Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Yusupova Sevara Erkin Kizi, Prof.Wang Changsong Wang

Amid growing public and environmental awareness, luxury hotel chains are increasingly embedding sustainability narrative into their branding strategies. This study investigates how two high-end hotels in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Mandarin Oriental and Grand Hyatt – frame their sustainability efforts in official brochures. Drawing on Framing Theory and qualitative content analysis, the study examines the dominant frames, language choices, and narratives strategies employed to communicate environmental and social responsibility. By comparing the two brochures, the study reveals how each brand aligns its sustainability messaging with broader identity positioning and marketing objectives. The findings provide insights into the strategic branding approach to sustainability communication with broader brand identity strategies. This study is a valuable addition to the academic literature on sustainability framing in the luxury hospitality sector in Southeast Asia. It provides a comparison of how international hotel brands use sustainability as an approach to interaction to enhance engagement with socially and ecologically conscious consumer categories. The study emphasizes the rising significance of well-structured sustainability presentation in preserving competitive advantage in the more eco-aware tourism landscape.

N. Ismatova

INTRODUCTION . The study of the development of the “Eastern text” in Russian literature as an integral component of the Russian Orientalist tradition has a long history and is a key element in modern literary discourses. The aim of this study is to examine the presence and interpretation of Eastern ideas and motifs in the novel “Atlas of Guragon” by Russian writer Yeremey Parnov, which form the “Eastern text in Russian literature”. MATERIALS AND METHODS . The research material was the historical novel “Atlas of Guragon” by Yeremey Parnov, which intertwines various national realities. Biographical, descriptive, and comparative-historical methods were used, along with chronotopic, motivic, and geopoetic approaches. The fundamental method is the structural-semiotic method, aimed at the systematic reconstruction of Eastern images represented in Yeremey Parnov’s story. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . It has been established that Ye. Parnov, in modeling the image of the East in a Russian-language text, creates not an ethnographic portrait of a specific country, but a literary text with Eastern symbolism, mythopoetics, and philosophical reflections, drawing on reliable sources and historical facts. CONCLUSION . An analysis of Ye. Parnov’s historical novella “Atlas of Guragon” revealed that the writer created a unique image of the tragic fate of the ruler of Samarkand, Ulugh Beg, the son of Shah Rukh, the grandson of Tamerlane, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the image of the East in Russian literature and reflecting the context of the 15th-century Timurid Empire. It is argued that Yeremey Parnov resorts to the use of specific vocabulary, the depiction of habits, traditions, and values characteristic of the Eastern people described, which gives the entire work the status of belonging to an Eastern text and is the semantic center of the story.

Syuhadak, Inayatur Rosyidah, Muh Zamroni et al.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of contextual semantic theory in the teaching of Qirā’ah al-Kutub as a means to strengthen students’ linguistic competence. The approach emphasizes understanding word meanings (mufradāt) within social, cultural, and pragmatic contexts rather than focusing solely on grammatical structures. A descriptive-qualitative method was used, with data collected through questionnaires and interviews involving 10 students from the Islamic Family Law program who studied classical texts from Fiqh al-Sunnah. The findings indicated a significant improvement in meaning comprehension, learning motivation, and students' interpretative skills. Contextual semantics proved relevant for Arabic language education, especially in enhancing the ability to read and understand authentic texts. This research contributes to the development of context-based linguistic pedagogy in advanced Arabic language learning.

Sargis Grigoryan

The Islamic extremism has deep roots in the Middle East. They were especially active towards the end of the 20th century and in the first and second decades of the 21st century. They took on a new nature with the terrorist acts against the US on September 11 in 2001. In the mid-2000s new and dangerous trends of the Islamic extremism became evident in the Middle East, which became visible in Syria with the declaration of the “Islamic State” (IS) in 2014.

