjabi dialects has received relatively less attention (e.g. Bahri 1962, Baart 2003, 2014).

Vakhushti Bagrationi

Mohamad Farhadi

Poverty and inequality in Iran are two important phenomena the depth and breadth of which have attracted the attention of social and economic thinkers and have been studied from various perspectives. "The Necessity of Fighting Poverty and Inequality in Iran" by Saeed Madani Qahfarhchi is one of these research findings.Reviewing and criticizing these studies are a necessary prerequisite for defining literature on poverty and inequality in Iran. From the methodological point of view, the present paper criticizes this book and provides some theoretical imperatives and a way to complete it. In a critique, this article is not seen as a defect, which provides some suggestions for the completion of this project with an empathetic attitude. After the introduction of the effect of some shortcomings, the chapters of the book are discussed, and in the next step, the systematic analysis of the methodological, theoretical, and epistemological perceptions of the book is introduced.The result of this article is that the approach of the book is more descriptive and does not provide an explanation of poverty in Iran. Accordingly, the book does not introduce the category of inequality and its causes and reasons in Iran. The lack of a deliberate look and a definite stance on poverty and inequality in this book is one of the main points that this article emphasizes.

Mohammad Behnamfar, Mohammad Kazem Ebrahimzadeh

Describing and investigating the compound verbs have included a wide range of researches among language researchers (grammarians and linguists); however the issue of compound verbs seems unclear. The abundant criteria for recognition of compound verbs which most of them are often deficient can be as a good reason for this assertion. It appears that one of the elements resulting in this ambiguity is the method used in their researches. The main theme of this descriptive-analytic study, therefore, concerns with the mistakes in the process of research on compound verbs, focusing on shortcomings and deficiencies, based upon the data provided in Farsi grammar books in five parts, namely "definitions, terminology, examples, criteria and reasoning." This article, however, provides only the search results of the first two chapters. Pathology of the definition of compound verbs: Compound verb has been defined with different features as: 1. combination of two or more parts which one of them is a verb. 2. The two parts have a single meaning. 3. The verb component doesn't have its main meaning and isn't declinable. Among these definitions Homayoon Farrokh and Lazar have presented a better definition which is more appropriate and acceptable. The definitions analyzed in this research has defects such as: lack of exhaustiveness and exclusiveness, lack of accordance between the definition and examples, increasing or using unnecessary adverbs, ambiguity in the concepts of adverbs like different perceptions of the same adverb, using multiple concepts in definition of different kinds of compound verbs. These deficiencies indicate the lack of grammarians' attention to grammatical terms and concepts and prevent the readers to have a systematic perception from language. Pathology of compound verb terms: Compound verb is the only expression that his lead to ambiguous and multi-meaning expressions. It is over thirty years that the idiom "hamkard" is used as the verb component of the compound verb and combinations such as "hamkard shodegi" has been built based on it. Therefore, in spite of some applicative and verbal defects which have been proposed by some linguists, changing this term is not recommended. Consequently, verb being, conjugation and accepting "shenaseh" (distinctive component) can help us to obtain a perfect definition for compound verbs. There is no term for the nonverbal component of the compound verb to be overspread, but some grammarians have used "verb helper" for it, but it is better to use an expression like "hamkard" though it shows no relation with compound verb. In this research, some problems about the selection and usage of terms were found such as neglecting the common usage and grammatical system of these terms. Pathology of the research methods: It seems that the verbal researches are achieved in three steps: compiling, classification and formulation. In each of these steps there may be some problems. What was said about the expressions indicates the easy going way of researchers in presenting the information which occurs after the formulation step. The obstruction in definition of compound verbs is rooted in not having a comprehensive recognition of the compound verbs. The main problem in the third part is the lack of integrity proportionate to the number and diversity of instances. As presenting a comprehensive and proper definition of compound verbs is achieved from compiling and classification the verbal data, it can be said that these problems are a result of these two steps. Of course we are not sure about the lack of such researches and neglecting the structure of the language.