Hasil untuk "History of medicine. Medical expeditions"

F. Collins

Лідія Ковалець

Мета. У цьому дослідженні розглядається корпус олклорних та етнографічних текстів, опублікованих на сторінках чернівецького щомісячного дитячого журналу «Українська ластівка» («Українська ластівка») протягом 1933-1940 років, коли Буковина перебувала під румунською окупацією, і видання слугувало важливою платформою для ознайомлення дітей з українською культурною спадщиною. Редакційна стратегія журналу базувалася на глибокому розумінні того, що традиційна національна культура може слугувати основою для формування української національної ідентичності серед молодого покоління буковинців. Новизна дослідження. Зміст видання охоплював усі основні жанри усної словесної творчості: календарно-обрядову поезію, героїчно-епічні пісні, ліричні твори, казки, пареміографію та дитячі ігри. Особливо значним було систематичне представлення календарно-обрядової поезії. Перший же випуск журналу відкрився різдвяною колядкою «Нова радість стала…» («Нова радість прийшла…»), сповненою надії та духовного піднесення. У дослідженні також розглядаються жанри пареміографії, представлені в журналі, з їхньою орієнтацією на інтелектуальний та морально-етичний розвиток дітей. Окрім фольклорних текстів, журнал містив етнографічні матеріали, що описували традиційні звичаї, ремесла та повсякденні практики. Таким чином, послідовно підкреслювалася цінність української літератури та народної культури загалом для педагогічних цілей. Методологічні інновації – інтеграція розваг та освіти в процеси читання, виховання дітей та всебічного розвитку їхньої національної ідентичності, участь школярів та вчителів у збиранні, публікації та збереженні фольклору, адаптація традиційних матеріалів до нових реалій – залишаються актуальними навіть в епоху глобалізації. Висновки. Після дослідження можна зробити висновок про літературне та моральне значення текстів Чернівецького дитячого журналу «Українська ластівка» (1933‑1940). Редактори виявили сміливість, додавши нові строфи з прямими посиланнями на «скуту землю» та молитвами за свободу. Казки, опубліковані в журналі, відігравали важливу роль: вони служили засобом морального повчання, розваги та передачі культури. Чарівні казки, такі як «Кирило Кожум'яка», пов'язували юних буковинців з українською історичною свідомістю, тоді як байки про тварин давали важливі моральні уроки. Українська пісенна традиція також виконувала освітні та повчальні функції через історичні приклади, такі як «Пісня про зруйнування Січі» та «Максим Козак Залізняк», забезпечуючи емоційний зв'язок з національним історичним досвідом, тоді як ліричні пісні також давали естетичне виховання

Oksana Melnychuk, I. Khmeliar, Natalia Perekhodko et al.

The study explores the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in fostering interdisciplinary connections within medical education, specifically through the development of integrative lessons. The article examines the significance of interdisciplinary connections in medical education, focusing specifically on working out integrative lessons (e. g. “The history and science of antibiotics”) as a means to promote awareness of the importance of integrative approach in connection to modern digital technologies. By incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) adaptive tools and digital methodologies, this research demonstrates how integrating perspectives from different subjects (English, Ukrainian, Chemistry, History of Medicine) into medical curricula can improve critical thinking, contextual awareness, and deeper engagement among students. This research contributes to the effectiveness of medical education by supporting the integrated development of key medical concepts across disciplines. This study involved undergraduate medical students enrolled at Rivne Medical Academy. The experimental group employed innovative educational technologies – AI adaptive tools, including Google Scholar for accessing academic literature, Padlet for collaboratively constructing digital timelines, Grammarly for improving the quality of written assignments, Google Slides for interactive presentations, and virtual simulations via Google Expeditions to explore historical medical settings. Additionally, tools like Quizlet and Google Forms were used for formative assessments to reinforce learning outcomes. The qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that these tools not only facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the topic of the lesson and related medical concepts, such as the history of antibiotics, but also empower students to make meaningful connections across disciplines, including language, chemistry, and the history of medicine. The study highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in cultivating well-rounded healthcare professionals who can appreciate the historical context of scientific discoveries. This approach enables students to develop the skills to think critically, work collaboratively, and engage deeply demonstrating a range of competencies within practical dimensions of medical science.