Ahmad Arefi, Habiballah Yazdani

Language, nationality, and power have a mutual and influential relationship together, as society and its culture influence language and its words. Language also affects society, its culture, and the prevailing idea in it. Language changes according to the male gender or the female nationality. We see in men’s language words and styles that usually indicate power, anger, and violence, while we usually see in women's language words and styles that indicate softness, gentleness, and affection. This article studies the dialectics of the mutual relationship between language, nationality, and power in the novel “Night Mail” using a descriptive and analytical method. The article concluded that the novelist used, in the words of male characters, methods of command, prohibition, appeal, repetition, and the use of words associated with masculine characters to indicate the dominance of men over women, power, violence, anger, arrogance, and selfishness. As for the feminist characters, Muwafaqa used words and methods that indicate regret, compassion, crying, contempt, softness, and kindness, charged with emotions filled with a sense of contempt, weakness, expulsion, and migration through the use of the interrogative style to invite contemplation about the class antagonism between men and women, to remove them from society, and to show compassion through painful words to help women and raise her status and care for equality, then the simile method to indicate the participation and unity of Lebanese women in eliminating injustice and the rule of men over them, and on the other hand, the participation and unity of Lebanese citizens in the pain, misfortunes, self-destruction, humiliation, expulsion and displacement. Also, nouns and adjectives were used by the feminist characters more than verbs due to women’s tendency to describe and be flexible in proportion to their emotions, with the frequent use of the pronoun “y” in messages about women to indicate the ultimate uniqueness of women in society and their lack of status in it, while it was used by the male characters. Verbs, more than nouns and adjectives, indicate movement, strength, doing work, and managing matters.Keywords: Language And Society; Language and Nationality; Hoda Barakat; The novel “Night Mail”; Authority. Extended summary  IntroductionLanguage, nationality, and power have a mutual and influential relationship together, as society and its culture influence language and its words. Language also affects society, its culture, and the prevailing idea in it. Language changes according to the male gender or the female nationality. We see in men’s language words and styles that usually indicate power, anger, and violence, while we usually see in women's language words and styles that indicate softness, gentleness, and affection. Society and language are interconnected, influencing each other. Men's language varies from women's to reflect their emotions, thoughts, and spiritual states. We see this issue in Hoda Barakat’s novel “Night Mail” which won the Arabic Booker Prize in 2019. In it, the novelist tells the story of the homeless Lebanese immigrants as a result of the social and political conditions prevailing in Lebanon, such as male supremacy and capitalism, which elevates the status of the wealthy and degrades the status of the poor, linking it to power as a mechanism of power over women. If we look closely from the historical perspective, we see that they do not allow women to do work outside the home to earn money, and this matter indicates to a large extent their power over them through their financial dependence on men and their inadequacy in themselves. Because financial self-sufficiency reduces men's power over women, we see in the novel that women, more than men, are afflicted with extreme poverty, to the point that they are forced to serve in the homes of the wealthy to earn money to meet their needs. The wealthy thus take on their human identities, and the novelist critiques these prevailing conditions. The research aims to examine the relationship between language, nationality, and power, given the influence and impact they have on each other. The research question lies in the fact that language, society, conflict, and power are dialectically intertwined, as they influence each other, and power in society is manifested through language. This research aims to examine the dialectical relationship between language, nationality, and power in the novel "Night Mail" using a descriptive and analytical approach. Materials and MethodsThe novelist in the novel "Night Mail" successfully used language through the male characters, using terms and styles that typically denote power, anger, and violence. Meanwhile, through the female characters, she uses terms and styles that typically denote softness, kindness, affection, and relationships. Language changes according to the male or female gender, and power is revealed through the language associated with male gender. The novel is filled with diverse masculine and feminine styles that align with the speaker's ideology. The novelist uses imperatives, prohibitions, calls, and repetition to assert and assert authority over women. She uses terms associated with male characters to signify men's dominance over women, power, violence, anger, stubbornness, and selfishness to the point of transgressing laws, principles, and norms. As for the female characters, she uses similes, interrogatives, nouns, adjectives, female first-person pronouns, and terms expressing regret, compassion, weeping, contempt, softness, and kindness, all of which are charged with emotions filled with feelings of contempt, weakness, expulsion, migration, and violation, as expressed by the female characters in their sexual relations. Research FindingsThis is particularly evident in the frequent use of interrogatives. Because the question invites the recipient to reflect on the class contrast between men and women in order to remove it from society and to express compassion through painful words to help women, raise their status, and foster equality and the participation of men and women in matters commensurate with their nationalities, so that the status of women in society is not overlooked. Then, the method of simile through which the novelist indicates the participation and unity of Lebanese women in eliminating injustice and men's dominance over them, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the participation and unity of Lebanese citizens in the pain, calamities, broken spirits, contempt, expulsion and displacement. Through it, she stirs the hearts of Lebanese women and men and calls them to unite, resist and revolt against tyranny because of this pain and desolation they share, so that they can obtain a luxurious life far from injustice and colonialism and foster equality between men and women after removing male dominance. The novelist moved the hearts of the Lebanese to strive to change the prevailing ideology through vocabulary and methods to a new ideology that opposes male supremacy and elevates the status of women to the same level as men, to take into account gender equality and eliminate this supremacy, injustice, contempt, violence, migration and expulsion of women. On the other hand, the novelist used nouns and adjectives more than verbs through the female characters, with a surge of the first-person pronoun "I" in the messages about women to indicate the extreme uniqueness of women in society, their unity and their lack of status in it.  Discussion of Results and ConclusionWe also see in the novel the multiplicity of female characters in the novel, as the novelist seeks to elevate the status of women by mentioning the multiplicity of female characters, and this is consistent with the repeated use of the pronoun "I" through the female characters to indicate the unity, uniqueness and existence under authority of women; Because singularity refers to subordinates under authority due to the lack of authority, while the abundance of characters agreeing together indicates that they possess power and authority, while verbs are used on the tongues of male characters more than nouns and adjectives; because women tend towards description and flexibility in proportion to their emotions which are appropriate for description, women have a vision that deepens and scrutinizes in describing matters, details and colors, while men have more physical ability and logical thoughts compared to women and tend to carry out work and manage family affairs like a leader and guardian, they possess more vitality and activity to carry out work, so the use of verbs for men is appropriate to indicate movement, strength, undertaking work and managing affairs.

