The 15-minute city is a powerful planning concept to counter car-dependence by promoting active mobility to amenities and fostering inclusive urban environments. However, this policy has challenges in amenity-poor urban peripheries. Public transport remains underexplored in this discourse despite its role in distant access. Here, we propose a framework that incorporates public transport into the 15-minute city model using openly available data. By comparing Helsinki, Madrid, and Budapest, we demonstrate that multimodal mobility substantially increases access to amenities and enhances socio-spatial integration within a 15-minute reach. Although urban periphery benefit significantly from radial or high-speed public transport lines in their social mixing potential, such lines alone do not improve their access to amenities. These findings underscore the need to optimize polycentric public transport networks that can improve inclusive urban accessibility and complement active mobility in polycentric cities.
solmaz seyed ghafouri, vahid nasehifar, farid askari
Abstract
The aim of this research is to present a distribution strategy model in the food industry with an online marketing and sales approach. The present research is applicable-developmental in terms of its purpose, and a descriptive research conducted with a cross-sectional survey method in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present research includes 420 managers, producers, and suppliers of high-consumption goods in Tehran, selected using a cluster-random sampling method. The collection tool includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from a qualitative method. Face and content validity were used to measure the validity of the data collection tool, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability tests were used to measure the reliability of the data collection tool. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the findings. The results of structural equation analysis indicate that the extracted model is validated. After confirmatory factor analysis, the GoF criterion method was used to fit the overall model, and the model has a strong fit. All factor loading coefficients are greater than 0.4, indicating the suitability of this model.
Introduction
With the growth and expansion of technology, companies have turned to using online methods and channels to sell and distribute products. It is important to note that the use of online methods is not a substitute for traditional distribution and sales methods, but is used alongside them. Strategic marketing planning must be carried out in businesses in order to properly apply these methods, and this has a great impact on pricing and sales (Chen et al., 2021). Distribution is one of the four main elements of the marketing mix. Distribution is a powerful lever for product presentation by marketing managers, which determines the accessibility and trust of the supplier among customers (Yang et al., 2023). In simple terms, distribution is the delivery of the customer's desired product to the desired location at the desired time. The breadth of the distribution field, and its role in companies' marketing and their success have led to special attention being paid to this element of the marketing mix. One of the major issues and problems of the country in economic and commercial affairs is the shortcomings and weaknesses related to the distribution method. Distribution services and decisions related to distribution channels are of great importance in various organizations (Rusta et al., 2022).
In developing a distribution strategy, attention should be paid to its coordination with the marketing strategy and, consequently, the business strategy. In the strategic business planning process, decisions should be made about the various channels of communication with customers, the costs and benefits of each of these channels, and the understanding of the business and customers around them. Then, a long-term strategy should be designed for market presence and communication with customers, wholesalers, or retailers of products (Cao et al., 2023). The distribution channel strategy should be designed within the framework of the marketing mix. First, marketing objectives are reviewed; then, the role of the product, price and promotion, and distribution are outlined and studied. The company should also decide on whether distribution is defensive or aggressive. If the intended distribution strategy is defensive, it should try to make its distribution as nice as that of competitors, but if the goal is aggressive distribution, it should try to make its distribution superior to that of competitors (Rusta et al., 2022).
Given the above explanations, the researcher seeks to answer the question: what does the distribution strategy model in the food industry look like with an online marketing and sales perspective?
Theoretical framework
Distribution channel
A distribution channel is a network of individuals and organizations involved in delivering a product or service from the manufacturer to the customer. Distribution channels are also known as marketing channels or marketing distribution channels (Yenipazarli, 2023).
Online sales
Online sales require teamwork and need the support of other forces such as senior management; especially when online sales are nationally relevant. In this regard and in implementing the online sales strategy, the company needs various forces; specialists or technical people, who can provide customers with sufficient information about the type of product and service before, during, or after the purchase. It is also very vital to have people with programming and search engine optimization (SEO) expertise. Online support people who are intended to provide customer service are also very important. That is, those who can play an important role in the way customers buy, pay online, and provide after-sales service to customers. Online sales are not completely separate from traditional sales; and support and administrative teams are also necessary. Sales analysts, who can speed up the online purchase process and send orders; finally, office staff who carry out administrative tasks are also very important (Seifbarghy & Kafshian Ahar, 2022).