Jocelyn Zimmerman

Abstract:In 1774, East India Company Governor-General Warren Hastings commissioned an expedition to Tibet. Much has been written about the mission, but little is known about Alexander Hamilton, who joined as assistant-surgeon. Hamilton described Tibetan eye surgery as both “further behind Europeans” and “more successful than the one we follow.” Using comparative methods and deep contextualization, this article reads the contradictions in Hamilton’s writings alongside eighteenth-century Tibetan ophthalmology to reveal an Enlightenment-era tension between seeking new knowledge and substantiating Britain’s progress narrative. Hamilton and the following two British medical men in Tibet—Robert Saunders and Thomas Manning—were aware that claims of British medical superiority were unfounded. Yet, their willful ignorance of Tibetan medicine resulted in the non-transfer of knowledge, facilitating the rise of imperial confidence.

Moramay Lopez-Alonso

This paper examines how variations in the height and health of Mexicans during the second half of the twentieth century reflect the evolution of economic inequality, as its effects have repercussions on the health and nutritional conditions of the population. The average height of Mexican adults had a modest increase with respect to the possibilities of human plasticity. These anthropometric variations were the result of the incorporation of advances in science and technology leading to improved standards of living among the population. Body changes were impacted by dietary habits, urbanization, and government policies supporting food production and distribution.

Fabíola Rohden

Este artigo analisa tensões e disputas entre o campo da ginecologia e da cirurgia plástica estética, especialidades autorizadas a realizar a cirurgia estética genital feminina no Brasil. Utiliza material documental, incluindo artigos científicos desde a década de 1990, e sites institucionais. Enquanto ginecologistas têm se mantido mais cautelosos com a prática, defendendo sua realização apenas quando há indicações funcionais, cirurgiões/ãs plásticos/as têm sido mais influentes na disseminação do procedimento, privilegiando a dimensão estética. Argumenta-se que, para além de disputas entre campos profissionais, esse fenômeno precisa ser entendido à luz da crescente ênfase no aprimoramento de si, via recursos biomédicos, e dos imperativos de gênero.

A. Uzhanov

In the second part of the article, based on the documents of the State Institute of Experimental Endocrinology of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR 1925-1940, information on the chronology of the development in our country of a specialized state medical institution in the field of care for patients with disorders of the endocrine glands is disclosed. Materials on the deployment of the industry in Soviet Russia for the production and export of endocrine preparations from the endocrine glands of animals, including domestic insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, are of considerable value. The efforts of the state, the medical industry, and the State Institute of Experimental Endocrinology in the fight against one of the ominous mass diseases in the RSFSR and the USSR — endemic goiter, which in modern vocabulary is called iodine deficiency diseases, are revealed. Of great scientific interest is the work of the Insulin and Endocrine Committees and commissions established by them, including the creation of standards in the production of domestic insulin preparations, as well as the Goiter Commission under the Scientific Medical Council of the People's Commissariat of Health on the organization of the first epidemiological expeditions to different regions of the country to identify pathological iodine deficiency is of interest, which became an important historical stage on the way to saving the nation from cretinism and other thyroid diseases foci of goiter. The research conducted on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria on the introduction of the so-called Swiss model for overcoming. Many aspects currently being implemented in federal and regional programs for the prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency diseases were first worked out in the 20-30s of the last century.

Galina O. Andreeva, M. M. Odinak, V. N. Tsygan et al.

The article presents the history of nascence traditional oriental medicine in Russia during XVIII–XIX centuries. The first information about oriental medicine was brought to Russia in the XVIII century by doctors, who visited Mongolia and China as members of embassy expeditions. The first decades of the XVIII century can be considered as beginning of a systematic study oriental treatment methods. It was possible thanks to the many years efforts of the employees of the Russian ecclesiastical mission in Beijing. This organization from 1715 to 1864 years served religious, diplomatic and scientific functions. An invaluable contribution to the study of Chinese medicine was made by the leaders of the mission. Major role belongs to Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (father Iakinf), archimandrite of the IX mission. He was fluent in Chinese, studied the primary sources of medical literature, translated significant treatises into Russian, and taught Chinese to the mission staff. The head of the X mission, Pavel Ivanovich Kamensky, compiled a Chinese-Russian medical dictionary, reorganized the mission, and insisted on the need to introduce the position of a doctor among the staff. Starting from 1821, doctors O.P. Voitsekhovsky, P.E. Kirillov, A.A. Tatarinov, S.I. Bazilevsky and P.A. Kornievsky, graduates of the Imperial Medical and Surgical (Military Medical) Academy worked as physician of the X–XIV missions. Doctors continued to study the theoretical concepts of Chinese medicine, philosophical and cultural traditions that underlie healthcare. In addition to medical work, in accordance with the instructions of the Medical Council at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, they explored epidemiology, healthcare organization and the process of training doctors in China, analyzed Eastern approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, pharmacopoeia, used of herbal remedies, methods of prevention and health maintenance. The scientific approach, knowledge of the Chinese language, and a long stay in the country allowed them to lay the foundations of Oriental medicine in Russian, acquaint medical community with the methods of treatment and prevention of diseases adopted in China, introduce acupuncture, moxa, the use of new types of herbal remedies, enrich the collections of medicinal plants.