Miqayel Martirosyan

After the publication of the monograph “The chronicle of the life and activities of Grigor Zohrap” by Prof. Albert Sharuryan it would seem that all episodes of Zohrap’s life had been revealed. Yet the study of Russian-German diplomatic clash in regard to the Armenian reforms in 1913 shows that G. Zohrap was actively involved not only in that process but he also functioned as the main negotiator from the Armenian side, a fact which remained un-noticed by historians and philologists. While the Armenian national delegation headed by Poghos Nubar was the official body representing the Armenian problem to great powers in Europe, in Constantinople the official negotiating body was the Commission of Safety of Armenian Patriarchy. G. Zohrap was one of the five members of the Harassing commission which supported the Safety commission who in the course of negotiations became the main actor. His participation in the negotiations was hidden by Russian diplomacy and by the Armenian circles and G. Zohrap himself. He was a member of the Ottoman parliament and it would be quite dangerous since the Young Turks could accuse him of treachery. The documents presented in the article deal with the meetings of G. Zohrap with the first translator of the Russian embassy A.N. After the publication of the monograph “The chronicle of the life and activities of Grigor Zohrap” by Prof. Albert Sharuryan it would seem that all episodes of Zohrap’s life had been revealed. Yet the study of Russian-German diplomatic clash in regard to the Armenian reforms in 1913 shows that G. Zohrap was actively involved not only in that process but he also functioned as the main negotiator from the Armenian side, a fact which remained un-noticed by historians and philologists. While the Armenian national delegation headed by Poghos Nubar was the official body representing the Armenian problem to great powers in Europe, in Constantinople the official negotiating body was the Commission of Safety of Armenian Patriarchy. G. Zohrap was one of the five members of the Harassing commission which supported the Safety commission who in the course of negotiations became the main actor. His participation in the negotiations was hidden by Russian diplomacy and by the Armenian circles and G. Zohrap himself. He was a member of the Ottoman parliament and it would be quite dangerous since the Young Turks could accuse him of treachery. The documents presented in the article deal with the meetings of G. Zohrap with the first translator of the Russian embassy A.N. Mandelstam on August 20, 21, and 24, September 1-2, 1913 and the second translator of the German embassy Schönberg on August 30. These documents are kept in the archive of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. In the documents Zohrap’s name is missing but the comparison of documents of Great powers and memories of contemporaries comes to prove that it was he who negotiated on behalf of the patriarchy. After the end of the meetings G. Zohrap came to the Safety commission and talked about the course and results of the negotiations. His reports were recorded and sent to Gevorg V Surenyan, the Catholicos of All Armenians. The study of these documents shows that G. Zohrap had a considerable contribution in the achievement of a compromised Russian-German agreement in regard to the Armenian reforms.

