Hasil untuk "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering"

Nitin Thombre, Pritesh Patil, Ankita Yadav et al.

Abstract The textile industry is one of the important and largest industry that consumes major chunk of the water in the world. This industry produces a large amount of wastewater during the processes such as sizing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. The used water produced after such processes affects the environment heavily due to its composition such as mineral salts and oils present in suspended state, metals and metal complexes, dyes, various chemicals, some readily-biodegradable products and some constituents that are hard to biodegrade. The treatment of such hazardous effluent to reuse the water in certain water demanding processes is essential. Considering the worldwide application of the textiles, the appropriate management of water resources in the sector includes the treatment of effluent by efficient technology and the reuse of the water. This article displays an overview of waste management during textile industrial processes. It aims at giving oversight on waste minimization and reuse along with wastewater treatment methods. It also involves the cross-utilization of effluent between processes for achieving water efficiency. This review covers advanced waterless textile dyeing processes, zero liquid discharge techniques, advanced oxidation processes, biological treatment methods, which can be a sustainable and greener approach to reducing the waste generation.

Kun Huang, Shuoshuo Hu, Yilin Zhou et al.

Introduction: Adult exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may reduce muscle mass and strength; however, few studies considered EDC mixtures and their potential mechanisms. Objectives: We aimed to explore associations of EDC mixtures with adult muscle mass and strength, the modifying effects of diet and exercise, as well as the potential metabolic perturbations through plasma metabolome. Methods: We included 127 adults from a panel study that repeated measures across 3 seasons. We measured 110 EDCs spanning 12 groups in plasma and urine, along with the plasma metabolome. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), Bayesian weighted quantile sum regression, and quantile-based g-computation were employed to assess the mixture effects and relative contributions. Key EDCs were defined as those with weights exceeding the group average in at least two models. Stratified analyses were employed to investigate the modifying effects of diet and exercise. A meet-in-the-middle (MITM) approach was applied to characterize the underlying mechanisms. Results: BKMR results revealed significant negative associations between 7 EDC groups and both appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and hand-grip strength (HGS), namely per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphate pesticides, bisphenols, neonicotinoids, atrazine, and parabens. Three multi-exposure models identified 22 and 17 key EDCs linked to decreased ASM and HGS, respectively. Mixtures of these key EDCs were associated with decreases in both ASM and HGS, with significantly attenuated effects observed among participants with healthy diets or regular exercise. MITM approach identified overlapping pathways linking key EDC mixtures to ASM, including arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism. Key EDC Mixtures were negatively associated with glycocyamine, which was positively associated with ASM. Conclusions: Adult exposure to EDC mixtures was linked to reduced ASM and HGS, whereas healthy diets and regular exercise mitigated such impairment. Downregulated glycocyamine and altered fatty acid metabolism were potential mechanisms underlying the decreased ASM.

Gengyang Li, Mason Peng, Qingguo Huang et al.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have drawn public concern recently due to their toxic properties and persistence in the environment, making it urgent to eliminate PFAS from contaminated water. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) has shown great promise for the destructive treatment of PFAS with direct electron transfer and hydroxyl radical (⋅OH)-mediated indirect reactions. One of the most popular electrodes is Magnéli phase titanium suboxides. However, the degradation mechanisms of PFAS are still unsure and are under investigation now. The main methodology is the first-principal density functional theory (DFT) computation, which is recently used to explore the degradation mechanisms and interpret by-product formation during PFAS mineralization. From the literature review, the main applications of DFT computation for studying PFAS degradation mechanisms by EO include bond dissociation energy, absorption energy, activation energy, and overpotential η for oxygen evolution reactions. The main degradation mechanisms and pathways of PFAS in the EO process include mass transfer, direct electron transfer, decarboxylation, peroxyl radical generation, hydroxylation, intramolecular rearrangement, and hydrolysis. In the recent 4 years, 11 papers performed DFT computation to explore the possible PFAS degradation mechanisms and pathways in the EO process. This paper’s objectives are to: 1) summarize the main degradation mechanisms of PFAS degradation in EO; 2) review the application of DFT computation for studying PFAS degradation mechanisms during EO; process; 3) review the possible degradation pathways of perfluorooctane sulfonoic acid (PFOS) and per-fluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) during EO process.