Seyedghafouri et al. (2025) investigated the identification of factors affecting distribution strategy in the food industry with an online marketing and sales perspective. This research was analyzed and reviewed using the scientific method of metasynthesis and by reviewing published articles; and 85 indicators were extracted based on 23 selected articles. Finally, 16 components were evaluated and identified, and the final framework was confirmed and identified by applying the total opinions of experts in the components of human factors, creating value for the customer, paying attention to the competence of managers, internal factors, external factors, management factors, opinion mining, digital marketing, environmental factors, content marketing, business strategies, complete knowledge of the internal and external environment, direct marketing, visual features, optimization, competitive performance.
Riyadi et al. (2023) conducted a study entitled The Effect of Distribution Strategy and Price on Retail Purchase Decisions. This study was conducted with a survey approach in small stores and retail stores in Indonesia. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling. This study showed that by changing distribution strategies by combining intensive, exclusive, and selective types, significant results were obtained in prices and purchasing decisions by customers. The main finding in this study was that implementing distribution strategies to adjust government policies was very effective in reaching customers in every corner of the city so that price adjustment and customer purchasing decisions were made continuously.
Research Methodology
The present study is an applicable-developmental study in terms of purpose, and descriptive in terms of data collection, conducted using a cross-sectional survey method. The statistical population of the present study included 420 managers, manufacturers, and suppliers of high-consumption goods in Tehran, selected by a cluster-random sampling method. The collection tool in the present study included a researcher-made questionnaire derived from a qualitative method. Face and content validity were used to assess the validity of the data collection tool, and Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability tests were used to assess the reliability of the data collection tool.
Research findings
SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the findings. The results of structural equation analysis indicate that the extracted model is validated. After confirmatory factor analysis, the GoF criterion method was used to fit the overall model, and the model has a strong fit. All factor loading coefficients are greater than 0.4, indicating the suitability of this model.
Conclusion
The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a distribution strategy model in the food industry with an online marketing and sales approach. The results of this study are consistent with the results of Seyedghafouri et al. (2025), Riyadi et al. (2023), Cao et al. (2023), Zhang et al. (2023), Sun et al. (2023), Wei & Dong (2022), Wang et al. (2023), Seifbarghy & Kafshian Ahar (2022), Honarmand (2022), Khoi & Jamili (2022), Bashokouh & beigi firoozi (2022), and Hahighi Kaffash et al. (2021). Riyadi et al. (2023) showed that by changing distribution strategies through combining intensive, exclusive and selective types, significant results are obtained in prices and purchasing decisions by customers. The main finding of this study was that implementing distribution strategies to adjust government policies was very effective in reaching customers in every corner of the city so that price adjustment and customer purchasing decisions were made continuously.
According to the results of the study, the following suggestions are made:
- Analyze the features, characteristics, and benefits of their product carefully. This analysis includes examining the quality, capabilities, performance, adaptability to customer needs, and competitive advantages of the product. By accurately understanding the features and benefits of the product, they can design unique strategies for marketing and selling their product.
- They should accurately define their target market and segment it. They can pay attention to factors such as gender, age, geographical location, industry type, and other characteristics. By accurately defining the target market, they can design specific strategies for each customer group and improve the sales process.
The evolution of urban landscapes is rapidly altering the surface of our planet. Yet, our understanding of the urbanisation phenomenon remains far from complete. A fundamental challenge is to describe spatiotemporal changes in the built environment. A dynamic theory of urban evolution should account for both vertical and horizontal city expansion, analogous to the dynamical behaviour of surface growth in physical and biological systems. Here we show that building-height dynamics in cities around the world are well described by a zero-dimensional geometric Brownian motion (GBM), where multiplicative noise drives stochastic fluctuations around a deterministic drift associated with economic growth. To account for intra-city correlations, we extend the GBM with spatial coupling, revealing how local interactions effectively mitigate noise-driven fluctuations and shape urban morphology. The continuum limit of this spatial model can be recasted into the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation and we find that empirical estimates of the roughness exponent are in the range of the KPZ prediction for most cities. Together, these results show that multiplicative noise, moderated by local interactions, governs the evolution of urban roughness, anchoring spatiotemporal city dynamics in a well-established statistical physics framework.
