Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Piotr J. Wróbel

General Lucjan Żeligowski’s dilemmas regarding his national identity reflect the difficult choices faced by millions of people living in the borderlands between Russia and various East-Central European nations over the past several centuries. Born and raised in a Polish-patriotic family in 1865 in the heart of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was controlled by Tsarist Russia, he joined the Russian Army out of poverty and became almost entirely Russified. Seeking a compromise between his Polish and Russian identities, he became interested in Slavophile ideology. By the end of World War I, his Polish identity had prevailed over his Lithuanian and Russian sentiments, and he contributed to the rebirth of Poland. However, he noticed a distinction between Poles from central Poland and himself, a “Polish” or “Slavic Lithuanian”. He was very critical of Warsaw’s policies towards the regions of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and endeavoured to preserve their separate character. In 1939, he escaped from Poland and joined the Polish émigré authorities. In the West, he returned to Pan-Slavic ideology, hoping it would help bridge the Polish-Soviet chasm. Also, his political views shifted. In interwar Poland, he became an agrarian, but he was moving to the left, dreaming of a “People’s Poland”. This allowed him to stay connected with the Soviets during World War II and later to decide on his return to communist-controlled Poland. He had never found peace of mind and paid a steep price for his numerous identity crises. He was not alone; millions traversed similar mental paths, impacting the entire history of Eastern and East Central Europe.

Rafał Stobiecki

Olga Czeranowska, Izabela Grabowska, Iga Wermińska-Wiśnicka

Since the 2004 European Union enlargement, the United Kingdom has seen a significant influx of Polish migrants, many of whom initially found employment in low-skilled roles due to their immediate availability and low entry barriers. This study explores the career changes of young adult Polish migrants in the UK over the past two decades. Using data from British public statistics – the Annual Population Survey (APS) and in-depth interviews – we comprehensively analyse their labour market positionalities in the UK. Our findings reveal a shift from initial deskilling and confinement to the secondary labour market to diverse, upwardly mobile career changes. This study emphasises the critical role of practical skills, work ethics, experience, and social networks in migrants’ professional development. This research contributes to the broader discourse on post-EU enlargement of Central and Eastern European migration, providing a nuanced understanding of young adult Polish migrants’ labour market experiences in the UK.

Mariusz Wollny

Autor powieści historycznych ukazujących Kraków w XVI w. korzysta z licznych opracowań ukazujących ówczesne życie mieszkańców i funkcjonowanie władz miejskich. Pisząc o Krakowie okresu Młodej Polski przełomu XIX/XX w., mimo popularności tej epoki, autor zmuszony jest sprawdzić w archiwaliach realia pracy c.k. policji, których autentyczność jest walorem powieści.

Marta Gołembiewska

Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest omówienie dziejów cmentarza katolickiego w Stawiszynie oraz przybliżenie sylwetek osób, które zapisały się na kartach historii tej niewielkiej miejscowości. W części pierwszej przedstawiono krótko dzieje miasta, a następnie zaprezentowano losy cmentarza przykościelnego oraz parafialnego położonego przy ulicy Kaliskiej, z uwzględnieniem próby ustalenia daty powstania tego ostatniego. W ostatniej części przedstawiono biogramy wybranych osób, które zasłużyły się dla lokalnej społeczności.

Mikhail G. Katz

Infinitesimals have seen ups and downs in their tumultuous history. In the 18th century, d'Alembert set the tone by describing infinitesimals as chimeras. Some adversaries of infinitesimals, including Moigno and Connes, picked up on the term. We highlight the work of Cauchy, Noël, Poisson and Riemann. We also chronicle reactions by Moigno, Lamarle and Cantor, and signal the start of a revival with Peano.

Kiwhan Song, Boyuan Chen, Max Simchowitz et al.

Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a key technique for improving conditional generation in diffusion models, enabling more accurate control while enhancing sample quality. It is natural to extend this technique to video diffusion, which generates video conditioned on a variable number of context frames, collectively referred to as history. However, we find two key challenges to guiding with variable-length history: architectures that only support fixed-size conditioning, and the empirical observation that CFG-style history dropout performs poorly. To address this, we propose the Diffusion Forcing Transformer (DFoT), a video diffusion architecture and theoretically grounded training objective that jointly enable conditioning on a flexible number of history frames. We then introduce History Guidance, a family of guidance methods uniquely enabled by DFoT. We show that its simplest form, vanilla history guidance, already significantly improves video generation quality and temporal consistency. A more advanced method, history guidance across time and frequency further enhances motion dynamics, enables compositional generalization to out-of-distribution history, and can stably roll out extremely long videos. Project website: https://boyuan.space/history-guidance