Atharva Mutsaddi, Aditya Choudhary

Plagiarism involves using another person's work or concepts without proper attribution, presenting them as original creations. With the growing amount of data communicated in regional languages such as Marathi -- one of India's regional languages -- it is crucial to design robust plagiarism detection systems tailored for low-resource languages. Language models like Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) have demonstrated exceptional capability in text representation and feature extraction, making them essential tools for semantic analysis and plagiarism detection. However, the application of BERT for low-resource languages remains under-explored, particularly in the context of plagiarism detection. This paper presents a method to enhance the accuracy of plagiarism detection for Marathi texts using BERT sentence embeddings in conjunction with Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) feature representation. This approach effectively captures statistical, semantic, and syntactic aspects of text features through a weighted voting ensemble of machine learning models.

L. C. Gilbert

This bachelor's thesis examines the capabilities of ChatGPT 4 in code generation across 19 programming languages. The study analyzed solution rates across three difficulty levels, types of errors encountered, and code quality in terms of runtime and memory efficiency through a quantitative experiment. A total of 188 programming problems were selected from the LeetCode platform, and ChatGPT 4 was given three attempts to produce a correct solution with feedback. ChatGPT 4 successfully solved 39.67% of all tasks, with success rates decreasing significantly as problem complexity increased. Notably, the model faced considerable challenges with hard problems across all languages. ChatGPT 4 demonstrated higher competence in widely used languages, likely due to a larger volume and higher quality of training data. The solution rates also revealed a preference for languages with low abstraction levels and static typing. For popular languages, the most frequent error was "Wrong Answer," whereas for less popular languages, compiler and runtime errors prevailed, suggesting frequent misunderstandings and confusion regarding the structural characteristics of these languages. The model exhibited above-average runtime efficiency in all programming languages, showing a tendency toward statically typed and low-abstraction languages. Memory efficiency results varied significantly, with above-average performance in 14 languages and below-average performance in five languages. A slight preference for low-abstraction languages and a leaning toward dynamically typed languages in terms of memory efficiency were observed. Future research should include a larger number of tasks, iterations, and less popular languages. Additionally, ChatGPT 4's abilities in code interpretation and summarization, debugging, and the development of complex, practical code could be analyzed further. ---- Diese Bachelorarbeit untersucht die Fähigkeiten von ChatGPT 4 zur Code-Generierung in 19 Programmiersprachen. Betrachtet wurden die Lösungsraten zwischen drei Schwierigkeitsgraden, die aufgetretenen Fehlerarten und die Qualität des Codes hinsichtlich der Laufzeit- und Speichereffizienz in einem quantitativen Experiment. Dabei wurden 188 Programmierprobleme der Plattform LeetCode entnommen, wobei ChatGPT 4 jeweils drei Versuche hatte, mittels Feedback eine korrekte Lösung zu generieren. ChatGPT 4 löste 39,67 % aller Aufgaben erfolgreich, wobei die Erfolgsrate mit zunehmendem Schwierigkeitsgrad deutlich abnahm und bei komplexen Problemen in allen Sprachen signifikante Schwierigkeiten auftraten. Das Modell zeigte eine höhere Kompetenz in weit verbreiteten Sprachen, was wahrscheinlich auf eine größere Menge und höhere Qualität der Trainingsdaten zurückzuführen ist. Bezüglich der Lösungsraten zeigte das Modell zudem eine Präferenz für Sprachen mit niedrigem Abstraktionsniveau und statischer Typisierung. Bei Sprachen hoher Popularität trat der Fehler Wrong Answer am häufigsten auf, während bei weniger populären Sprachen Compiler- und Laufzeitfehler überwogen, was auf häufige Missverständnisse und Verwechslungen bezüglich der spezifischen strukturellen Eigenschaften dieser Sprachen zurückzuführen ist. ChatGPT 4 demonstrierte in allen Programmiersprachen eine überdurchschnittliche Laufzeiteffizienz und tendierte diesbezüglich erneut zu statisch typisierten und niedrig abstrahierten Sprachen. Die Werte zur Speichereffizienz variierten erheblich, wobei in 14 Sprachen überdurchschnittliche und in fünf Sprachen unterdurchschnittliche Werte erzielt wurden. Es zeigte sich diesbezüglich eine leichte Tendenz zugunsten von niedrig abstrahierten sowie eine Präferenz zu dynamisch typisierten Sprachen. Zukünftige Forschung sollte eine höhere Anzahl an Aufgaben, Iterationen und unpopulären Sprachen einbeziehen. Darüber hinaus könnten die Fähigkeiten von ChatGPT 4 in der Code-Interpretation und -Zusammenfassung, im Debugging und in der Entwicklung komplexer, praxisbezogener Codes analysiert werden.