Tobias Batik, Guillermo Prieto-Viertel, Jiaqi Liang
et al.
Urban form plays a crucial role in shaping transportation patterns, accessibility, energy consumption, and more. Our study examines the relationship between urban form and transportation energy use by developing a parametric model that simulates city structures and their impact on travel distances. We explore various urban morphologies, including sprawling, elongated, compact, and vertically concentrated cities, and consider five urban profiles: "needle," "pyramid," "pancake," "bowl," and "ring." We designed an interactive visualisation and calculator that enables the analysis of these effects, providing insights into the impact of various urban configurations. Our model quantifies the average commuting distances associated with these forms, demonstrating that compact and centrally dense cities minimise the total travel distance in cities.
The effective association of multimodal data is the basis of massive multi-source heterogeneous data sharing in the era of big data. How to realize data autonomous association between massive multimodal databases and the automatic intelligent screening of valuable information from associated data, so as to provide a reliable data source for artificial intelligence (AI), is an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, a data autonomous association method based on the organizational structure of data cells is proposed, including transaction abstraction based on information nucleuses, symmetric and asymmetric data association based on strategies and data pipes, and information generation based on big data. To screen meaningful data associations, an information-driven intelligent information discovery method and a task-driven intelligent information discovery method are proposed. The former screens meaningful data associations by training the reward and punishment model to simulate the manual scoring of data associations. The latter is task-oriented and screens meaningful data associations by training the reward and punishment model to simulate the manual ranking of data associations related to the task requests. Through the above work, autonomous data association and intelligent information discovery are effectively realized based on multimodal fusion technology, which provides a novel data source mining approach using multimodal data sharing and intelligent information discovery.
Physical security in residential areas and neighborhoods has led to an increase in the quantitative and qualitative level of well-being and provides the basis for the formation of residents' interaction in the urban environment. However, usually in urban environments, sustainable housing plays the greatest role in increasing and realizing physical security. In this regard, the aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the indicators of sustainable housing and their role in the realization and promotion of physical security in the neighborhoods of the 17th district of Tehran metropolis. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection was done in the library and field, and the sampling was purposeful, and 20 urban specialists and experts were selected for questioning. Weighting and determining the value of subjective indicators (33 sub-indices in 6 categories of equitable distribution of residential services, efficient transportation, vitality, healthy environment, fair housing, and dynamic cultural heritage) and objective (14 sub-indices in 3 categories of design-architecture, technical indicators - Engineering and accessibility), using the methods of pairwise comparisons and fuzzy AHP, and the desirability of each of the indicators and their role in physical security, separated by localities, are displayed in the GIS environment. The results of the research showed that Yaftabad and East Abuzar neighborhoods have a favorable situation in terms of physical security with weight (0.132 and 0.084), respectively. Golchin (0.078) and Boloursazi (0.076) locations are in acceptable condition; Bagh Khazaneh (0.074) and Emamzadeh Hasan (0.073) neighborhoods are in average condition; The localities of Jalili (0.066), West Abuzar (0.064), Zehtabi (0.063) and Emam Sajjad (AS) (0.062) are in poor condition and the localities of Vesfanard (0.060), Azari (0.058) ), Moghadam (0.057) and Zamzam (0.050) are in unfavorable conditions.
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
At the same time, housing is the main factor of people's socialization towards the world and the major and decisive capital in the social organization of space, which plays a very decisive role in the formation of individual identity, social relations, and collective goals of people. Housing is more than a physical structure, it is an institution with a multi-dimensional function, which has different spatial, architectural, physical, economic, social, financial, psychological, and medical dimensions. Housing is the most important element of the city, and in the sustainable development of the city, paying attention to its sustainability is known as its most essential aspect. Therefore, the relationship between sustainability and housing is two-way. In this regard, man has different needs during his life, which he plans to fulfill. In today's world, in terms of the expansion of urbanization and the special interactions of citizens with each other, as well as from the perspective of urban design and architecture, security in cities has gained special importance. The need for security in cities has brought spatial and physical reflections as an important and vital principle. Therefore, establishing security in the urban structure and giving citizens a sense of security is increasingly important. In fact, the basis of urban life is based on this axis.