Алла Ткач, Максим Ткач

The functioning of the Ukrainian language takes on special importance in the conditions of a full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Language is an important component of national identity, a powerful productive tool that strengthens the nation and enriches national culture. The purpose of the article is to describe and systematize innovative processes in the modern national lexical system of the Ukrainian language, which developed during the Russian-Ukrainian war. The article presents new resources of language thinking - neologisms and occasionalisms, which verbalize the current events of the wartime in Ukraine and remind of the close connection between history and language. An overview of linguistic studies on language as a weapon was made; the need for a new nomination is substantiated; examples are considered and the main functions of neolexes are defined; the emotional and expressive component in such word formation is noted; attention is focused on the active functioning of neologisms in the language; the prospects for the study of neologisms against the background of modern events in Ukrainian society and the world are outlined. Research methods. For the scientific interpretation of actual material, we use such general scientific methods as observation and analysis of linguistic material. We use the descriptive method, methods of component and linguistic stylistic analysis. Conclusions. The factual material of the article proves that the word is a special weapon on the language front. The formation and active functioning of new lexical units in military discourse is a kind of reflection of contemporary events; a vivid manifestation of the vocabulary of the Ukrainian language and the high intellectual potential of the Ukrainian people; attesting to the dynamism, continuity and uniqueness of language as a living organism.

Sina Yarmoradian, Mehrdad Shahraki, Sadra Amirpour Haradasht

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I. Ignatenko

The author analyzes the works of Ukrainian historians and ethnologists dedicated to the Folk Medicine of Polissya, which has affected by the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster on 26 April 1986. The disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is assessed as the most serious accident ever to occur in the nuclear power industry and had disruptive nature had not only on the people, the ground, and the water but also have had negative influences on the Folk Culture. It was shown that after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the Ukrainian scientific community has shown a high civic position and scientific activity. Thanks to the post-Chernobyl expeditions, the Folk Medicine of Polissya appeared in the center of the research interest of Ukrainian ethnologists. The ethnographic, historical and folklore materials which were collected in these expeditions have shown that Folk Medicine has one of the main places in the system of ethnic culture of Chernobyl Polissya, presents the prophylaxis and medical treatment, ideas about illnesses and their reasons are described etc. Also, influences social-sanitary norms, everyday culture, psychological aims, and contacts.

Bruce Buchan

Abstract This paper will present a comparative analysis of the ethnographic writings of three colonial travellers trained in medicine at the University of Edinburgh: William Anderson (1750–78), Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) and Robert Brown (1773–1858). Each travelled widely beyond Scotland, enabling them to make a series of observations of non-European peoples in a wide variety of colonial contexts. William Anderson, Archibald Menzies and Robert Brown in particular travelled extensively in the Pacific with (respectively) James Cook on his second and third voyages (1771–8), with George Vancouver (1791–5) and with Matthew Flinders (1801–3). Together, their surviving writings from these momentous expeditions illustrate a growing interest in natural-historical explanations for diversity among human populations. Race emerged as a key concept in this quest, but it remained entangled with assumptions about the stadial historical progress or “civilization” of humanity. A comparative examination of their ethnographic writings thus presents a unique opportunity to study the complex interplay between concepts of race, savagery and civilization in the varied colonial contexts of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Patricia Palma

Abstract Homeopathy arrived from the United States to Peruvian soil in the last decades of the nineteenth century, broadening the repertoire of existing medical knowledge, which included an emerging medical profession, Chinese herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. This article examines the circulation and use of homeopathic therapies and medicines in Lima from the time when the American homeopath George Deacon initiated his practice, in the 1880s, until his death, in 1915. Although homeopathy was not the most widely used medical therapy in the country, it nevertheless posed a threat to professional medicine and the School of Medicine’s desired monopoly of the field of medicine.