Tobias Heimann, Lara-Sophie Wähling, Tomke Honkomp et al.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a crucial element in most modelling studies on emission pathways of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to limit global warming. BECCS can substitute fossil fuels in energy production and reduce CO _2 emissions, while using biomass for energy production can have feedback effects on land use, agricultural and forest products markets, as well as biodiversity and water resources. To assess the former pros and cons of BECCS deployment, interdisciplinary model approaches require detailed estimates of technological information related to BECCS production technologies. Current estimates of the cost structure and capture potential of BECCS vary widely due to the absence of large-scale production. To obtain more precise estimates, a global online expert survey ( N = 32) was conducted including questions on the regional development potential and biomass use of BECCS, as well as the future operating costs, capture potential, and scalability in different application sectors. In general, the experts consider the implementation of BECCS in Europe and North America to be very promising and regard BECCS application in the liquid biofuel industry and thermal power generation as very likely. The results show significant differences depending on whether the experts work in the Global North or the Global South. Thus, the findings underline the importance of including experts from the Global South in discussions on carbon dioxide removal methods. Regarding technical estimates, the operating costs of BECCS in thermal power generation were estimated in the range of 100–200 USD/tCO _2 , while the CO _2 capture potential was estimated to be 50–200 MtCO _2 yr ^−1 by 2030, with cost-efficiency gains of 20% by 2050 due to technological progress. Whereas the individuals’ experts provided more precise estimates, the overall distribution of estimates reflected the wide range of estimates found in the literature. For the cost shares within BECCS, it was difficult to obtain consistent estimates. However, due to very few current alternative estimates, the results are an important step for modelling the production sector of BECCS in interdisciplinary models that analyse cross-dimensional trade-offs and long-term sustainability.

N. Shenode

Abstract: Improper disposal of sanitary pads contributes to environmental pollution, landfill accumulation, and public health risks due to non-biodegradable materials and potential pathogen transmission. This study proposes an innovative sanitary pad shredding and incineration system designed to minimize environmental impact while ensuring safe and efficient waste management. Through laboratory experiments, prototype testing, and stakeholder surveys conducted over a 3-year period (2022– 2025), we evaluated the system’s efficiency in reducing waste volume, neutralizing pathogens, and minimizing emissions. Results indicate that the proposed system achieves a 90% reduction in waste volume, 99.9% pathogen elimination, and compliance with air quality standards (PM2.5 < 25 µg/m³). Socio-economic assessments revealed that 70% of potential users (schools, hospitals, and communities) face barriers⅓ barriers to adoption due to high initial costs and lack of awareness. We propose cost-effective scaling strategies, including subsidies and awareness campaigns, to enhance system adoption. This research underscores the potential of the shredding-incineration system to address sanitary waste challenges while promoting environmental sustainability

Dr. Nitin Ganorkar

Eco-friendly menstrual hygiene products are becoming more popular due to growing awareness of sustainable consumerism, especially when they are available through subscription-based delivery models. This study looks at consumer demand for environmentally friendly sanitary products and assesses the impact of subscription services on long-term loyalty and adoption. A mixed-methods approach was used to gather data from 150 female consumers between the ages of 18 and 45, as well as interviews with 20 industry experts and secondary market sources. Strong willingness to subscribe is revealed by quantitative analysis and thematic interpretation, motivated by cost effectiveness, convenience, and environmental concern. Higher initial costs and fewer product options, however, continue to be major obstacles. Results show that subscription models greatly improve customer retention, underscoring their potential to increase the adoption of sustainable menstrual hygiene. The study concludes that affordability, awareness, and transparent supply chains are essential for scaling eco-friendly sanitary products and supporting sustainable market growth.

Edewor Akpezi Okiemute

The paper focuses on environmental modification resulting from urban hazardous ecological impact induced by humans who are the most potent and fundamental agents of environmental alteration, exponential population growth, industrialization, poor sanitary conditions and general environmental depletion activities, thereby contributing to the decline of environmental quality. Thus, advancing mitigation and adaptation strategies to ameliorate environmental degradation. To provide an in- depth analysis of the subject matter, literature was reviewed while situating the research on a conceptual framework based on environmental possibilism, determinism and carrying capacity. Human activities which are the major ecological transformation agent in the urban area, can also be measured in terms of the biologically productive natural resources (land, water, air soils and the biologically active sphere). The study therefore recommends that social impact assessment, as well as environmental impact assessment, must be carried out to regulate man’s activities to mitigate environmental decline. These measures will safeguard, protect and conserve the environment and improve its quality to forestall indiscriminate damage.

