Hasil untuk "America"

J. Metlay, G. Waterer, Ann C. Long et al.

Background: This document provides evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel conducted pragmatic systematic reviews of the relevant research and applied Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology for clinical recommendations. Results: The panel addressed 16 specific areas for recommendations spanning questions of diagnostic testing, determination of site of care, selection of initial empiric antibiotic therapy, and subsequent management decisions. Although some recommendations remain unchanged from the 2007 guideline, the availability of results from new therapeutic trials and epidemiological investigations led to revised recommendations for empiric treatment strategies and additional management decisions. Conclusions: The panel formulated and provided the rationale for recommendations on selected diagnostic and treatment strategies for adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

L. C. Mcdonald, D. Gerding, Stuart Johnson et al.

A. Tocqueville

Abridged, with an Introduction by Patrick Renshaw. Democracy in America is a classic of political philosophy. Hailed by John Stuart Mill and Horace Greely as the finest book ever written on the nature of democracy, it continues to be an influential text on both sides of the Atlantic, above all in the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe. De Tocqueville examines the structures, institutions and operation of democracy, and shows how Europe can learn from American success and failures. His central theme is the advancement of the rule of the people, but he also predicts that slavery will bring about the 'most horrible of civil wars', foresees that the USA and Russia will be the Superpowers of the twentieth century, and is 150 years ahead of his time in his views on the position and importance of women.

L. McDonald, D. Gerding, Stuart Johnson et al.

T. Barlam, S. Cosgrove, L. Abbo et al.

G. William Domhoff

Introduction 1. Class and Power in America 2. The Corporate Community 3. The Corporate Community and the Upper Class 4. The Policy-Planning Network 5. The Role of Public Opinion 6. Parties and Elections 7. How the Power Elite Dominates Government 8. The Big Picture Appendix A: How To Do Research on Power Appendix B: Indicators of Upper-Class Standing

C. Marras, J. Beck, J. Bower et al.

Estimates of the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in North America have varied widely and many estimates are based on small numbers of cases and from small regional subpopulations. We sought to estimate the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in North America by combining data from a multi-study sampling strategy in diverse geographic regions and/or data sources. Five separate cohort studies in California (2), Minnesota (1), Hawaii USA (1), and Ontario, Canada (1) estimated the prevalence of PD from health-care records (3), active ascertainment through facilities, large group, and neurology practices (1), and longitudinal follow-up of a population cohort (1). US Medicare program data provided complementary estimates for the corresponding regions. Using our age- and sex-specific meta-estimates from California, Minnesota, and Ontario and the US population structure from 2010, we estimate the overall prevalence of PD among those aged ≥45 years to be 572 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval 537–614) that there were 680,000 individuals in the US aged ≥45 years with PD in 2010 and that that number will rise to approximately 930,000 in 2020 and 1,238,000 in 2030 based on the US Census Bureau population projections. Regional variations in prevalence were also observed in both the project results and the Medicare-based calculations with which they were compared. The estimates generated by the Hawaiian study were lower across age categories. These estimates can guide health-care planning but should be considered minimum estimates. Some heterogeneity exists that remains to be understood. A large study that combines data from five different projects in four different regions across North America provides an updated estimate of the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Connie Marras at Toronto Western Hospital in Canada and colleagues found that PD prevalence among individuals over 45 years of age is higher among men than women and that it increases with age in both sexes. They estimate that the overall prevalence of PD is 572 per 100,000 and that in the US in 2010 there were 680,000 individuals with PD. As life expectancy increases this number is projected to increase to over one million by 2030. These figures, which the authors note should be considered minimum prevalence estimates, warn of the impact that PD will have on North America’s healthcare systems in the near future.

G. L.

H. Boucher, G. Talbot, J. Bradley et al.

E. Finkel, C. Bail, M. Cikara et al.

A poisonous cocktail of othering, aversion, and moralization poses a threat to democracy Political polarization, a concern in many countries, is especially acrimonious in the United States (see the first box). For decades, scholars have studied polarization as an ideological matter—how strongly Democrats and Republicans diverge vis-à-vis political ideals and policy goals. Such competition among groups in the marketplace of ideas is a hallmark of a healthy democracy. But more recently, researchers have identified a second type of polarization, one focusing less on triumphs of ideas than on dominating the abhorrent supporters of the opposing party (1). This literature has produced a proliferation of insights and constructs but few interdisciplinary efforts to integrate them. We offer such an integration, pinpointing the superordinate construct of political sectarianism and identifying its three core ingredients: othering, aversion, and moralization. We then consider the causes of political sectarianism and its consequences for U.S. society—especially the threat it poses to democracy. Finally, we propose interventions for minimizing its most corrosive aspects.

L. Mandell, R. Wunderink, A. Anzueto et al.

Lionel A. Mandell, Richard G. Wunderink, Antonio Anzueto, John G. Bartlett, G. Douglas Campbell, Nathan C. Dean, Scott F. Dowell, Thomas M. File, Jr. Daniel M. Musher, Michael S. Niederman, Antonio Torres, and Cynthia G. Whitney McMaster University Medical School, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine, Jackson; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, LDS Hospital, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, and Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio; State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, and Department of Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York; and Cap de Servei de Pneumologia i Allergia Respiratoria, Institut Clinic del Torax, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBER CB06/06/0028, Barcelona, Spain.

R. Putnam

Jean Molesky-Poz, A. Portes, R. Rumbaut

Brett Williams

T. Peters, R. H. Waterman

Steven J. Rosenstone, J. M. Hansen

J. Kozol

R. Baumann

T. Veblen

One test of a classic work of social criticism is to see if the critique's central logic and arguments remain generally applicable beyond the critic's own time. One work that has lost little of its polemical power or social relevance is Thorstein Veblen's The Higher Learning in America. First published hi 1918, this volume sharply attacked the ascendency of business values and concerns in America's universities. In Veblen's critical analysis, the institutions of higher learning have taken on the aspects of corporations and trusts, relegating the pursuit of knowledge to secondary status. Today when the mission of higher education is uncertain and universities compete for endowments and students, this volume is as timely as ever. Veblen was not only America's most famous economist and social critic but a distinguished academic as well, having taught at major universities and the New School for Social Research. His critique is built around an essential distinction between higher learning and career or vocational training. Emphasizing the primacy of learning over training, he repudiates the practice of appointing unqualified businessmen as governing trustees and condemns college administration conceived along corporate guidelines. The entrepreneurial spirit, in this instance, understands learning as marketable knowledge and measures academic prestige hi terms of needlessly elaborate building projects and material equipment. Veblen's alternative vision severs the pursuit of knowledge and free inquiry from the institutional restrictions of economic interest. Undergraduate colleges and professional schools are to be detached from the university, while self-governance among professors and students replaces boards of trustees and presidents. Veblen's view of learning was tied to a larger conception of civilization hi which an "idly curious" elite built and elaborated upon bodies of knowledge that sustained the practical institutions of society. Ivar Berg's brilliant and stimulating introduction to this new editon offers a critical reading of Veblen's work in its own context and applies its arguments to controversies currently surrounding the American university. The Higher Learning in America continues to be of interest to educators, intellectual historians, economists, and sociologists.