Carmel Ferragud

[ca] Bartomeu de Tresbens fou un metge, astròleg i filòsof al servei de dos reis de la Corona d’Aragó, Pere IV el Cerimoniós i el seu fill, el duc Joan, futur Joan I el Caçador, entre els anys 1360 i 1375, aproximadament. La seua important obra de contingut astrològic a penes ha estat estudiada, si n’exceptuem el Llibre de les nativitats. De la mateixa manera, la major part de la seua biografia ens és desconeguda. Conservem documents, correspondència fonamentalment, de la seua relació amb la monarquia, però també altres registres que el relacionen amb els municipis de Barcelona i Cervera. Molt particularment, en aquest segon cas, Tresbens va estar temptat per les autoritats municipals per fer de metge i possiblement de mestre. Aquest estudi fa un repàs a la seua biografia però se centra particularment en les negociacions del metge amb Cervera. Una estratègia amb la qual Tresbens sembla que volia assegurar un lloc on passar la resta dels seus dies i amb un sou desmesurat.

M. Joseph

Steffen Ducheyne

Como complemento al relato de John L. Heilbron, argumentaré que aunque la etiqueta ‘física experimental’ se puede usar legítimamente para describir algunos aspectos de la obra de Petrus van Musschenbroek (1692-1761), la comprensión de la ‘physica’ de este último se ha de entender dentro de un marco más amplio en el que las consideraciones teológicas, filosóficas, y teleológicas continuaron desempeñando una función importante. En primer lugar, me centraré en la concepción de van Musschenbroek en el ámbito de la ‘physica’ y en especial en su concepto de una ley de la naturaleza. Se verá que, al radicalizar algunos aspectos de las ideas metodológicas de Isaac Newton, van Musschenbroek ya no se considera la física como la disciplina que descubre las causas de efectos, como hizo Newton, sino como la disciplina que estudia los efectos de causas desconocidas. Además, se verá que van Musschenbroek pensaba que las leyes de la naturaleza están supeditadas a la libre voluntad de Dios y que son cognoscibles debido a la bondad de Dios. En segundo lugar, argumentaré que para van Musschenbroek la física, junto con la teleología, tenía claras repercusiones físico-teológicas. En el camino, por primera vez discutirá su posición en relación con el principio de razón suficiente.

Uc Davis Department Of Dermatology Faculty Recruitment

Роман Ігор, Роман Лілія

Ігор Роман, Лілія Роман. Переосмислення герменевтичного контенту антропологічної лінгвістики В статті досліджується переосмислення еволюції герменевтичного контенту в антропологічній лінгвістиці. Автори представляють аналіз нових перспектив антропологічних та герменевтичних досліджень в сучасній лінгвістиці. Ключові слова: антропологічна лінгвістика, культурна антропологія, герменевтика, прагматика. Roman I., Roman L. REPENSE DE CONTENU HERMENEUTIQUES DE LA LINGUISTIQUE ANTHROPOLOGIQUE L'article retrace l'évolution du contenu herméneutique en linguistique anthropologique. Les auteurs présente l'analyse des nouvelles perspectives d'approche anthropologique et herméneutique dans la linguistique moderne. Mots clés: la linguistique anthropologique, l'anthropologie culturelle, l'herméneutique, pragmatique. Роман И., Роман Л. ПЕРЕОСМЫСЛЕНИЕ ГЕРМЕНЕВТИЧЕСКОГО КОНТЕНТА АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ В статье исследуется переосмысление эволюции герменевтического контента в антропологической лингвистике. Авторы представляют анализ новых перспектив антропологических и герменевтических исследований в современной лингвистике. Ключевые слова: антропологическая лингвистика, культурная антропология, герменевтика, прагматика.

M. Kuypers

Maria Belen Herrero, Adrian Carbonetti

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis de la curva de mortalidad por tuberculosis en Argentina a lo largo del siglo XX, desde 1911 hasta 2007. A partir de los datos obtenidos de diversas fuentes de carácter oficial se marcan las etapas históricas de dicha mortalidad, generando dentro de éstas subperíodos, a fin de entender el comportamiento de la mortalidad por tuberculosis, dependiendo del momento histórico. De esta forma, se vincula el desarrollo de la enfermedad con los dispositivos que se generaron para combatirla. Se realiza un análisis del comportamiento de la mortalidad por regiones del país, partiendo del supuesto que el desarrollo de la misma fue diferente según condiciones económicas y sociales y desarrollo sanitario.