Anastasia Mavridou, Marie Farrell, Gricel Vázquez et al.

Integrating autonomous and adaptive behavior into software-intensive systems presents significant challenges for software development, as uncertainties in the environment or decision-making processes must be explicitly captured. These challenges are amplified in safety- and mission-critical systems, which must undergo rigorous scrutiny during design and development. Key among these challenges is the difficulty of specifying requirements that use probabilistic constructs to capture the uncertainty affecting these systems. To enable formal analysis, such requirements must be expressed in precise mathematical notations such as probabilistic logics. However, expecting developers to write requirements directly in complex formalisms is unrealistic and highly error-prone. We extend the structured natural language used by NASA's Formal Requirement Elicitation Tool (FRET) with support for the specification of unambiguous and correct probabilistic requirements, and develop an automated approach for translating these requirements into logical formulas. We propose and develop a formal, compositional, and automated approach for translating structured natural-language requirements into formulas in probabilistic temporal logic. To increase trust in our formalizations, we provide assurance that the generated formulas are well-formed and conform to the intended semantics through an automated validation framework and a formal proof. The extended FRET tool enables developers to specify probabilistic requirements in structured natural language, and to automatically translate them into probabilistic temporal logic, making the formal analysis of autonomous and adaptive systems more practical and less error-prone.

Mahmoud Samir Fayed

Most visual programming languages (VPLs) are domain-specific, with few general-purpose VPLs like Programming Without Coding Technology (PWCT). These general-purpose VPLs are developed using textual programming languages and improving them requires textual programming. In this thesis, we designed and developed PWCT2, a dual-language (Arabic/English), general-purpose, self-hosting visual programming language. Before doing so, we specifically designed a textual programming language called Ring for its development. Ring is a dynamically typed language with a lightweight implementation, offering syntax customization features. It permits the creation of domain-specific languages through new features that extend object-oriented programming, allowing for specialized languages resembling Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) or Supernova language. The Ring Compiler and Virtual Machine are designed using the PWCT visual programming language where the visual implementation is composed of 18,945 components that generate 24,743 lines of C code, which increases the abstraction level and hides unnecessary details. Using PWCT to develop Ring allowed us to realize several issues in PWCT, which led to the development of the PWCT2 visual programming language using the Ring textual programming language. PWCT2 provides approximately 36 times faster code generation and requires 20 times less storage for visual source files. It also allows for the conversion of Ring code into visual code, enabling the creation of a self-hosting VPL that can be developed using itself. PWCT2 consists of approximately 92,000 lines of Ring code and comes with 394 visual components. PWCT2 is distributed to many users through the Steam platform and has received positive feedback, On Steam, 1772 users have launched the software, and the total recorded usage time exceeds 17,000 hours, encouraging further research and development.

William J. Bowman

We present the design and implementation of a macro-embedding of a family of compiler intermediate languages, from a Scheme-like language to x86-64, into Racket. This embedding is used as part of a testing framework for a compilers course to derive interpreters for all the intermediate languages. The embedding implements features including safe, functional abstractions as well as unsafe assembly features, and the interactions between the two at various intermediate stages. This paper aims to demonstrate language-oriented techniques and abstractions for implementing (1) a large family of languages and (2) interoperability between low- and high-level languages. The primary strength of this approach is the high degree of code reuse and interoperability compared to implementing each interpreter separately. The design emphasizes modularity and compositionality of an open set of language features by local macro expansion into a single host language, rather than implementing a language pre-defined by a closed set of features. This enables reuse from both the host language (Racket) and between intermediate languages, and enables interoperability between high- and low-level features, simplifying development of the intermediate language semantics. It also facilitates extending or redefining individual language features in intermediate languages, and exposing multiple interfaces to the embedded languages.