2-Materials and Methods
The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of data collection has been carried out in the form of the library (examination of documents, statistics information, and research related to the subject) and field (interview and questionnaire distribution). Sampling was purposeful and 20 urban experts were selected for questioning. In this research, to analyze the indicators (two categories of mental and objective indicators); In the analysis of subjective indicators, scoring was done using the opinions of specialists and urban experts, and finally, using the "pairwise comparison" method, the indicators were weighted, and the effects of each of them (indicators) were determined with different intensity and weakness in the localities. For the objective indicators, weighting and ranking were done using Fuzzy AHP, and the layers related to each of their dimensions and sub-indices were prepared in the GIS environment, finally, the neighborhoods in terms of the impact of sustainable housing on physical security were divided into neighborhoods and stratified into three Weak, medium and favorable categories were identified.
3- Results and Discussion
The results show from the objective indicators aspect, in terms of design-architecture dimension indicators such as the number of building floors, area (smallness), population density, indefensible spaces (lack of lighting), and residential density; The neighborhoods of the 17th district of Tehran are not very different from each other. Only "Yaftabad neighborhood" is in a favorable situation in this regard. "Emamzadeh Hasan neighborhood" is also in an average condition and the rest of the neighborhoods are also in an unfavorable condition. In this regard, the physical texture of area 17 has the following characteristics: extremely worn and dense, incoherent and disjointed, irregular in terms of the type of use and having strong interference of use, having granularity with an increase in fine-grained elements, compactness of the texture and their location on Mainly narrow and long passages, high wear and tear of residential and non-residential units, construction of buildings using non-resistant and non-standard materials, old buildings, etc. Finally, by scoring and summarizing the weight of all the indicators related to the physical security of the neighborhoods of the 17th region, they were categorized into 3 categories with favorable, medium, and weak spectra. The localities of Yaftabad and East Abuzar, Boloursazi, and Golchin have a favorable situation in terms of physical security. Bagh Khazaneh and Eemamzadeh Hassan and Jalili neighborhoods are in average condition and West Abuzar, emam Sajjad, Zehtabi, Azari, Moghadam, Wesfanard and Zamzam neighborhoods are in unfavorable conditions. From the metal indicators aspect, "Azari, Moghadam, Golchin, Wesfanard and Zehtabi" localities are in poor condition; "Boloursazi, Eemamzadeh Hasan and Yaftabad" localities are in average condition and "Bagh Khazaneh, East Abuzar , West Abuzar, Emam Sajjad" localities ), Jalili and Zamzam" are in the ideal state of stable housing in order to achieve physical security. It should be noted that this classification is based on the scoring of selected experts on subjective indicators.
4- Conclusion
In this research, after stating the features of sustainable housing in the target area and checking the normality or abnormality of the indicators, the most important features affecting the promotion of physical security in the said area were determined. In this regard, the selected indicators were divided into two subjective and objective categories. Subjective indicators were scored and validated by urban experts. For this purpose, 33 sub-indices were identified and extracted in 6 categories of fair distribution of residential services, efficient transportation, vitality, healthy environment, fair housing, and dynamic cultural heritage, and the "paired comparisons" method was used to weight and normalize them. Also, in the objective indicators section, 14 sub-indices were selected in 3 categories of design-architecture, technical-engineering, and accessibility indicators, and for their weighting and normalization, the fuzzy AHP model was used in the GIS environment. The results showed that the neighborhoods identified based on the degree of desirability of having stable housing in order to achieve physical security based on subjective and objective indicators are very different from each other.