Anvar Kodirov, Umeda Tolibzoda, Farzona Nazhmudinova et al.

The conducted research is aimed at assessing the chemical composition of groundwater and developing an effective technology for its disinfection. It was found that in most points the water quality indicators comply with the standards, however, in some places there were recorded exceedances in a number of parameters. As a solution, a purification technology using coagulants and bentonite clays is proposed, which reduces the concentration of pollutants and improves the sanitary characteristics of water. The method is easy to use, environmentally friendly and can be recommended for implementation at the main points of water intake. Its use will ensure a sustainable water supply, reduce environmental risks, and improve the effectiveness of monitoring and management of groundwater resources in the study area.

Anna Andraka, Marzanna Andraka, Andrzej Butarewicz et al.

Microbiological tests of the air in selected rooms of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences of the Białystok University of Technology were carried out from September 2023 to April 2024. The total number of psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria, the number of actinobacteria, the number of Staphylococci, and the total number of fungi were determined in the tested air. Measurements were made using two methods: the impact method and the sedimentation method. For the assessment of microbiological air quality, the higher result of the number of bacteria or fungi calculated on the basis of the two air measurement methods was selected. The obtained results indicate the periodic occurrence of mannitol-positive and mannitol-negative Staphylococci in the tested air, which indicates a sanitary threat to students and employees staying in these rooms. It is essential to introduce air disinfection using UVC air-flow lamps, especially in teaching rooms.

Shreyas Dnyaneshwar Harishchandre, Prof. Atul A. Joshi

Abstract: The disposal of sanitary pads presents a pressing challenge due to social, cultural, and religious factors hindering menstrual hygiene management. Despite increased awareness efforts, improper disposal practices persist, leading to environmental contamination and health hazards. Sanitary pads, when discarded inappropriately, contribute to the spread of diseases and pollution, with their decomposition releasing microplastics and toxins into the environment. Urgent action, including the adoption of proper disposal methods like incinerators, is essential to address this issue and prevent future repercussions on public health and the environment.

Lorenzo Pedroni, Daniel Zocchi Doherty, Chiara Dall’Asta et al.

Mycotoxins are known environmental pollutants that may contaminate food and feed chains. Some mycotoxins are regulated in many countries to limit the trading of contaminated and harmful commodities. However, the so-called emerging mycotoxins are poorly understood and need to be investigated further. Fusaric acid is an emerging mycotoxin, noxious to plants and animals, but is known to be less toxic to plants when hydroxylated. The detoxification routes effective in animals have not been elucidated yet. In this context, this study integrated in silico and in vitro techniques to discover potential bioremediation routes to turn fusaric acid to its less toxic metabolites. The toxicodynamics of these forms in humans have also been addressed. An in silico screening process, followed by molecular docking and dynamics studies, identified CYP199A4 from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 as a potential fusaric acid biotransforming enzyme. Its activity was confirmed in vitro. However, the effect of hydroxylation seemed to have a limited impact on the modelled toxicodynamics against human targets. This study represents a starting point to develop a hybrid in silico/in vitro pipeline to find bioremediation agents for other food, feed and environmental contaminants.

Roberto Castro-Muñoz

Today, chemistry and nanotechnology cover molecular separations in liquid and gas states by aiding in the design of new nano-sized materials. In this regard, the synthesis and application of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are current fields of research in which structurally defined 2D materials are being used in membrane separation either in self-standing membranes or composites with polymer phases. For instance, pervaporation (PV), as a highly selective technology for liquid separation, benefits from using 2D materials to selectively transport water or other solvent molecules. Therefore, this review paper offers an interesting update in revising the ongoing progress of PV membranes using 2D materials in several applications, including solvent purification (the removal of water from organic systems), organics removal (the removal of organic molecules diluted in water systems), and desalination (selective water transport from seawater). In general, recent reports from the past 3 years have been discussed and analyzed. Attention has been devoted to the proposed strategies and fabrication of membranes for the inclusion of 2D materials into polymer phases. Finally, the future trends and current research gaps are declared for the scientists in the field.