Latifa ZIANE BOUZIANE

Postcolonial literature explores the effects of colonialism and its aftermath, shedding light on the complex relationships between colonizers and the colonized. It challenges dominant narratives, gives voice to marginalized perspectives, and examines themes of identity, power, and cultural hybridity. It also addresses issues of nationalism, representationalism, opposition, ethnicity, and feminism.    Postcolonial dialogue in literature refers to the discourse that emerges in the aftermath of colonialism, encompassing various elements such as the reshaping of identities, power dynamics, cultural exchanges, and responses to historical colonial narratives. It is often a space where writers and intellectuals from formerly colonized societies engage with and respond to the legacies of colonialism. A wide range of post-colonial novels has been published during the 1990s and the first years of the 21st century, including The Kite Runner by the Afghan-American novelist Khaled Hosseini and The Parisian by the British-Palestinian novelist Isabella Hammad. These novels provide insight into the postcolonial experience, offering nuanced portrayals of the impacts of colonization on individuals and societies. This article aims to deciphering the postcolonial discourse in Khaled Housseini’s The Kite Runner and Isabella Hammad’s The Parisian using oriental lenses. An oriental perspective seems to offer a unique examination of the different experiences of those from oriental cultures, shedding light on the nuanced complexities of postcolonial discourse. Thus, the oriental perspective adds depth and nuance to the analysis of The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and The Parisian by Isabella Hammad.

علي بن علوي بن عوض الشهري

يُعنى البحثُ بدراسة أسلوب الاستفهام في رسالة التوابع والزوابع لابن شهيد الأندلسي، دراسة نحوية، وتقوم الدراسة على تحديد أدوات الاستفهام المختلفة في رسالة التوابع والزوابع؛ للتعرف على كيفية توظيف ابن شهيد الأندلسي لهذه الأدوات، وتحديد المعاني التي يقصدها؛ ومعرفة السمات النحوية لهذه الأدوات. لقد تنقل ابن شهيد الأندلسي بين الأدوات لتوضيح استعمالاتها المتنوعة التي تظهر تميزه في كل أداة على حِدة، وقد اُستخدِم المنهج السياقي؛ للتمييز بين معاني أدوات الاستفهام الحقيقية والمجازية، وتقتضي طبيعة الدراسة أن تكون في مقدّمة، وتمهيد، ومبحثين، وخاتمة، أما التمهيد فيشتمل على التعريف بابن شهيد الأندلسي، وأسلوب الاستفهام وأدواته. وجاء المبحث الأول في حروف الاستفهام. وجاء المبحث الثاني في أسماء الاستفهام. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن لمعظم أدوات الاستفهام حضورًا في رسالة التوابع والزوابع، إذ استعملت تسع أدوات من بين إحدى عشرة أداة، وهي: (الهمزة، وهل، وما، ومَنْ، وأي، وكيف، وأين، وأنَّى، ومتى)، وكان لـ (مَنْ) النصيب الأوفى ثم (الهمزة)، وقد طبق فيها القواعد النحوية المتعارف عليها، وأحسن استعمالها استعمالًا أسلوبيًا، فخرج بها من الخبر إلى الإنشاء.

سامي محمد نعمان, ذكرى يحيى القبيلي

تستكشف هذه الدراسة طبيعة المعنى اللغوي وطبيعة بنائه في الدلالات الحرفية التقليدية والدلالات الإدراكية الحديثة، وتفحص بعض المفاهيم ذات الصلة. واقتضت طبيعة الموضوع أن تكون في مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة مباحث، تضمن المبحث الأول طبيعة المعنى اللغوي في المنظورين، وتضمن المبحث الثاني فرضية تعدد المعنى، وتضمن المبحث الثالث طبيعة بناء المعنى اللغوي في المنظورين، وختمت الدراسة بخاتمة شملت أبرز النتائج، ثم قائمة المراجع. ولتحقيق هذه الغاية، تسلك الدراسة سبيل المنهج الإدراكي الذي لا يقف عند تحليل اللغة وحسب، ولكنه يتجاوز ذلك فيحلل اللغة من زاوية علاقتها بالذهن. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن المعنى ليس مجرد معرفة مخزنة موجودة مسبقًا ومشفرة باللغة؛ ولكنه ذو طبيعة مفاهيمية، ويمتح شرعيته من المعرفة الموسوعية وتجاربنا الإدراكية، ومن ثم فهو فردي نفسي؛ ويتحدد بالسياق وباللغة. ولهذا، لا يبدو لنا أن هناك معنى أحاديًا وجوهريًا للكلمة وآخر ثانويًا وغير جوهري. كما كشفت الدراسة عن أن المعنى الجوهري يتناقض مع المرجع في العالم الخارجي، وأن الكلمات/ الوحدات المعجمية والأبنية النحوية، من المنظور الإدراكي، تحث على بناء المعنى الغني، وأن الأبنية النحوية جميعها تحمل معنى في حد ذاتها بصرف النظر عن المحتوى الذي يملؤها. أخيرًا، أبانت الدراسة أن بناء معنى الجملة ليس مجرد تجميع لمعاني أجزائها، ولكنه عملية بناء ذهني مستمرة ومعقدة تحدث على المستوى المفاهيمي؛ ويتشكل في أثناء الاتصال.    

Daniel S. Katz, Jeffrey C. Carver

This is a virtual dialog between Jeffrey C. Carver and Daniel S. Katz on how people learn programming languages. It's based on a talk Jeff gave at the first US-RSE Conference (US-RSE'23), which led Dan to think about human languages versus computer languages. Dan discussed this with Jeff at the conference, and this discussion continued asynchronous, with this column being a record of the discussion.

Lance Calvin Lim Gamboa, Mark Lee

Bias studies on multilingual models confirm the presence of gender-related stereotypes in masked models processing languages with high NLP resources. We expand on this line of research by introducing Filipino CrowS-Pairs and Filipino WinoQueer: benchmarks that assess both sexist and anti-queer biases in pretrained language models (PLMs) handling texts in Filipino, a low-resource language from the Philippines. The benchmarks consist of 7,074 new challenge pairs resulting from our cultural adaptation of English bias evaluation datasets, a process that we document in detail to guide similar forthcoming efforts. We apply the Filipino benchmarks on masked and causal multilingual models, including those pretrained on Southeast Asian data, and find that they contain considerable amounts of bias. We also find that for multilingual models, the extent of bias learned for a particular language is influenced by how much pretraining data in that language a model was exposed to. Our benchmarks and insights can serve as a foundation for future work analyzing and mitigating bias in multilingual models.

M. Ghosh

During the first two decades of the 20th century, Ukraine was part of the pan-European and world cultural space, as evidenced by the main literary events of that time. After the 1930s, this process was disrupted due to the repression of the intelligentsia and was not resumed for many years. In 1913, Rabindranath Tagore became the first non-European Nobel laureate in literature, and the first translations of his works were made into various European languages, which paved the way for the development of Indology as a branch of Oriental studies. Liudmyla Staryts’ka-Chernyakhivs’ka was actively involved in this literary process. The article analyzes Liudmyla Staryts’ka-Chernyakhivs’ka’s review of the book of the first translations of Rabindranath Tagore’s lyric poems into Ukrainian by Yury Syriy (Tyshchenko) “Sadovnyk” (“The Gardener”) in 1918, after the book was published. The analysis of this review was carried out for the first time from the point of view of literary criticism. Comparing with two other reviews of the same book made at that time, Liudmyla Staryts’ka Chernyakhivs’ka’s review revealed her high professionalism, deep knowledge of the science and art of poetry translation and her brilliant literary criticism. The article also discusses the merits of the review from three aspects or perspectives – linguistic, historical and development of oriental studies, which are of great importance for the development of the art of translation, for the study of Tagoreana or Tagore’s legacy in Ukraine. Despite the negative assessment and harsh criticism from Liudmyla Staryts’ka Chernyakhivs’ka, the translation is historical and the review also is historical, because it analyzes Tagore’s first translations and is a contribution to the development of one of the direction of Oriental studies.

P. M. Alibekova

The article is devoted to the study of eastern borrowings in medieval Avar poetry related to the names of fabrics. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that most of the specified terminology has become outdated vocabulary, and it is not included in the dictionaries of Dagestan languages. The information contained in dictionaries of obscure words given in collections of medieval poetic texts does not adequately clarify the meaning of Eastern terms To study the topic, we used folk lyrical and heroic songs, poetic works of the famous classics of Avar poetry Mahmud from Khahabroso and Tazhudin (Chanka), rich in eastern borrowings. The presented work contains excerpts of these works with interlinear translation into Russian. The translations are provided with the necessary comments.The article clarifies the features of the functioning of eastern names of fabrics in medieval Avar poetry. The meanings of eastern fabrics are determined, which in the Avar language have the linguistic forms darai, zarbal, sandus, khara, chilla, qatipa, shal, khatay, makhmal. To accomplish this task, reference literature in Persian and Arabic was used. In addition to their nominative function, borrowings perform cognitive, expressive-evaluative, style-forming functions, and reflect the socio-cultural environment and era. The fact that the images depicted in the above verses are not a figment of the artistic imagination of poets, not fictional characters, but real people from whom portrait sketches were made, gives a documentary quality to the descriptions. The costumes of the characters in folk songs and poetic works of Avar poets of the 19th — early 20th centuries reflect the historical era and the characteristics of the national culture. The conducted research will help a correct understanding of medieval Avar poetry, and can also be useful in compiling dictionaries of eastern borrowings for literary Avar texts.

Olha Kolomyyets

The article is dedicated to the development of the Oriental Studies area at the Faculty of Culture and Arts during the two decades since its establishment in 2004 at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv; looking closely at the program in its three most important spheres of functioning: educational – as a component of the faculty’s educational programs, scholarly – as an aspect of the research activities of faculty members, and artistically educational – as element of the cultural enrichment of all the participants of the educational process at the Faculty of Culture and Arts and the university community as a whole. The functioning and specifics of Oriental Studies at the Faculty of Culture and Arts have been analyzed taking under consideration the period of its formation within the Department of Theatre Studies and Acting, as well as the historical context of the establishment and development of Oriental Studies at Lviv University, which, according to the research by Yarema Polotniuk, was inspired by the multicultural environment of the city and the region in general, and could be roughly divided in a few historical periods: early period of the XIX cent., interwar stage, period of stagnation after WWII and the phase of revival after the proclamation of Ukraine’s Independence in 1991. The specifics of the faculties and their divisions as well as the scholarly interests of those who were invited to teach at the Lviv University from the very beginning influenced the development of the main areas of the Oriental Studies at the University of Lviv, namely linguistics and literature. The other directions of the Oriental Studies, specifically those of theatre and music areas, which have been developing at the Faculty of Culture and Arts since its establishment at the University, are aimed to fill a gap in the researches and university studies of those elements of culture that, on together with language, but in their own way, identify a society and become “the true source of historical information” (Hoshovskyi, 1971) and, thus, cannot be omitted from university curriculums. Besides the chronologically first course at the faculty, titled “Theatre Cultures of the East”, which introduces the main problematics of Oriental Studies in the area of theatre studies on the basis of Indian, Japanese and Chinese cultures, other disciplines as well as scholarly work and artistic-educational activity have concentrated mostly in the frames of ethnomusicological and musicological areas of the faculty and, due to the individual scholarly interests of the faculty members, objective circumstances in Ukraine during the two decades of the faculty’s development (as, for instance, the occupation of Crimea by the Russian federation and, as a result an internal resettlement of Crimean Tatars, including to Lviv) as well as the need to develop scholarly endeavors of Ukrainian researchers who in different periods of Ukrainian history have raised questions from the Oriental studies discourses in their work, representing such branches of the Oriental studies as musical Indology, Armenian Studies, Jewish Studies and most recently musical Turkology.

D.K. Zhanabergenova, N. E. Kairbekov

The article is dedicated to Absattar Bagisbaevich Derbisali—an outstanding religious figure, Kazakh orientalist, Islamic scholar, Doctor of Philology, professor, whose scientific activity deserves special attention and recognition. As an orientalist, Derbisali specialized in Arabic and Islamic studies and made significant contributions to the study of Arab culture and language, as well as Islamic literature and philosophy. The purpose of the study is to determine the range of interests of a young researcher and the influence of a scientific supervisor in shaping his scientific trajectory.The scientific novelty of the research lies in the disclosure of little-known facts and aspects during his postgraduate studies, as well as in theunderstanding of how exactly during these years his scientific worldview was formed in the context of the sociocultural and political situation of that time. The methodological basis of the study is a historical-biographical approach, since the personal file of A.Derbisali is considered. The article applies the principles of objectivity and historicism, taking into account the range of his scientific interests. The use of a historical-systemic approach allows us to consider the object of study in the context of time and space, identifying internal connections and dependencies in the history of Eastern cultures, including Kazakh and Central Asian history.