I løpet av 1960-tallet skjedde det store moderniseringer i sardinsektoren, som var en del av den norske hermetikkindustrien. I årene etter andre verdenskrig ble det satt i gang omlegginger og forskningsprosjekter som endret industrien. Hermetikkindustriens Teknologforening ble en møteplass for teknisk personell, Hermetikk-og konservindustriens fagskole utdannet fabrikkpersonell, og maskinavdelingen på Hermetikklaboratoriet utviklet maskiner og laget effektiviseringsplaner for sardinfabrikkene. Hermetikklaboratoriet forsket seg frem til en god måte å fryse industriens viktigste råstoff, brisling og småsild, på uten tap av kvalitet. Senere bisto maskinavdelingen i arbeidet med å utruste fryseskip som kunne hente og fryse fisk direkte på fiskefeltet. I tillegg til alle de tekniske fremskrittene ble industriens rammevilkår endret ved nedleggelsen av sentralsystemet. Dette førte til at sardinindustrien kunne utvide produksjonskapasiteten på de enkelte fabrikker og eksportere uten hindringer. Disse faktorene bidro til at 1960- tallet ble tiåret da sardinindustrien kunne legge ned fabrikker og samtidig opprettholde en høy produksjonskapasitet.
Bombus sylvarum (Linnaeus, 1761) belongs to the subgenus Thoracobombus and is one of the 40 bumblebee species that occur in Ukraine. It is widely distributed in the West-Palaearctic region and may be quite common. In Europe B. sylvarum (L.) can be found from central Spain, Sicily, southern Italy, Greece and Turkey in the south (where it is restricted to the mountains), to the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia in the north. To the west it reaches Ireland and northern Portugal, and to the east it reaches Mongolia. The species is absent from all Mediterranean islands except from Sicily. It expanded recently in Sweden, with a progression of 5° latitude northwards, now nearly reaching the Arctic Circle. At the same time, it has become rare in most lowland locations of western and central Europe. Despite this regional regression, the species is not considered to be threatened at a continental scale: Least Concern in the IUCN Red List of European Bees. Its modeled distribution fits moderately to its actual one. (Rasmont, Iserbyt, 2010-2012; Rasmont et al., 2015). All scenarios project a moderate reduction of suitable areas in the south and some extension to the north depending on its dispersal ability. As B. sylvarum (L.) seems to have a quite good dispersal ability, it would not be threatened much by global warming, even if its already precarious situation in the lowlands would become worse (Rasmont et al., 2015). B. sylvarum (L.) is small to medium-sized bumblebee with a medium-length tongue. The species coat colour shows two different forms in Europe, one of which (the form sylvarum) occurs in Ukraine: two large yellowish bands on the thorax, wide yellowish band on abdomen with black band behind it, and a reddish tail intermixed with yellowish narrow bands. It is distributed locally throughout the Ukrainian territory its populations are small everywhere. B. sylvarum (L.) prefers dry habitats, and its abundance in the forest-steppe zone is higher than in the forest zone. It also occurs in steppes, excluding arid regions. In the Ukrainian Carpathians this species does not rise above the upper forest edge (1400-1500 m a.s.l.) (Konovalova, 2010). Phenological rhythms of colonies’ development in regional populations of B. sylvarum (L.) are slightly different in lowland and mountain habitats. In lowlands they start at the end of April and last to the end of July, and in mountains they are shorter, from the end of May to the end of July. Everywhere in Ukraine B. sylvarum prefers the following habitats for nesting and feeding: dry meadows, water meadows, forest edges, steppe, steppe-meadows, forest clearings. A feeding diet of the species includes at least 60 plant species belonging to 15 families. The flowers with long corollas (the plants of Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Boraginaceae) make up more than half of its feeding diet (unpublished data of the author). In the entomological collection of the SMNH, 98 specimens of B. sylvarum (L.) have been deposited, 40 spec. of which belong to the historical collection, which was made within the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. Those were collected in following localities: Ukraine: Lvivska, Ternopilska, Ivano-Frankivska provinces and Poland. Recent collection (58 spec.) has been made between 1998 and 2008. The specimens were collected in following localities: Lvivska, Ternopilska, Volynska, Ivano-Frankivska, Chernivetska, Zakarpatska, Mykolaivska,Chernihivska provinces and Crimea AR. Many specimens have been collected in protected areas as follows: Nature Reserves: Roztochchia, Medobory, Yelanetskyi Step, Yaltynskyi hirsko-lisovyi; National Nature Parks: Pivnichne Podillia, Shatskyi, Prypiat-Stokhid, Halytskyi; ZAK: Koshiv, Holytskyi, Orikhivskyi. The bumblebee specimens were collected by the following collectors: Konovalova I., Rizun V., Yanytskyi T., Shrubovych Yu., Martynov V. All samples are included in the electronic database Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine” .