Anjali Bhardwaj, Dr. Shalini Juneja

Menstrual hygiene is a vital health issue affecting millions of women and girls globally, impacting their physical health, dignity, and participation in various social, educational, and economic activities (Sommer et. al., 2016). Traditional sanitary pads, predominantly composed of non-biodegradable plastics and synthetic fibres, pose severe environmental challenges, taking hundreds of years to decompose and contributing to significant waste (Garside & Sutherland, 2019). These conventional products lead to landfill overload, water pollution, air pollution from incineration, and related health hazards (Smith, 2020). Additionally, the economic and social barriers posed by the high cost of these products disrupt education, workplace participation, and perpetuate social stigmas (Kuhlmann, 2018). This paper examines the use of adaptable materials to create sustainable sanitary pads, focusing on innovative materials like biodegradable and reusable options (White & O'Neill, 2021). It highlights the potential for technological advancements to revolutionize menstrual hygiene management, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health, gender equality, responsible consumption, and climate action (United Nations, 2021). The paper also presents case studies of successful initiatives worldwide, addressing challenges and proposing solutions to promote widespread adoption of sustainable menstrual hygiene products (Chaudhary & Dhawan, 2022). Through collaborative efforts in education, policy-making, and community engagement, sustainable sanitary pads can contribute significantly to a healthier, more equitable, and environmentally friendly future (Jones, 2023).

Mr. Hemanth Kumar

Our project, the Smart Sanitary Napkins vending machine, is an innovative solution that combines the functionalities of dispensing sanitary pads and medicines while incorporating advanced features for user convenience. Utilizing Arduino, LCD display, keypad, RFID technology, DC motor, and Node MCU, we've developed a robust system that enhances accessibility and usability. At its core, our vending machine boasts a user-friendly interface, featuring an LCD display and keypad for seamless interaction. Users can easily navigate through the menu to select and purchase either sanitary pads or medicines according to their specific needs. The integration of RFID technology ensures secure user authentication, granting access only to authorized individuals. The dispensing mechanism is driven by a precise DC motor, guaranteeing accurate and controlled distribution of sanitary pads and medicines. Additionally, we've incorporated a disposal unit to promote environmental sustainability by facilitating proper disposal of used sanitary pads. Keywords--- Arduino, LCD display, keypad, RFID technology, DC motor,

Y. Ivanyushin, M. V. Obuhova, V. I. Mironov

This paper is dedicated to the issues of human activity on sanitary ‘frontier’ from antiquity to present. The structure of the article is determined by the initially put forward hypothesis about the unconditional relationship between the stages of civilizational development and technical level of sewers of ‘frontier’ states: centers of science, technology, and culture. We used systemic approach: development of sewerage systems was analyzed chronologically; the importance of environmental engineering “city-river” systems were noted; and the stages of formation of sewers in the largest centers at industrial era, as well as the need for their modernization in connection with deterioration of environmental situation and corresponding demand of society were considered separately. Although contemporary sewer systems are one of the most amazing inventions of mankind, the contradictions inherent to these systems have not yet been resolved on a global scale. The authors conclude that many of the problems that faced the largest cities in developed countries in the past are now facing the capitals and agglomerations of developing countries. Echoes of the medieval unsanitary conditions can be found everywhere in today’s settlements, and sewer systems of the world’s largest industrial centers often correspond to Victorian London in the level of development and perfection. There is an increasing need for a fundamentally new approach to organizing engineering systems while maintaining and, in some cases, increasing the level of hygiene and sanitation. Digital technologies will become increasingly important. The paper is intended for the readers interested in development of certain areas of management, – in this case it is the sphere of sewerage, – and their impact on the human habitat.

Ivan Burdenyuk, Аndrii Masikevych, K. Dombrovskyi et al.