Maria Juda

The history of publishing in Poland encompasses many issues associated with the emergence and dissemination of printed books. Of fundamental significance to the study of these issues are the records of the publishing output: while we have nearly complete, though still underexamined, records of this output for the period from the 15th to the 18th century, documented in bibliographies and catalogues, the situation is worse when it comes to the 19th and 20th centuries, until the outbreak of the Second World War. In this respect, what we need is not only a continuation, but a radical intensification of bibliographic work. This concerns works published in the Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew and Greek scripts, as well as musical notation. Polish book scholars have devoted a lot of attention to the beginnings of printing in Poland. The historiography concerning various typographic workshops located in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is rich; however, it still requires further extensive studies. Scholars have also been interested in phenomena influ- encing the content structure of printed publications, such as publishing privileges (in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), censorship and restrictions imposed by the partitioning powers and later by Poland’s communist authorities, as a result of which Polish publications had to be printed abroad and an independent publishing movement emerged. The scholars’ research interests have also focused on books as products of printers and publishers and on the publication of written works. Scholars have examined both the various components of the book (title page, printer’s signet, stemmata, etc.) and its editorial composition as a whole. Their undoubted achievements in the studies of the history of publishing in Poland are significant, yet in many areas they need to be continued and expanded (one important task is the edition of sources for the study of the history of Polish publishing) and to investigate the phenomena that stem from developmental tendencies in modern book studies.

Olga Wanicka

Migracja zarobkowa na świecie coraz częściej odbywa się dzięki pomocy nieoficjalnych pośredników, którzy odgrywają znaczącą role wewnątrz zróżnicowanej infrastruktury migracyjnej. Rosnąca niepewność jutra wywołana konfliktami, kryzysami ekonomicznymi, czy pandemią, sprawiły, że migranci coraz częściej szukają zatrudnienia przez Internet, gdzie mikroinfluencerzy stają się aktywnymi pomocnikami, udzielającymi porad osobom poszukującym pracy za granicą. W ostatnich latach takimi aktywnymi pośrednikami w Internecie stali się filipińscy migranci zarobkowi. Migranckie vlogi stają się integralnym elementem wielowymiarowej infrastruktury migracyjnej, ułatwiając transnarodowe pośrednictwo pracy i eksponując problemy związane z koniecznością poruszania się po infrastrukturalnych wymiarach dla podstawowych użytkowników infrastruktury – migrantów. Celem artykułu jest zilustrowanie wielowymiarowości infrastruktury migracyjnej na przykładzie funkcjonowania vloga YouTube. Mimo prób liberalizacji sposobów zarządzania migracją, np. poprzez możliwości szukania zatrudnienia przez Internet, nie doprowadziły one do rozwinięcia samych zdolności migracyjnych jednostek. Migranci muszą współcześnie nawigować przez dodatkowe elementy infrastruktury (vlogi) jak również spotykają się z rosnącą biurokratyzacją samego procesu, co należy uznać za przykład infrastrukturalnej inwolucji (Xiang i Lindquist 2014). Tekst prezentuje wyniki jakościowej analizy treści komentarzy zamieszczanymi pod video filipińskiej vlogerki mieszkającej w Polsce, która na YouTube udziela porad osobom zainteresowanym zatrudnieniem. Wyniki analizy ilustrują wielowymiarowość infrastruktury migracyjnej na przykładzie vloga oraz dowodzą inwolucji infrastrukturalnej wynikającej z rosnącej złożoności potrzeb komentatorów.

Robert van Leeuwen

The early history of string theory is marked by a shift from strong interaction physics to quantum gravity. The first string models and associated theoretical framework were formulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the S-matrix program for the strong interactions. In the mid-1970s, the models were reinterpreted as a potential theory unifying the four fundamental forces. This paper provides a historical analysis of how string theory was developed out of S-matrix physics, aiming to clarify how modern string theory, as a theory detached from experimental data, grew out of an S-matrix program that was strongly dependent upon observable quantities. Surprisingly, the theoretical practice of physicists already turned away from experiment before string theory was recast as a potential unified quantum gravity theory. With the formulation of dual resonance models (the "hadronic string theory"), physicists were able to determine almost all of the models' parameters on the basis of theoretical reasoning. It was this commitment to "non-arbitrariness", i.e., a lack of free parameters in the theory, that initially drove string theorists away from experimental input, and not the practical inaccessibility of experimental data in the context of quantum gravity physics. This is an important observation when assessing the role of experimental data in string theory.

Ryszard Ziaja

In the following article, an attempt is made to define basic approaches for a future successful design of German minority teaching in Poland. On the one hand, reference is made to the thirty-year history and current situation of teaching in Poland and, on the other hand, to the already researched fields of activity of German minority teaching in Eastern Europe. Linguistic as well as cultural and methodological aspects are explored. The contribution should be understood as a scientific suggestion to redefine the term minority language in a didactic context.

Leonid I. Gurvits

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry is a radio astronomy technique distinguished by a record-high angular resolution reaching single-digit microseconds of arc. The paper provides a brief account of the history of developments of this technique over the period 1960s-2020s.

Doreen Fraser, Maria Papageorgiou

The formulation of a measurement theory for relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) has recently been an active area of research. In contrast to the asymptotic measurement framework that was enshrined in QED, the new proposals aim to supply a measurement framework for measurements in local spacetime regions. This paper surveys episodes in the history of quantum theory that contemporary researchers have identified as precursors to their own work and discusses how they laid the groundwork for current approaches to local measurement theory for QFT.

Hans-E. Porst

Not only motivated by the fact that the publication of the GAFT first appeared 60 years ago in print we reconstruct its history and so show that it is no exaggeration to claim that it has appeared already 75 years ago!

Joanna Sobesto

The article presents the life and work of Bolesława Kopelówna, a Polish literary translator who was especially active (and widely criticised) in the interwar years in Poland, and is now almost completely forgotten. The article attempts to answer the following questions: why was Kopelówna so intensely criticised? Why has she disappeared from the collective memory? Why was she so active in the field of translation? And, no less crucially, who was this enigmatic figure of Bolesława Kopelówna? Through an application of microhistorical tools to fragments of Kopelówna’s life and work, I will re/deconstruct her seemingly non-existing archive. Combining interdisciplinary tools from literary history, history and feminist studies, my aim is not only to bring back the voice of a silenced, overlooked, and underestimated translator, but also to encourage other researchers to attempt to fill blank spaces in translation history.

Tomasz Krzyżowski

PLANS FOR THE CREATION OF A NEW CHURCH SLAVIC ARMENIAN CATHOLIC UNION IN POLAND IN THE 1930S In the second half of the 1930s, a group of Old Catholic and Orthodox priests and believers from Zamość Region and Volhynia tried to join the Catholic Church. Ignacy Jan Wysoczański (1901-1975) was the framer of this plan. A new church structure was to be under the jurisdiction of the Armenian archbishop of Lwów, Józef Teodorowicz (1864-1938), who accepted the idea with enthusiasm. Efforts undertaken to achieve the confirmation of the union in 1935 were negatively assessed by the Vatican Congregation for Eastern Churches, mainly due to formal questions, because – according to the canon law and the concordat signed with Poland – priests and believers expressing willingness to join the Catholic Church should be subordinate to the bishop of the place. It soon turned out that Ignacy Wysoczański was a controversial and unsteady person, which ultimately shattered the plan.

Tadeusz Srogosz

Jarosław Król, Piotr Hliwa, Małgorzata Woźniak et al.

The effects of three commercial diets (AF PE and PP) that differed in nutritional value on growth, cannibalism and survival in Eurasian perch post-larvae were performed. Of the feeds used, the PE feed contained a lower level of crude protein and a higher level of crude fat with a higher level of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a lower level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than the AF and PP feeds. Additionally, chemical composition, including the fatty acid (FAs) content of perch body, liver histology and vertebral column anomalies relative to tested diets were analysed. It was shown that the two-month perch fed by diet with the highest fat content and the lowest protein content (PE) achieved significantly higher weight and body length. During the experiment, a relatively higher survival was obtained in perch groups fed with PE and PP feeds. Significantly lower type II intra-cohort cannibalism in perch fed with two diets (PE and PP) was observed, which probably resulted from better assimilation and, consequently, a sense of greater satiety in fish (PE diet) and faster perception by perch of its presence in the experimental system (PP diet). Moreover, the increase in type II cannibalism in perch fed with the AF diet could be due to the poorer palatability of this feed (understood in terms of its availability). The results of our study confirmed the hypothesis that the level of fat in the body of fish depended on the level of crude fat from feed used; however, it was also found that the fatty acid composition of the perch body was irrespective of the content of FAs in the diet used. Our data suggest that differences in the level of proximate and FAs compositions in tested commercial diets do not affect the histological structure of the liver and the prevalence of skeletal malformation in Eurasian perch post-larvae.

Gustavo Rodrigues Rocha, Dean Rickles, Florian J. Boge

It will be presented in this chapter a historical account of the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics based on primary and secondary literature. Firstly, the formalism of the consistent histories approach will be outlined. Secondly, the works by Robert Griffiths and Roland Omnès will be discussed. Griffiths' seminal 1984 paper, the first physicist to have proposed a consistent-histories interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by Omnès' 1990 paper, were instrumental to the consistent-histories model based on Boolean logic. Thirdly, Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle's steps to their own version of consistent-histories approach, motivated by a cosmological perspective, will then be described and evaluated. Gell-Mann and Hartle understood that spontaneous decoherence could path the way to a concrete physical model to Griffiths' consistent histories. Moreover, the collective biography of these figures will be put in the context of the role played by the Santa Fe Institute, co-founded by Gell-Mann in 1984 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Hartle is also a member of the external faculty.

J. Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki

Preface Note on Polish pronunciation List of illustrations List of maps Part I. Poland to 1795: 1. Piast Poland, ?-1385 2. Jagiellonian Poland, 1385-1572 3. The commonwealth of the two nations, 1572-1795 Part II. Poland after 1795: 4. Challenging the partitions, 1795-1864 5. An era of transformation, 1864-1914 6. Independence regained and lost, 1914-45 7. Communism and the Cold War, 1945-89 8. A new republic 1989- Genealogical charts of Polish rulers Lists of heads of state, presidents, communist party leaders, 1918-2000 Bibliography.