Eneko Ibarnia Caspistegui, Lluís Garay Tamajón, Antonio Jesús Guevara Plaza
Aunque el análisis de la implementación de la sostenibilidad en el sector turístico ha sido recurrente en los últimos años, las investigaciones que relacionan la responsabilidad social corporativa con la intermediación turística son escasas, pese a la reconocida importancia que este subsector supone para el turismo. Este trabajo busca profundizar en los estudios realizados al respecto, destacando la relevancia de las teorías del comportamiento y particularmente las del comportamiento planificado. A partir de la revisión de estos estudios, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en revistas de alto impacto con un análisis cuantitativo de diversas medidas biométricas y un análisis cualitativo de los principales temas abordados. Pese a que los hallazgos son ocasionalmente contradictorios entre sí y se aprecian vacíos de investigación, parece haber consenso en aceptar que actitudes, normas subjetivas y control percibido inciden directamente en la apuesta por la sostenibilidad. Asimismo, la literatura refleja mayoritariamente que las motivaciones detrás de las conductas responsables de estos actores distan mucho de ser homogéneas, con acercamientos diversos como la búsqueda de rendimientos directos de las acciones responsables, la necesidad de justificarse ante otros actores, o incluso la aplicación de valores personales en la gestión de los negocios.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
Mitra Ezati, Seyyed Subhan Lavasani, Wali Allah Dini
et al.
Gender gap is one of the basic contemporary discourses in organizations. The aim of the current research is to identify the components and provide a model of the gender gap in the field of human resources. The purpose of this research is applied, qualitative in terms of method, and based on the grounded theory approach. The participants were 55 women from Iran's National Gas Company, selected according to theoretical saturation and the purposeful sampling method. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data.According to the findings, management inefficiency, discrimination in support mechanisms, lack of opportunities for women, injustice in having facilities, injustice in employment, injustice in organizational structure, and injustice in organizational promotion were identified as causal factors. Problems in women's personal lives, inefficiency of the macro structure, and discriminatory laws and regulations were identified as background factors. Weakness in societal and organizational culture were identified as intervening factors.Consequences identified include neglect of human capital, weak organizational culture, a culture of discrimination in society, inefficient processes, unfair distribution of facilities, organizational injustice, missed opportunities for women, weak support mechanisms, neglect of women's management, little attention to the balance between work and life, unfair employment of women, discriminatory implementation of laws and regulations, inefficient use of macro-structure strategies, reduced organizational efficiency, reduced organizational commitment, and reduced organizational productivity.The gender gap is influenced by various factors, but these factors are formed in interaction with a discriminatory perception and lack of organizational support for women.Gender Gap, Human Resource Management, Grounded Theory, Qualitative Approach, National Gas Company of IranIntroductionDuring recent years, in the oil and gas industry, the indiscriminate reduction of women and the lack of replacement of women, as well as the low mobility and unbalanced job promotion of women in managerial and decision-making fields, have characterized this industry. Correcting this process requires a change in mentality among senior managers and human resources of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, the current research seeks to understand the perceptions and subjective experiences of women in the areas of participation, salary, and promotion, as well as the conditions and contexts (causal, intervening, contextual, and process) influencing the perception of the gender gap and its consequences for women in the National Gas Company of Iran. MethodologyThe aim of the current research is to identify the components and provide a model of the gender gap in the field of human resources. The purpose of this research is applied, qualitative in terms of method, and based on the foundational data approach. The participants were 55 women from the National Gas Company of Iran, selected according to theoretical saturation and the purposeful (with maximum diversity) and theoretical (emergence of underlying theory) sampling methods. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Before conducting the interview, the objectives of the research were fully explained, and the satisfaction of the participants was the main condition of the interviews. The interview duration was between 40 and 60 minutes. Then, constant comparisons with theoretical coding, including open, axial, and selective coding, were used for data analysis. Within the framework of the paradigm model, the conditions, contexts, strategies, and consequences of the gender gap were discussed. Finally, all the categories were selected and integrated around a central category in the selective coding stage and were regularly linked to other categories using the storytelling technique. FindingsAccording to the findings, management inefficiency, discrimination in support mechanisms, lack of opportunities for women, injustice in having facilities, injustice in employment, injustice in organizational structure, and injustice in organizational promotion are identified as causal factors. Problems in women's personal lives, inefficiency of the macro structure, and discriminatory laws and regulations are identified as background factors. Weakness in societal and organizational culture is identified as intervening factors. The consequences include neglecting human capital, weak organizational culture, a culture of discrimination in society, inefficient processes, unfair distribution of facilities, organizational injustice, missed opportunities for women, weak support mechanisms, neglect of women's management, little attention to the balance between work and life, unfair employment of women, discriminatory implementation of laws and regulations, inefficient use of macro structure strategies, reduction of