Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Muhammad Jaleed Khan, Hamid Saeed Khan, Adeel Yousaf et al.

Over the past three decades, significant developments have been made in hyperspectral imaging due to which it has emerged as an effective tool in numerous civil, environmental, and military applications. Modern sensor technologies are capable of covering large surfaces of earth with exceptional spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. Due to these features, hyperspectral imaging has been effectively used in numerous remote sensing applications requiring estimation of physical parameters of many complex surfaces and identification of visually similar materials having fine spectral signatures. In the recent years, ground based hyperspectral imaging has gained immense interest in the research on electronic imaging for food inspection, forensic science, medical surgery and diagnosis, and military applications. This review focuses on the fundamentals of hyperspectral image analysis and its modern applications such as food quality and safety assessment, medical diagnosis and image guided surgery, forensic document examination, defense and homeland security, remote sensing applications such as precision agriculture and water resource management and material identification and mapping of artworks. Moreover, recent research on the use of hyperspectral imaging for examination of forgery detection in questioned documents, aided by deep learning, is also presented. This review can be a useful baseline for future research in hyperspectral image analysis.

Katja Grace, J. Salvatier, Allan Dafoe et al.

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) will transform modern life by reshaping transportation, health, science, finance, and the military. To adapt public policy, we need to better anticipate these advances. Here we report the results from a large survey of machine learning researchers on their beliefs about progress in AI. Researchers predict AI will outperform humans in many activities in the next ten years, such as translating languages (by 2024), writing high-school essays (by 2026), driving a truck (by 2027), working in retail (by 2031), writing a bestselling book (by 2049), and working as a surgeon (by 2053). Researchers believe there is a 50% chance of AI outperforming humans in all tasks in 45 years and of automating all human jobs in 120 years, with Asian respondents expecting these dates much sooner than North Americans. These results will inform discussion amongst researchers and policymakers about anticipating and managing trends in AI.

N. Rosenberg, R. Nelson

T. Schelling

Traditionally, Americans have viewed war as an alternative to diplomacy, and military strategy as the science of victory. Today, however, in our world of nuclear weapons, military power is not so much exercised as threatened. It is,Mr. Schelling says, bargaining power, and the exploitation of this power, for good or evil, to preserve peace or to threaten war, is diplomacy-the diplomacy of violence. The author concentrates in this book on the way in which military capabilities-real or imagined-are used, skillfully or clumsily, as bargaining power. He sees the steps taken by the U.S. during the Berlin and Cuban crises as not merely preparations for engagement, but as signals to an enemy, with reports from the adversary's own military intelligence as our most important diplomatic communications. Even the bombing of North Vietnam, Mr. Schelling points out, is as much coercive as tactical, aimed at decisions as much as bridges. He carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier The Strategy of Conflict (1960) and Strategy and Arms Control (with Morton Halperin, 1961), and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and diplomacy. Stimson Lectures.Mr. Schelling is professor of economics at Harvard and acting director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs. "An exemplary text on the interplay of national purpose and military force."-Book Week. "A grim but carefully reasoned and coldly analytical book...One of the most frightening previews which this reviewer has ever seen of the roads that lie just ahead in warfare."-Los Angeles Times. "A brilliant and hardheaded book. It will frighten those who prefer not to dwell on the unthinkable and infuriate those who have taken refuge in the stereotypes and moral attitudinizing."-New York Times Book Review.

A. Sahoo, S. K. Dwivedy, P. Robi

Abstract Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are robotic devices with a propulsion system for navigation and an onboard computer for decision making. AUV research is gaining popularity because of its extensive applications in fields from military to science. Robotic systems are need of the hour for exploration and environmental safety of the vast and deep oceans and water bodies. This paper presents current research trends in the field of AUVs and highlights future research directions. Here localization and navigation techniques such as inertial navigation to simultaneous localization and mapping being used in current AUVs are discussed in detail. Different optimal path planning and control methods are highlighted. Use of different sensor technology like sonar, laser, acoustic modems and stereo vision systems for localization, navigation and mapping is presented. Recent developments in underwater wireless communication along with the commercially available devices are discussed.

Ганна Маляр

Проблема визначення агресії в міжнародному та національному законодавстві залишається однією з найбільш дискусійних у сучасній правовій науці. Попри наявність численних нормативно-правових актів, світове співтовариство досі послуговується визначенням агресії, ухваленим Генеральною Асамблеєю ООН у 1974 році. Проте це визначення, хоча й має універсальний характер, на практиці виявилося юридично слабким і не охоплює сучасних форм агресивних дій, таких як інформаційна, кібер- чи гібридна війна. Актуальність теми зумовлена необхідністю оновлення правових механізмів реагування на новітні загрози міжнародній безпеці, що проявляються у неоголошених, асиметричних конфліктах. Метою дослідження є аналіз нормативно-правових підходів до визначення понять “агресія” та “війна” у міжнародному та українському законодавстві, а також виявлення прогалин, які ускладнюють кваліфікацію дій агресора. Методологічну основу становлять порівняльно-правовий та контент-аналіз нормативних актів, міжнародних угод, рішень міжнародних судових інституцій і наукових досліджень у галузі права. У статті досліджується проблема відсутності єдиного та уніфікованого визначення поняття “агресія” в українському законодавстві, що ускладнює як правозастосовну практику, так і нормотворчий процес у сфері протидії злочинам проти миру та безпеки людства. На основі аналізу міжнародних правових актів, чинного законодавства України та судової практики з 2014 року виявлено ключові суперечності у вживанні термінів “агресія”, “агресивна війна”, “збройна агресія” та “акт агресії”. Показано, що міжнародні норми права, зокрема резолюція ГА ООН 1974 року та Римський статут МКС, не враховують сучасних форм гібридної війни, таких як кібератаки та інформаційні операції, що ставить під сумнів ефективність їх застосування до реалій російсько-української війни. Автор робить висновок про необхідність уніфікації термінології у національному праві, розширення кола суб’єктів відповідальності за злочин агресії та ініціювання Україною вдосконалення міжнародних норм для адекватного реагування на розв’язання війни країнами-агресорами. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у формулюванні рекомендацій щодо гармонізації українського законодавства з нормами міжнародного права, уточненні кримінально-правових норм та розробленні сучасного визначення агресії, яке враховуватиме реалії гібридної війни проти України.

Віктор ЧМИР

Використання двигунів внутрішнього згоряння як джерела енергії для руху автомобільної техніки має свої переваги та недоліки. Переваги – це компактність силового агрегата, висока питома потужність, легкість заправки, відносно великий запас ходу та ін. Недоліки насамперед – екологічна небезпека, пов’язана із згорянням пального та забрудненням продуктами згоряння навколишнього середовища. Автомобіль також є джерелом віброакустичних та електромагнітних хвиль. Аналіз наукової літератури з вирішення проблеми зменшення матеріальних витрат на експлуатацію автомобільної техніки органів Держприкордонслужби, наявних науководослідних робіт і публікацій дозволяє зробити висновок, що дійсно існують об’єктивні невідповідності між практичними потребами щодо утилізації енергії відпрацьованих газів двигунів внутрішнього згоряння з метою їхнього застосування для підвищення ефективності автомобільних перевезень органами Держприкордонслужби та можливостями науково-методичної бази у цьому напрямі. З аналізу ефективності функціонування двигунів внутрішнього згоряння та відомих конструкцій установок для утилізації енергії їхніх відпрацьованих газів зроблено висновок, що, незважаючи на досить велику кількість відомих способів підвищення ефективності функціонування поршневих двигунів внутрішнього згоряння (зокрема дизельних), жоден з них не позбавлений недоліків. Отже, завдання реалізації потенціалу продуктів згорання пального в дизельних двигунах автомобілів є актуальним і потребує свого вирішення. На основі результатів аналізу конструкцій систем утилізації теплоти було синтезовано схему підвищення ефективності функціонування дизельного двигуна, яка передбачає можливість отримання корисної роботи від нереалізованої теплоти згоряння паливної суміші в циліндрах самого двигуна.  Отримані наукові результати дозволяють вирішити низку практичних завдань з підвищення ефективності використання автомобільної техніки органами Держприкордонслужби під час виконання оперативно-службових завдань з охорони і оборони державного кордону України.

Shixin Ma, Xiangdong Li, Lanwei Zhou

The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena. The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations, potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container. Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles, such as fragments, with limited exploration of shaped charge jets. In this paper, a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts. The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (S-ALE) solver. The formation mechanism, along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated. Additionally, the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed. The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape, primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects. The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy. When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below, the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.

Nikolić Zoran R., Spasojević Čedo

The thought of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) in the history of political ideas is regarded as the beginning of modern political theory, which abandons the classical Socratic view of politics condensed in the virtue of citizens as the foundation of the polis (the state), as well as the medieval Christian worldview of Thomas Aquinas, where the state and politics are subordinated to religion and Christian morality. Politics becomes distinguished as public as opposed to private, and into political theory Machiavelli introduces the concepts of power, force, strength, and violence as legitimate political notions-a kind of Copernican turn away from the classical political theory of antiquity, where "trust in mute force, which the ancient Greeks considered a non-political instrument…" (Tadić, 1996: 56), now becomes axiomatic. In political reality, new rules apply-the virtuous citizen is replaced by homo politicus. Machiavelli, in the reality of politics, analyzes concrete political phenomena from the perspective of realism and the application of the empirical method. Among other things, Machiavelli says that "many have imagined republics and principalities that never actually existed" (Machiavelli, 2012: 65). Machiavelli's concept of the state and power is founded on the experience of the Florentine friar Savonarola and the famous dictum that unarmed prophets have failed: "It is necessary to know that there are two ways of fighting: by law and by force" (Machiavelli, 2012: 73). In The Prince, Machiavelli emphasizes that "there can be no good laws without a good army, and where there is a good army, there must be good laws" (Machiavelli, 2012: 53). In this paper we analyze the concept of a "good army" in Machiavelli as an unclear and disputable term. By applying methods of content and discourse analysis of Machiavelli's works, we will demonstrate his understanding of a good army within the framework of his theoretical innovation, his new method, through the research question of whether it means a well-armed army, a standing army of monarchical states (France, Spain), the adventurer companies, compagnie di ventura, hired by Italian city-states, or an army that, in the spirit of Augustine, wages war in good faith-or something else? Machiavelli criticizes mercenary warfare and introduces the notion of an armed people, a citizen militia, into his teaching. We will explain the concept of the armed people through his republicanism, his view of the people as the pillar of preserving the state, of the political community in freedom, and the category of friendship between ruler and people. In addition, the paper will address the reach of Machiavelli's idea of the "good army" in the political thought and practice of contemporary society, namely, how far his idea corresponds with the concept of total defense, which in various forms is practiced in a number of states around the world.

Guangteng Fan, Peng Wu, Mengqi Yang et al.

The integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing is accelerating the development of intelligent and autonomous satellite systems. However, limitations in onboard sensing, computing, storage, and energy resources continue to constrain the intelligent functionalities of individual satellites. Currently, most studies focus on either satellite intelligence or satellite networking, while systematic studies on their integration remain scarce. To address this gap, this paper introduces the concept of an intelligent satellite cluster system, which leverages satellite networks to enable collaborative intelligence among satellites, thereby enhancing the overall system intelligence. After summarizing the typical use cases of the intelligent satellite cluster system, we analyze the corresponding demands on network capabilities. Based on these demands, we propose the concept of the Internet of satellites (IoS) tailored to support the intelligent satellite cluster system. Specifically, we design both the logical and physical architectures of IoS and elaborate on its key enabling technologies. Finally, we present the research progress and outcomes achieved by our team on these core technologies, and discuss the challenges that remain. This paper aims to build consensus around intelligent and connected satellite technologies, promote innovation and standardization, and enhance the intelligent service capabilities of future large-scale satellite systems.

Hongyu Yang, Fuyao Chen, Yiwen Hu et al.

Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), which has the advantages of high energy density, no halogen and low characteristic signal, is not only considered as a new high-energy oxidizer that is expected to replace the traditional oxidizer ammonium perchlorate (AP) in solid propellants, but also a good performance explosive in itself. However, due to the strong hygroscopicity of ADN, its application in solid propellants and explosives is greatly limited. Solving the hygroscopicity of ADN is the key to realize the wide application of ADN. In this paper, we systematically review the research progress of anti-hygroscopic strategies of ADN coating. The surface coating methods are focusing on solvent volatilization, solvent-non-solvent, melt crystallization and atomic layer deposition technology. The characteristics of the different methods are compared and analyzed, and the basis for the classification and selection of the coating materials are introduced in detail. In addition, the feasibility of material for surface coating of ADN is evaluated by several compatibility analysis methods. It is highly expected that the liquid phase method (solvent volatilization method, solvent-non-solvent method) would be the promising method for future ADN coating because of its effective, safety and facile operation. Furthermore, polymer materials, are the preferred coating materials due to their high viscosity, easy adhesion, good anti-hygroscopic effect, and heat resistance, which make ADN weak hygroscopicity, less sensitive, easier to preserve and good compatibility.

Ramanath M.N, Chikmath L., Murthy H.

Lug joints are preferred joineries for transferring heavy loads to parent components in aerospace vehicles. They experience corrosion due to environmental conditions, improper surface finishes and rubbing displacement between the pin and lug-hole. This causes damage of different sizes and shapes near the lug-hole. Stiffness degradation due to corrosion-induced damage is modelled as a through-pit at one of the identified critical locations through stress analysis. The effect of this pit on fatigue crack initiation life is estimated. Lug-hole is pre-stressed by cold-working and the benefits of inducing plastic wake on the intended performance of the lug joint during the damages due to corrosion are brought out and compared with non-cold-worked lug-hole. Numerical analysis is performed on this lug joint with press-fit. The results obtained highlight the benefits of cold-working and the methodology can be extended to damage growth and analyse the effect of surface treatments for better structural integrity of components of aerospace vehicles.

Kaiyuan Jing, Zhengzhi Feng, Jing Xu et al.

Abstract Backgrounds Considering the crucial role of military personnel’s mental health in the armed forces, society, and the nation, the present study aims to describe the prevalence and influential factors of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Chinese military personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The present study conducted an epidemiological investigation of mental health among Chinese military personnel between October 25th and November 10th, 2022. Data was collected from military units in thirty provinces across the country. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire about their demographic characteristics and four validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI-7 and PCL-5), assessing the symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD. Results A total of 17,423 military personnel participated in the study. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and PTSD were 2.69%, 0.99%, 2.90% and 1.61%, respectively. Certain demographic groups were identified as having a higher prevalence, including older individuals, women, those with longer military service, higher education levels, divorced or widowed individuals, only child, those with one child, and those from urban areas. Conclusions The prevalence of mental health problems among Chinese military personnel has remained at a relatively low level, but our data still suggest that a significant number of individuals in the Chinese military population are affected by mental health issues. It is crucial for military units, society, and the nation to continuously prioritize the mental well-being of soldiers and provide them with more mental health care services.

Youth Board on Children, Families., R. Graham et al.

Yi-ran Wei, Hong-bin Deng, Zhen-hua Pan et al.

Aiming at the position and attitude tracking of coaxial rotor aircraft (CRA), this paper proposes a combinatorial control method of sliding mode control (SMC) coupled with proportional-integral-derivative control (PIDC). Considering the complete description of flight dynamics, aerodynamics and airflow interference, the dynamical model of CRA is established. The dynamical model is simplified according to the actual flight, then the simplified dynamical model is divided into two subsystems: a fully-actuated subsystem and an under-actuated subsystem. The controller of the fully-actuated subsystem consists of a SMC controller coupled with a rate bounded PIDC controller, while the controller of the under-actuated subsystem is composed of a SMC controller. The sliding manifold is defined by combining the position and velocity tracking errors of the state variables for each subsystem. Lyapunov stability theory is used to verify the stability of the sliding mode controller, which ensures that all state trajectories of the system can reach and stay on the sliding mode surface, the uncertainty and external interference of the model are compensated. Simulation and experiment compared with the conventional PIDC are carried out, the results demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed control method of this paper.

Chenjuan Shi, Li Tian, Wenwen Zheng et al.