This study aimed to spatially assess the ecological state of the upper Siret River basin in Ukraine, along with its main tributaries, using physicochemical and microbiological indicators. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of anthropogenic activities on surface water quality in the region. The research spanned one year, with nine sampling points ranging from the Siret River sources in the Pokutsko-Bukovynian Carpathians to the Romania border crossing area. Notably, a significant portion of the upper basin lies within the Vyzhnytskyi National Nature Park. Physi - cochemical analysis involved measuring pH, water turbidity, and concentrations of NH 4+ , NO 3-, and CI - ions. Mi-crobiological analysis focused on total and fecal bacteria, specifically E. coli species. Results revealed a significant correlation between population density, the absence of centralized sewage treatment facilities in large settlements, and the level of surface water pollution in the Ukrainian segment of the Siret River basin. The upper part of the river network, where the Vyzhnytskyi National Nature Park is located, displayed the cleanest waters. Downstream, surface water pollution increased, particularly near certain points outside large settlements and tourist complexes (Myhove, Berehomet, and Storozhynets). Our findings highlight the importance of using microbiological indica - tors to monitor the ecological state of Danube sources in the Eastern Carpathians.

Pablo López-Porfiri, Sebastián Ramos-Paredes, Patricio Núñez et al.

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) is constantly acknowledged in the research literature as a promising technology for the future of desalination, with an increasing number of studies reported year after year. However, real MD applications still lag behind with only a few pilot-plant tests worldwide. The lack of technology transfer from academia to industry is caused by important gaps between its fundamental basis and the process design. Herein, we explore critical disconnections by conducting coupled mass and heat transfer modeling and MD simulations; we use well-known MD mass and heat transfer equations to model and simulate flux over a typical MD membrane for different geometries, areas, and operational conditions in direct contact configuration. From the analysis of the results, we propose research guidelines and process development strategies, and construct an MD module performance curve. From this graph, permeate flow rate, thermal energy consumption and outlet temperatures can be determined for given feed inlet conditions (temperature and concentration). Comprehensive tools such as this MD module curve and good communication between membrane developers and process engineers are required to accelerate the process of bringing the MD technology from a still-emerging status to a maturity level.

Haider K. AMMASH, Noora N. SHAFFAF

Based on the experimental test results of the authors, this investigation is concerned with the finite element analysis to examine and compare the load values and failure modes of the authors’ results. This research was conducted using the Abaqus software. The experimental work included the fabrication of twelve plate girders with honeycomb and flat web plate corrugation patterns, which were then tested under a single concentrated load at the midspan. According to the corrugation dimension or outer honeycomb web thickness, the honeycomb steel plate web girder is divided into three groups (60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm). The specimens also involved plate girders with a flat web. The specimens were created with three lengths (600 mm, 1,200 mm and 1,800 mm). The Abaqus software was used in finite element models to simulate the concentrated load. The numerical results demonstrated that the 60 mm thick honeycomb web provides a greater load-bearing capacity and shear strength than other girders. The 20 mm honeycomb corrugation on the steel plate girder indicates the increased and improved shear resistance. The conclusion was that as the width of the corrugation increased, so did the steel web’s ultimate load and shear strength, resulting in a positive relationship between the critical shear buckling load of the web and the moment of inertia at the strong axis. When the dimension of the corrugation increases, the moment of inertia of the Y axis (Iy) decreases; thus, the plate girder will fail with a less critical buckling load (Pcr). Also, it can be concluded that as the steel plate thickness of the honeycomb web increases, the shear resistance increases as well. However, the spacing between the intermediate stiffener or the horizontal spacing of the web panel can enhance the shear resistance of honeycomb web girder if it was decreased due to increasing the action of tension field force that resists the diagonal tension developed at the web panel by the applied midspan concentrated force.

Fernando Quintana Coronado, Carlos Alberto Alva Huapaya

Ritika Pandey, S.P. Joshi, Bhavesh D. Nanda et al.

Menstrual hygiene is important but discarding sanitary waste results in significant environmental and health risks. Poor disposal methods increase the amount of non- biodegradable waste in landfills and endanger human health. This research paper introduces M-Care, a revolutionary program that uses a comprehensive system to integrate smart technology, community participation and waste upcycling to solve the urgent problem of sanitary waste management. The M-Care project is a key step towards sustainable management of menstrual hygiene and can have a significant impact on upcycling and waste. It aims to change waste management practices through awareness campaigns and community engagement, leading to a cleaner environment and better public health. This study provides a significant overview of the creation, use and impact of the M-Care system and highlights its potential as a prototype for environmentally friendly waste management strategies.