organizational efficiency, reduction of organizational commitment, and reduction of organizational productivity. According to the findings, the gender gap is influenced by various factors, but these factors are formed in interaction with discriminatory perceptions and lack of organizational support for women. ResultOne of the most important concerns raised by the participants as an effective causal factor is injustice in organizational promotion. From the point of view of women, it is possible to help lay the groundwork for their promotion through the identification of talented women and the increase of women's participation in administrative missions. Additionally, scoring based on people's competencies and performance and evaluation based on capabilities can lead to the improvement of promotion processes. On the other hand, the issue of perceived discrimination in salaries and wages (overtime and missions, etc.) has created concerns for women, which can be addressed by establishing justice in the compensation and employee bonus systems.One of the background conditions affecting the gender gap is the problems of women's personal lives. From the point of view of women, proving their abilities in the workplace and following the example of successful female managers can help them deeply believe in their multifaceted talents and abilities. In addition, weakness in society's culture and organizational culture is one of the intervening factors that affects the formation of the gender gap. From the point of view of women, this can be addressed through the reformation of family culture and societal norms.The most important consequences of the gender gap are the reduction of organizational efficiency, reduction of organizational commitment, and reduction of organizational productivity. According to the participants, believing in women's abilities and creating opportunities for action can help create opportunities for women and improve organizational efficiency, commitment, and performance. Finally, the category that best analyzes the process of women's understanding and interpretation of the gender gap in Iran's National Gas Company is "lack of organizational support for women," which was considered the central category.ReferencesAhmadi, S. & Heydari, A. (2013). Investigating gender differences in feeling insecure. 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Caring for the elderly, aging-in-place, and enabling the elderly to maintain a good life continue to be topics of increasing importance, especially in countries with a higher percentage of older people, as people live longer, and care-giving costs rise. This position paper proposes the concept of urban agetech, where agetech services beyond the home can be an integral part of a modern ageing-friendly city, and where support for the elderly, where needed, in the form of automated systems (e.g., robots and automated vehicles) would be a normal city function/service, akin to the rather commonplace public transport services today.
3D multimodal question answering (MQA) plays a crucial role in scene understanding by enabling intelligent agents to comprehend their surroundings in 3D environments. While existing research has primarily focused on indoor household tasks and outdoor roadside autonomous driving tasks, there has been limited exploration of city-level scene understanding tasks. Furthermore, existing research faces challenges in understanding city scenes, due to the absence of spatial semantic information and human-environment interaction information at the city level.To address these challenges, we investigate 3D MQA from both dataset and method perspectives. From the dataset perspective, we introduce a novel 3D MQA dataset named City-3DQA for city-level scene understanding, which is the first dataset to incorporate scene semantic and human-environment interactive tasks within the city. From the method perspective, we propose a Scene graph enhanced City-level Understanding method (Sg-CityU), which utilizes the scene graph to introduce the spatial semantic. A new benchmark is reported and our proposed Sg-CityU achieves accuracy of 63.94 % and 63.76 % in different settings of City-3DQA. Compared to indoor 3D MQA methods and zero-shot using advanced large language models (LLMs), Sg-CityU demonstrates state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in robustness and generalization.
Abstract Pontianak City, the capital of West Kalimantan, has a unique characteristic that is rarely found in other cities. Therefore, Pontianak needs to develop tourist attractions that provide tourism-supporting facilities and improve its promotional media to spread its tourism potential. This study aims to find the factors influencing the behavioural intention of using digital catalogues which will contribute to the literature in tourism marketing to advance the unexplored tourism potential with the help of digital catalogues. It was found that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and the amount of information significantly influence behavioural intention to use digital catalogues.
Is local politics shaped by groups and interests or party and ideology? Classic literature posits that local politics differs from national politics and centers on groups and interests rather than ideology, especially in settings with nonpartisan elections. A separate literature casts doubt on this, finding a connection between partisan voting, local ideology, and policy mimicking the federal level and without reference to groups and interests. In this paper, I use a large original dataset on the professional backgrounds of city councilors to provide a link between the evidence for both theories. I look at city council candidates from all 477 cities in California between 1996 and 2021, observing both candidates’ career histories through their ballot designations and party affiliations through their public voter records. I find that liberal cities have more career politicians, non-profit workers, and service based professionals running for and holding office, while conservative cities have more military and law enforcement workers and business types running for and holding office. Career politicians, non-profit workers, and service based professionals are more likely to be registered as Democrats and military and law enforcement workers and business types are more likely to be registered Republicans. In this case group membership and party affiliation are tightly coupled.