Three or four intramuscular doses of the inactivated human rabies virus vaccines are needed for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. This procedure has made a great contribution to prevent human rabies deaths, which bring huge economic burdens in developing countries. Herein, a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9, AAV9-RABVG, harbouring a RABV G gene, was generated to serve as a single dose rabies vaccine candidate. The RABV G protein was stably expressed in the 293T cells infected with AAV9-RABVG. A single dose of 2 × 1011 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG induced robust and long-term positive seroconversions in BALB/c mice with a 100% survival from a lethal RABV challenge. In Cynomolgus Macaques vaccinated with a single dose of 1 × 1013 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG, the titres of rabies VNAs increased remarkably from 2 weeks after immunity, and maintained over 31.525 IU/ml at 52 weeks. More DCs were activated significantly for efficient antigen presentations of RABV G protein, and more B cells were activated to be responsible for antibody responses. Significantly more RABV G specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IL-4-secreting CD4+ T cells were activated, and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 were secreted to aid immune responses. Overall, the AAV9-RABVG was a single dose rabies vaccine candidate with great promising by inducing robust, long-term humoral responses and both Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses in mice and non-human primates.

Yaping Yang, Weidong Wei, Liang Jin et al.

PurposeOur understanding of breast cancer in very young women (≤35 years old) remains limited. We aimed to assess the clinicopathological characteristics, molecular subtype, and treatment distribution and prognosis of these young patients compared with patients over 35 years.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed non-metastatic female breast cancer cases treated at three Chinese academic hospitals between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2018. Local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between different age groups and stratified with distinct molecular subtypes.ResultsA total of 11,671 women were eligible for the final analyses, and 1,207 women (10.3%) were ≤35 years at disease onset. Very young breast cancer women were more likely to be single or childless, have higher-grade disease, have more probability of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in tumor and triple-negative subtype, and be treated by lumpectomy, chemotherapy especially more anthracycline- and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy, endocrine therapy plus ovarian function suppression (OFS), anti-HER2 therapy, and/or radiotherapy than older women (P < 0.05 for all). Very young women had the lowest 5-year LRFS and DFS among all age groups (P < 0.001 for all). When stratified by molecular subtype, very young women had the worst outcomes vs. women from the 35~50-year-old group or those from >50-year-old group for hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) subtype, including LRFS, DFS, and OS (P < 0.05 for all). In terms of LRFS and DFS, multivariate analyses showed similar results among the different age groups.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that very young women with breast cancer had higher-grade tumors, more probability of LVI in tumor, and more triple-negative subtype, when compared with older patients. They had less favorable survival outcomes, especially for patients with the HR+/HER2− subtype.

G. Bonanno, A. Mancini, J. Horton et al.

Lei Wang, Manjun Deng, Qiao Ke et al.

Abstract Background and Aims The prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after radical resection is far from satisfactory; however, the clinical value of adjuvant therapy (AT) remains controversial. This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of AT and identify potential patients who would be benefited from AT. Methods Data from ICC patients who underwent radical resection were retrospectively collected from 12 hepatobiliary centers in China between December 2012 and December 2015. Patients were divided into AT and non‐AT groups based on whether AT was administered or not. Overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan‐Meier method before and after 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM). Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the established staging systems. Results A total of 412 patients were enrolled in this study, and 77 patients (18.9%) received AT, including 32 (7.8%) patients who received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), 21 (5.1%) patients who received chemotherapy, 10 (2.4%) patients who received radiotherapy, and 14 (3.4%) patients who received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The median OS and DFS were both longer in the AT group than in the non‐AT group (43.0 months vs 21.0 months, P = .015; 16.0 months vs 11.0 months, P = .045, respectively), and the advantage of AT was confirmed for both the OS and DFS (P = .023; P = .046, respectively) after 1:2 PSM. Furthermore, based on the established nomogram, only “middle‐risk” patients receiving AT cherished a longer median OS (43.0 months vs 20.0 months, P = .033). In subgroup analyses that were stratified by different AT strategies, patients receiving postoperative chemotherapy had a longer median OS (37.0 months vs 21.0 months, P = .039), while patients receiving postoperative TACE had a longer median DFS (50.0 months vs 11.0 months, P = .007). Conclusion With the current data, we conclude that AT benefits ICC patients following radical resection, especially those “middle‐risk” patients, as evaluated by the established nomogram. However, exactly which patients are the most suitable for AT requires further study and validation.

K. Mattocks, S. Haskell, E. Krebs et al.