Through analysis of 50 autoethnographies I interpret international students’ imaginaries of Italy-Florence (South Europe), Finland-Helsinki (North Europe) and what can be called “the cosmopolitan elsewhere”. International students’ imaginary of Finland-Helsinki is very slight; that of Italy-Florence is richer and variously articulated: media images and narratives shape students’ expectations before their arrival in the host country. The Finland-Helsinki country profile is instead associated with a vague idea of Northern Europe and often confused with Scandinavia. The respective autoethnographic passages can be synthetically interpreted as past (Italy) vs. present (Finland). On one side Italy-Florence’s image is almost embedded in a cultural past, on the other Finland-Helsinki’s image is almost severed from its history and is seen more as a geographical entity: the deep and mysterious north. Analysis of secondary sources connected with studying abroad reveals the absence of a clear-cut narrative of what it means to be an international student. Nevertheless, there is a glimpse of a vague cosmopolitan narrative. This story, constructed on a global scale by different actors and institutions upholds the generic validity of studying abroad for both instrumental and expressive reasons, and sees it as an institutionalized rite of passage towards global citizenship.
The articles gives an analytical review of the research findings dedicated to the genetic history of the North and North-East Europe in the last quarter of the 1st – early 2nd millennium AD. By the era of vikings population of Scandinavia could be genetically divided into three local subclusters, such as a)Danish-like, b)Swedish-like and c)Norwegian-like. This clusters partially match the modern boundaries of these countries. During the viking era the gene pools of the local populations started to merge. The most rapid spreading was found in the Danish-like component. Migration processes influenced people in the coastal and main territories. During the viking era West Scandinavia was exposed to migrants from the British Islands. Sweden and Gotland were exposed to the eastern population of Ruthenia and East Baltic region. Danemark and South Sweden were found with individuals of South European origins. During the viking era Scandinavian people were actively moving outside the region. Norwegian immigrants moved to Ireland, the Isle of Man and settled across Iceland and Greenland. Danish immigrants mostly explored Britain. Swedish immigrants spread across the Baltic coast in Estonia and Poland and internal Eastern European plains crossed by river routes. DNA data obtained in Ladoga and Gnezdovo highlight significance of both local and alien Scandinavian population. The Volga-Oka interfluve population in the first half of the 1st millennium AD was genetically close to the west Finno-Ugric people and revealed a lot of the West Siberia component in its gene pool. The early Medieval Russian colonization led to a different genetic group in this area. It was related to the contemporary Belarusians, Ukrainians and Ryazan Russians. In 900s–1200s Slavic ancestors co-existed with Finno-Ugric people in the Volga-Oka interfluve. Unlike the Old Ladoga and Gnezdovo Scandinavian genetics was not found here. The West Ingria lacks genome-wide data. Y-chromosome researches suggest that the early Medieval Russians appeared here as late as in 1000s–1100s. By the late 1200s they had mixed with the local Finnish population. Novgorod sopkas and Pskov long kurgans cultures have not yet had ancient DNA data obtained. Such data could have thrown light on the history of Slavic migrations across the North-West Ruthenia. The viking era migrations finished and led to the migrants’ genes being absorbed by locals from the internal Scandinavia. In the same way, outside Scandinavia Scandinavians’ genes were absorbed. In 1200s Slavic colonists’ ancestors absorbed ancestors of the local Finno-Ugric populations in the Volga-Oka interfluve. These mixed gene pools resulted in the contemporary Russians from this region being far from Belarusians and Ukrainians. The Finno-Ugric enclaves lasted in the West Ingria.
This co-written article approaches the influential Lithuanian writer and playwright Marius Ivaškevičius’s essay series My Scandinavia (2004) from two different vantage points reflecting either side of the former ‘Iron Curtain’. Published in the year when Lithuania joined the European Union, the essay series describes the narrator’s travels and symbolic and ironic conquest of Northern Europe in the wake of the border openings following the collapse of the Soviet Union. First, employing the notions of “temporal” and “spatial nodes” (Ringgard & DuBois 2017), the article addresses how the crossings of the Baltic Sea and journeys through Northern Europe depicted in Ivaškevičius’s essays represent an awareness of significant shifts in the unfolding of European history and Europe’s spatial configuration. Second, the article reads My Scandinavia as an example of creative map-making in line with theories of critical cartography. Finally, the article puts the travelling subject in My Scandinavia centre stage, looking at the dialectic ways in which subject and place create each other. Just as Scandinavia has been actively moulding the narrating and, by implication, also the writing subject’s biography, so has he given Scandinavia shape through his discourse, while also idiosyncratically framing Europe’s shifting political and mental geography.
Abstract Background Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J is the third most frequent haplogroup in modern‐day Scandinavia, although it did not originate there. To infer the genetic history of haplogroup J in Scandinavia, we examined worldwide mitogenome sequences using a maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic approach. Methods Haplogroup J mitogenome sequences were gathered from GenBank (n = 2245) and aligned against the ancestral Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence. We also analyzed haplogroup J Viking Age sequences from the European Nucleotide Archive (n = 54). Genetic distances were estimated from these data and projected onto a maximum likelihood rooted phylogenetic tree to analyze clustering and branching dates. Results Haplogroup J originated approximately 42.6 kya (95% CI: 30.0–64.7), with several of its earliest branches being found within the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa. J1b was found most frequently in the Near East and Arabian Peninsula, while J1c occurred most frequently in Europe. Based on phylogenetic dating, subhaplogroup J1c has its early roots in the Mediterranean and Western Balkans. Otherwise, the majority of the branches found in Scandinavia are younger than those seen elsewhere, indicating that haplogroup J dispersed relatively recently into Northern Europe, most plausibly with Neolithic farmers. Conclusions Haplogroup J appeared when Scandinavia was transitioning to agriculture over 6 kya, with J1c being the most common lineage there today. Changes in the distribution of haplogroup J mtDNAs were likely driven by the expansion of farming from West Asia into Southern Europe, followed by a later expansion into Scandinavia, with other J subhaplogroups appearing among Scandinavian groups as early as the Viking Age.
Daniel Chartier. 2018. Hvad er forestillingen om det nordlige? Etiske principper. Flersproget udgave på dansk, men også på norsk, svensk, russisk, fransk, engelsk og nordsamisk. [Original title: Qu'est-ce que l'imaginaire du Nord? Principes éthiques.] Harstad: Arctic Arts Summit / Montréal: Imaginaire | Nord. 157 pages. ISBN: 9782923385280.
History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia, Language and Literature
Philip Hellwege’s edited volume on the history of mutual insurance, or lack thereof, within professional guilds across Europe is already the seventh volume in his Comparative Studies in the History of Insurance Law. The series derives from his European Research Council funded project A Comparative History of Insurance Law in Europe, in which the development of insurance in its manifold forms is explicitly researched from a comparative perspective. At the time of writing this review, volume fifteen has very recently appeared, testifying to the enormous productivity of Hellwege and his large team. The chapters in the book are divided geographically, with Hellwege writing an introductory text and the comparative conclusion (alongside a chapter on Germany). In order, the book contains chapters on the Southern Low Countries/ Belgium, the Northern Low Countries/The Netherlands, Germany, England, Scandinavia, France, Italy, Spain, Poland and Hungary. In the introduction, Hellwege explains (20) that he had considered various formats for the order of chapters, but in the end decided on this order, without explaining the reasons. This is unfortunate, as indeed multiple options could have been considered. Hellwege, writing from a German perspective, provides a most fascinating historiographical introduction on the link between guild support and (mutual) insurance. He explains that most German authors have seen three roots of insurance: first, marine insurance as the origin of commercial insurance; second, cooperative protection within guilds; and third, state-run insurance schemes developed from the seventeenth century onwards, the latter two as the origin for fire and life insurance. This provides a more sophisticated form of argumentation than the English-language literature, which most often teleologically presents marine insurance as the source of all forms of insurance. The German literature, while also flawed (as Hellwege points out in his chapter on Germany), therefore offers a more nuanced introduction to the problem of guilds and insurance. Why not then start with Germany and move thence to Poland? Hellwege and Jakub Pokoj (in his chapter on Poland) offer most interesting comparisons between the two case studies; moreover, this restructuring would move the contributions on the Low Countries and England deeper into the volume, thereby helping to avoid (however inadvertently) privileging Western over Southern and Central Europe. Hellwege, in his introduction, writes that the questions underlying the volume are
In northern Europe, a long history of human exploitation effectively eliminated legacies of natural disturbances in mixed oak forests and we currently lack understanding of the role of natural disturbance factors in affecting oak regeneration into the forest canopies. We compiled dendrochronological, observational and paleochronological data from Southern Sweden to discuss the role of forest fires in oak (Quercus spp.) dynamics. We analyzed oak age structure and its growth dynamics in six southern Swedish forests, which experienced fires between 42 and 158 years prior to our sampling. Extending our analysis over longer time frames, we studied the relationship between sediment charcoal and oak pollen in an area of south-eastern Sweden, where oak has been a common canopy species. In three of the study sites, forest fires resulted in increased oak regeneration. Although fires were generally not associated with a wave of growth releases in surviving trees, the mean basal area growth rate of oaks increased by a range of 108% to 176%, following the fires. The overall pattern indicated that historical fires in oak-dominated forests were of low severity, did not kill canopy oaks, and yet provided a window of regeneration opportunities for that species. Post-fire sprouting of oak and an increase in oak seedling densities following modern prescribed fires are consistent with this explanation. Consistent with this conclusion were significant positive correlations between charcoal concentration and the oak pollen percentage in a site in southeastern Sweden. We discuss the co-occurrence of oak and pine in the historical southern Swedish landscape, as a possible analogy to eastern North American oak-pine forests. Modern conservation policies aimed at the preservation of oak in the southern Swedish landscape should consider the use of low severity fires to maintain natural oak regeneration.
Sammendrag
Et sentralt spørsmål i forskning om norsk lensvesen er når og hvorvidt stedlige lensforvaltere, fogder, ble omvandlet fra lensherretjenere til kongelige embetsmenn. Selv om det har vært noe debatt om akkurat når prosessen ble sluttført, er historikere stort sett enige om at den begynte først etter reformasjonen og skjøt fart mot slutten av 1500-tallet. Spørsmålet er likeså relevant for studiet av forvaltningen av Færøyene, et norsk kongelig skattland og len, på 1500-tallet. Mens noen mener at fogden var lensherrens private tjener, hevder andre at han var kongens direkte underordnede ombudsmann. Denne artikkelen drøfter disse ulike oppfatningene. Fokuset ligger på det tidlige 1500-tallet, da lensforhold på Færøyene var i forandring. Det hevdes at kongen gjorde tydelige inngrep i færøysk forvaltning, og at fogder var «kongelige majestets fogder» tidligere enn deres motparter i Norge.
Two aims are pursued in this paper. On the one hand, a connecting line between the novels and the essay work of Ludwig Winder should be shown here by way of example, based on the journalistic treatment of 'people of will and power' who are also central to Winder's novels. On the other hand, based on selected journalistic articles in the Deutsche Zeitung Bohemia (DZB), Winder is to be anchored in the cultural and political milieu of the first Czechoslovak Republic. Both goals should arrive to one conclusion: For Ludwig Winder, many more cultural-political contexts are relevant, than just the few in which his writing to date, primarily in Jewish and German literature in Prague, has been put. The context the relevance of which for Winder is outlined in this article is the one that unfolds from the position of a journalist from Czechoslovakia who writes in German (taking into account, however, the culture, politics and literature in Czech language too).
Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages, History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia
ABSTRACT: This article compares the protagonists’ identity constitution in the novels
Og sådan blev det (2013) [And so it turned out] by Maren Uthaug (2013) and Medicine Walk by Richard Wagamese (2014). Indigenous identity is historically and theoretically framed by political discourses and postcolonial theory. Indigenous concepts of land and story, concepts of cultural memory, western postmodern subject philosophy, and Indigenous research methods serve as a basis to explain the characters’ success in constituting their individual
Indigenous identity within ethnically and culturally diverse communities while finding
ways of mutual understanding, bridging the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
People. The novels suggest visionary but realistic ways of constituting Indigenous
identity in transcultural communities and convey ethical values fundamental to all
human beings—regardless of ethnicity and culture.
History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia, Language and Literature
IntroductionWhite bryony, Bryonia alba L., is a relatively little known plant in the history of folk medicine and folk botany in eastern and northern Europe. The main aim of this article is to bring together data about Bryonia alba and to summarise its cultural history and folk botanical importance in eastern and northern Europe. Nowadays, this species is considered at best as an ornamental plant, and at worst as a noxious weed. However, ethnographic and historical sources show that it used to be of magical, medicinal and ritual importance in our part of Europe.MethodsA diachronic perspective was chosen in order to outline and analyse the devolution and changes in the use of B. alba, in the course of which we take into account the social, ecological and chemical aspects of the usage of this plant. We have therefore traced down and analysed published sources such as ethnographical descriptions, floras, linguistic records and topographical descriptions from northern and central-eastern Europe, particularly Scandinavia, Baltic States, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and the Balkan Peninsula. The analysed material is presented and discussed within the biocultural domains that developed in the interaction between human societies and Bryonia alba.Results and discussionBryonia alba has many folk names in northern and central-eastern parts of Europe: some of them refer to its medicinal properties, life form, odour, or toxicity; others to its possession by the devil. As we learn, Bryonia alba was an inexpensive surrogate for mandrake (Mandragora officinarum L.) and sold as such in the discussed parts of Europe. The folklore and medicinal properties ascribed to mandrake were passed on to white bryony due to an apparent resemblance of the roots. In ethnographic descriptions, we find a mixture of booklore, i.e. written traditions, and oral traditions concerning this species. Some of this folklore must have been an alternative stories spread by swindlers who wished to sell fake mandrake roots to people.ConclusionsPlant monographs and reviews of particular species tend to concentrate on the botanicals, which might have great useful potential. White bryony presents a precisely opposite example, being a plant that used to be of medicinal relevance and was furnished with symbolical meaning, and has nowadays preserved only its ornamental value among some urban and rural dwellers of northern Europe. Nonetheless, it might be considered as a part of the biocultural heritage in old, well-preserved gardens. It is still used as a medicine in some parts of the Balkan Peninsula.
This three-volume publication presents an up-to-date overview on the human colonisation of Northern Europe across the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Scandinavia, the Eastern Baltic and Great Britain. Volume 1, Ecology of early settlement in Northern Europe, is a collection of 17 articles focusing on subsistence strategies and technologies, ecology and resource availability and demography in relation to different ecological niches. It is structured according to three geographic regions, the Skagerrak-Kattegat, the Baltic Region and the North Sea/Norwegian Sea, while its temporal focus is Late Glacial and Postglacial archaeology, c. 11000–5000 cal BC. These regions are particularly interesting given the long research history, which goes back as far as the nineteenth century (see Gron & Rowley-Conwy 2018), and the numerous environmental changes that have taken place throughout the Holocene: the presence of ice until c. 7500 cal BC, isostatic rebound alongside sea-level rise and the formation of the Baltic Sea, all of which have contributed to the preservation of outstanding archaeology.