With the development of various location-based social networks (LSBNs), personalized point-of-interest (POI) recommendations have become a recent research hotspot. Current recommendation methods tend to mine user preferences from their historical check-in records but overlook interest deviations caused by real-time geographic environments and immediate interests present in the records, failing to meet users’ real-time and accurate needs. Therefore, this paper proposes a composite preference-based recommendation model (CPRM) for personalized POI recommendation. This method first extracts multi-factor contextual features, constructs a dual-layer attention network (DLAN) to capture long and short-term preferences, combines real-time geographic scenarios to uncover user immediate preferences, and then weights and fuses these three types of preferences to generate user composite preferences. Finally, a prediction function is employed to obtain the Top-N recommendation list. The experiments on two classic datasets, Foursquare and Gowalla, affirm the effectiveness of the model presented in this paper and offer a novel approach for providing personalized POI recommendations to users.
Alternative tourism emerged as a solution to the negative environmental and social impacts of mass tourism. Authors have scrutinized this practice to ensure it fulfils its promises of conservation and respects host cultures; however, we lack data on how alternative tourism affects women in the Global South and specifically we are lacking critical qualitative research on this topic. To better understand the state of knowledge on this topic, we reviewed 15 studies on alternative tourism in the Global South using an ecofeminist framework. Our research illustrates the following themes in the published literature: 1) tourism can reinforce gendered (and racial) stereotypes and roles, 2) there is an uneven gendered division of labour in tourism, 3) women have less access to education as compared with men and this precludes women occupying leadership positions in tourism, 4) even when women work in tourism, they lack protection regarding personal security, 5) women carry a time burden (due in part to a disproportionate responsibility for natural resources management) that limits their ability to be involved in tourism, 6) tourism can reinforce negative colonial relationships that affect people differently. We found some studies that illustrated how alternative tourism supports the renegotiation of gendered norms to support women’s participation in tourism and that women’s groups were important to support women’s participation in tourism.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
La presente investigación se realizó en el destino Holguín teniendo en cuenta el gran potencial existente para la integración de sus atractivos turísticos en las modalidades turísticas de Sol y Playa y Turismo Cultural. Por consiguiente, la misma posee como objetivo diseñar un producto turístico integrado que favorezca la cartera de productos de las agencias de viajes presentes en el destino. Se analizaron distintos procedimientos metodológicos para la creación de este producto, seleccionando el más adecuado para los propósitos del estudio. Como resultado se diseña el producto integrado: “Holguín: cultura, historia y tradición”, mediante la metodología propuesta por Esther Machado en su artículo “Integración y diseño del producto turístico. Aplicado a la región central del destino cuba” del año 2013, logrando la autenticidad y novedad del mismo frente a las tendencias actuales.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
LUIS GUADARRAMA GARCÍA, Miguel Ángel Balderas Plata, Jesús Gastón Gutiérrez Cedillo
et al.
El artículo propone un modelo teórico de turismo alternativo basado en los servicios ecosistémicos culturales desde la perspectiva de la geografía. Se fundamenta con la teoría general de sistemas, geografía física y humana, así como modelos de turismo. La metodología que se utilizó fue un análisis de gabinete de documentos especializados sobre los constructos turismo alternativo, servicios ecosistémicos culturales y modelos; se seleccionaron y clasificaron los subsistemas del modelo y se explica la relación que se genera entre ellos. Como resultado se presenta la propuesta de un modelo innovador que intenta explicar la relación que se genera entre el turismo alternativo y los servicios ecosistémicos culturales. Concluyendo que es necesario trabajar en la construcción de modelos que aporten significativamente a la relación de conocimientos entre la geografía y el turismo, lo que da apertura a nuevas líneas de investigación.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
In today's world, many cities are embracing cutting-edge technology and transforming into "smart cities". These emerging innovations are revolutionizing the standard of living for people, and as a result, smart city infrastructure development has become a major focus for city planners and policymakers worldwide. The goal is to create more livable, sustainable, and efficient urban environments, and software engineering plays a crucial role in achieving this. In this article, we will delve into what makes a city "smart" and what it means for the future. We will explore the software engineering roadmap for smart city infrastructure development, highlighting the goals and challenges that come with this innovative approach to urban planning. Our aim is to provide valuable insights into the importance of software engineering in achieving successful smart city infrastructure development. As cities continue to grow and evolve, it is essential to adopt new technologies that can help us build smarter, more sustainable communities. Smart city initiatives are paving the way for a brighter future, and software engineering is at the forefront of this movement. By understanding the software engineering roadmap for smart city infrastructure development, we can work towards creating more livable, efficient, and sustainable urban environments for generations to come.
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) can potentially improve urban living by reducing accidents, increasing transportation accessibility and equity, and decreasing emissions. Realizing these promises requires the innovations of AV driving behaviors, city plans and infrastructure, and traffic and transportation policies to join forces. However, the complex interdependencies among AV, city, and policy design issues can hinder their innovation. We argue the path towards better AV cities is not a process of matching city designs and policies with AVs' technological innovations, but a process of iterative prototyping of all three simultaneously: Innovations can happen step-wise as the knot of AV, city, and policy design loosens and tightens, unwinds and reties. In this paper, we ask: How can innovators innovate AVs, city environments, and policies simultaneously and productively toward better AV cities? The paper has two parts. First, we map out the interconnections among the many AV, city, and policy design decisions, based on a literature review spanning HCI/HRI, transportation science, urban studies, law and policy, operations research, economy, and philosophy. This map can help innovators identify design constraints and opportunities across the traditional AV/city/policy design disciplinary bounds. Second, we review the respective methods for AV, city, and policy design, and identify key barriers in combining them: (1) Organizational barriers to AV-city-policy design collaboration, (2) computational barriers to multi-granularity AV-city-policy simulation, and (3) different assumptions and goals in joint AV-city-policy optimization. We discuss two broad approaches that can potentially address these challenges, namely, "low-fidelity integrative City-AV-Policy Simulation (iCAPS)" and "participatory design optimization".
As digital technology has become an integral part of urban’s daily operations; the urban landscape is constantly evolving with the needs of its society. This new reality allowed Municipalities to exert a higher influence in the national and local economy. Through deliberate planning and executing initiatives, they can ignite the local financial ecosystem to growth. In line with this, the paper aims to understand the possibilities available to the Greek Municipalities to exploit the smart city benefits to foster economic development. It is essential to understand the role of different factors including the strategy during the planning and implementing phases of initiatives concerning economy and innovation in a smart city. To achieve this, a tailor-made questionnaire and advanced statistical techniques are applied. The main findings highlight the importance to plan initiatives aligned with the needs of the municipality and the business environment. The existence of a smart city strategy has a catalytic effect on the final impact of the implemented initiatives on the urban environment. A systematic analysis of the smart cities’ dynamics and the new state of the urban environment can help the local actors focus on the value creation and public service provision, fostering innovation and profitability.
Uriel Salam Peralta Castrejón, Alejandro Palafox Muñoz, Oscar Martínez González
El desarrollo local es un tema recurrente en la literatura académica de los últimos años, concluyendo que este tipo de desarrollo busca incrementar la calidad de vida de los residentes a través de la cohesión social y dinamismos que provoquen crecimiento económico en la región. Además, se ha establecido que, para alcanzarlo, es necesaria la colaboración entre el sector público y privado. Cabe destacar que existen comunidades en las cuales su principal actividad productiva es el turismo, siendo esta, la única manera de conseguir beneficios económicos y elevar su calidad de vida. El objetivo de este documento es proponer un modelo, basado en la literatura académica relacionada con el tema, que permita determinar en qué medida la actividad turística genera costos y beneficios en el desarrollo local de comunidades dedicadas a dicha actividad productiva. Razón por la cual se hace un análisis de la dimensiones, constructos y variables que inciden en el desarrollo local y la actividad turística. Como resultado, se genera un modelo conceptual compuesto por 7 variables.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion