Matija Mažuranić (Novi Vinodolski, 1817 – Feldhof near Graz, 1881) was a Croatian writer. His literary work Pogled u Bosnu ili Kratak put u onu krajinu (A View of Bosnia, or A Brief Tour of the Other Frontier, 1842) is the first complete travelogue in Croatian literature, notable for dealing with everyday life in Bosnia. The travelogue, which was also of use to Matija’s brother Ivan in writing his own work, Smrt Smail-age Čengića (The Death of Smail-aga Čengić, Iskra, 1846), is distinct because the author did not limit himself to describing what he saw, but rather, imbued the work with his own experience of the region and its inhabitants. In addition, considering that the work was written during the uprising in Bosnia, it also has a socio-political background which falls outside the literary domain. Matija distinguished himself as an avid social worker. Although he was a blacksmith by trade, he engaged in construction work in his hometown and the surrounding area, and even served as the mayor of Novi Vinodolski for some time. He also travelled around Austria, Serbia and Bosnia, and even to Constantinople. The details of his life can be gleaned from the correspondence he kept with his brothers Antun and Ivan Mažuranić, who often helped him financially in the realisation of his business ventures. The letters also reveal the then current social reality and chronicle the events that marked Matija’s travels and life in Novi Vinodolski. Prominent among them were the publication of the translation of The Statute of Vinodol (1843) by Antun Mažuranić and the opening of the National Reading Room (1845) in Novi Vinodolski. Matija’s reflections on his own life path, which complete the impression of him as a man imbued with romantic personality traits, are also worthy of notice. In addition to the above, the paper also reviews Matija’s literary work Bědna starost (Dire Old Age), which is not mentioned in literary historiography, although it is not unknown (Živančević, 1964). It is a ballad that deals with a fictitious tragic event, as a result of God’s will that should be accepted. In addition to romantic features, elements of baroque poetics can be observed in the work, as reflected in centring the themes of human transience, sinfulness, the permanence of the divine, and pessimism.
Michele Andrade de Brito, José Raimundo Fernandes, Pedro Henrique Berbert de Carvalho
et al.
This study investigates the acute effects of CrossFit training on cognition and physiological parameters across different performance stages. We focused on evaluating the impact of such training on both the mental and physical performance of athletes classified as Elite, Advanced, and Beginners. The objective was to explore how CrossFit, known for its high-intensity and varied functional movements, influences cognitive functions and physiological responses in athletes of varying expertise. By comparing these groups both before and after the Workout of the Day (WOD), we aimed to understand the relationship between CrossFit training intensity and cognitive and physiological changes. Methodologically, our approach involved categorizing our sample into three groups: Elite (n=7), Advanced (n=10), and Beginners (n=15). We conducted comprehensive assessments of each participant's cognitive and physiological parameters pre- and post-WOD. The results revealed notable differences in performance time, with Elite athletes showing significantly quicker times compared to Advanced and Beginners. Cognitive functions, particularly executive functions like reading, counting, choice-making, shifting, inhibition, and flexibility, also varied significantly across the groups. Physiological measurements, including lactate stages and heart rate, further highlighted these differences. Remarkably, Elite athletes exhibited a 13.1 mmol average lactate level, lower than their counterparts, and a higher average heart rate of 188.0 bpm. In terms of cognitive functions, differences were observed in various executive tasks, showcasing the nuanced impact of high-intensity exercise on cognitive abilities. In conclusion, our study provides compelling evidence that high-intensity CrossFit training positively influences executive functions. These findings are quantified through substantial variations in performance times, executive function tasks, lactate stages, and heart rates, offering critical insights into the multidimensional benefits of CrossFit training across different competitive stages.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
The essay was written on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the Bulgarian Language Institute. prof. Lyubomir Andreichin BAN (Sofia), which was created in 1942 to form an explanatory dictionary of the Bulgarian literary language. The article acquaints the reader with the main milestones in the formation and development of the Institute, with the areas of scientific research, and individual significant works. The Institute is famous for outstanding achievements in the field of Paleo-Slavistics, Dialectology, Linguogeography, Grammar, Lexicology and Lexicography, Etymology, Ethnolinguistics.
Philology. Linguistics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Maria Davydenkova, Nadezhda Kaluzhnina, Olga Strievskaya
et al.
The Dictionary of Locutions from Liturgical Books by Protopriest A. Nevostruev, completed in the middle of the 19th century and never published, can be regarded both as a signifi cant achievement of Church Slavonic studies and as a valuable lexicographic source. The manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library. The decrepit state of the manuscript has determined the necessity of its urgent study and edition. The significance of this project is primarily due to the fact that the text of the dictionary is being made accessible to linguists for the fi rst time. The orthography and grammar of the dictionary refl ect the linguistic views of the time of its creation and can be of interest for those who study the history of Russian linguistics. This paper contains the next part of dictionary entries beginning in letter O. Characteristic features of the publication of this Dictionary, lists of sources, abbreviations and symbols were described in detail in the previous issues of St. Tikhon’s University Review. All previously published parts of the Dictionary together with the critical apparatus can be found at the website of St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities: https://pstgu.ru/science/proects/slovarrecheniy-iz-bogosluzhebnykh-knig-prot-a-i-nevostrueva/.
In the paper the method is presented how to update traditional digitalised dictionaries based on comparison of the dictionary lemmas and a big corpus. Hunspell platform is used for generation of all the word forms from the dictionary lemmas. 6th edition of The Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian was chosen for its comparison with the lexical data from The Joint Corpus of Lithuanian. The outcome of the comparison was two lists of non-overlapping lexis: the list of the dictionary lemmas unused in the present-day Lithuanian and the list of the dictionary gaps, i.e., frequently used words and word forms ignored by the dictionary. The latter is discussed in greater detail to give lexicographers a clue for updates.
The main objective of this article is to briefly illustrate the contribution of Italian sinology in compiling dictionaries of the Chinese language. Michele Ruggieri and Matteo Ricci succeed in compiling a list of words by means of a new transcription method which will be later improved and adopted by many Europeans. Basilio Brollo compiled a dictionary which was very popular in 18th century Europe and was the first Chinese one ever published. Two other missionaries worked for years on a dictionary: Carlo Castorano and Joseph Pruggmayr. Their works can be considered the earliest Italian-Chinese dictionaries but they haven’t been studied in detail so far. The last section, dealing with the 19th century, list in brief, all the failed attempts to print a bilingual dictionary in Italy.
Expanding WordNet with Gloss and Polysemy Links for Evocation Strength Recognition
Evocation – a phenomenon of sense associations going beyond standard (lexico)-semantic relations – is difficult to recognise for natural language processing systems. Machine learning models give predictions which are only moderately correlated with the evocation strength. It is believed that ordinary graph measures are not as good at this task as methods based on vector representations. The paper proposes a new method of enriching the WordNet structure with weighted polysemy and gloss links, and proves that Dijkstra’s algorithm performs equally as well as other more sophisticated measures when set together with such expanded structures.
Rozszerzenie WordNetu o glosy i relacje polisemiczne na potrzeby rozpoznawania siły ewokacji
Ewokacja – zjawisko skojarzeń zmysłowych wykraczających poza standardowe (leksykalne) relacje semantyczne – jest trudne do rozpoznania dla systemów przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Modele uczenia maszynowego dają prognozy tylko umiarkowanie skorelowane z siłą ewokacji. Uważa się, że zwykłe miary grafowe nie są tak dobre w tym zadaniu, jak metody oparte na reprezentacjach wektorowych. Proponujemy nową metodę wzbogacania struktury WordNet o polisemie ważone i linki połysku i udowadniamy, że algorytm Dijkstry zestawiony z tak rozbudowanymi strukturami działa a także inne, bardziej wyrafinowane środki.
Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Semantics
Artikli eesmärk on välja töötada korpuspäringusüsteemi Sketch Engine heade näitelausete tööriista GDEX (Good Dictionary Example) eesti mooduli versioonid, mis aitavad korpusest tuvastada eri keeleoskustasemetele vastavaid eri leksikaalse, süntaktilise ja grammatilise keerukusega näitelause kandidaate. Selleks analüüsin eesti keele kui teise keele õpikute lauseid ning teen kindlaks, missugused parameetrid eri keeleoskustasemeid eristavad. Uute eesti mooduli versioonide aluseks on sõnastike näitelausete analüüsi põhjal loodud GDEX-i eesti mooduli versioon 1.4, mille parameetreid vastavalt õpikulausete analüüsi tulemustele kohandan. Uurimistöö tulemusi rakendades saab luua eri keeleoskustasemete õppekorpused, mis sobivad kasutamiseks sõnastikuportaalides (nt Sõnaveeb), keeleõpperakendustes (nt etSkELL) ja muu õppevara loomisel.
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"Analysis of CEFR-graded coursebook sentences and their use for automatic detection of good dictionary examples"
The aim of the study was to develop new Estonian GDEX configurations for A-, B- and C-language proficiency levels. GDEX (Good Dictionary Example) (Kilgarriff et al. 2008) is a software module of the corpus query system Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. 2004), which helps to identify good dictionary example candidates from large corpora. In order to identify which specific parameters characterise sentences in each proficiency level, full sentences from the Estonian Coursebook Corpus 2018 were analysed using a program called Analyser of Sentence Parameters developed at the Institute of the Estonian Language. The analyser allows to find out how long the sentences and tokens are, what kind of verb forms are used, what syntactic properties the sentences have etc. The analysis showed that compared to the latest Estonian GDEX configuration 1.4 such parameters as sentence and token length, occurrence of certain verb forms and parts of speech needed to be adjusted. Accordingly, for A-level the sentence length was set to 3–14 tokens (optimal interval 4–7 tokens), for B-level 3–18 tokens (optimal interval 4–12) and for C-level 4–23 tokens (optimal interval 6–14 tokens). A new classifier that penalises tokens longer than 9 characters on A-level and tokens longer than 11 characters on B-level was introduced. On A- and B-levels certain verb forms were penalised or banned from appearing in the sentence. etSkELL – a corpus tool for Estonian language learning – and the dictionary portal Sõnaveeb (Wordweb) are introduced as possible ways to implement the new GDEX configurations output. The results of this paper can be applied in compiling corpora and teaching materials for different language proficiency levels.
This article investigates electronic dictionaries under the framework of Systemic-Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) and argues for improving their exemplification multimodally. Multimodal devices, if well coordinated, can help optimize e-dictionary examples in informativity, diversity, dynamicity and interactivity. The term multimodal exemplification is tentatively proposed under the umbrella of multimodal lexicography (Lew 2010), and defined as the selection and presentation of examples with multimodal devices for achieving greater effectiveness in exemplifying than language does alone, especially in an e-dictionary. Evidence shows that multimodal exemplification can expand the three metafunctional meanings of the e-dictionary discourse: ideational, interpersonal and textual. Ideational meaning can be enriched by not only multimodal examples per se but also cross-modal example–definition ties, and hyperlinks facilitate meaning flow in the semantic network. Interpersonal meaning can be expanded by user participation and design options, including those for page layout (spatial mode) and example genre style (verbal mode). Textual meaning can be reinforced by information value, composition, salience and framing. This article makes a first attempt to explore the intermodal relationship between a definition and the examples under the same sense, and to present a diagram illustrating a typical design of visual space in e-dictionaries. By exploring the special features of multimodal example texts, it may deepen our understanding of the emerging multimodal lexicography and complement multimodal discourse studies from a lexicographical perspective.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
This paper investigates the renewal of intensifiers in English. Intensifiers are popularized because of their intensifying potential but through frequency of use they lose their force. That is when the renewal process occurs and promotes new adverbs to the rank of intensifiers. This has consequences on language register. “Older” intensifiers are not entirely replaced by fresher intensifiers. They remain in use, but are assigned new functions in different contexts. My assumption is that intensifiers that have recently emerged tend to bear on parts of speech belonging to colloquial language, while older intensifiers modify parts of speech belonging mostly to the standard or formal registers. There seems to be a correlation between the intensifying force of an adverb and language register.
Znanstvena aktivnost hrvatskih ustanova iz sustava znanosti i visokoga obrazovanja od 1991. do 2005. utvrđena je analizom 8436 radova, objavljenih u časopisima iz prirodnih znanosti, koji su indeksirani u bazi Wos-SCI-Expanded u navedenom razdoblju. Time se dobio uvid u obilježja znanstvenoga komuniciranja hrvatskih znanstvenih ustanova, odnosno u njihovu produktivnost i utjecaj, za razdoblje koje je prethodilo uvođenju postojećega sustava vrednovanja znanstvenoga rada te donošenju nacionalnih strateških dokumenata koji su trebali dati smjernice razvoja znanosti. Također se utvrdilo jesu li pravni okvir vrednovanja znanstvenih ustanova i strategije razvoja znanosti bili utemeljeni na stvarnom stanju znanstvene aktivnosti na području prirodnih znanosti. Ovo je istraživanje polazišna točka daljnjim sustavnim scientometrijskim istraživanjima koja će omogućiti praćenje uočenih stanja i trendova aktivnosti hrvatskih znanstvenih ustanova.
Rufus H. Gouws, Ulrich Heid, Wolfgang Schweickard and Herbert Ernst Wiegand (eds.) 'Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Supplementary Volume: Recent Developments with Focus on Electronic and Computational Lexicography' (HSK Vol. 5.4). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013. XIII + 1,579 pp. € 499, US $ 699 ISBN 978-3-11-023812-9
Ilyin Dmitriy Yuryevich, Sidorova Elena Gennadyevna
The article deals with the linguistic issues of composing a reference book of
regional toponyms – a genre that requires special consideration in national lexicography. The assortment of these issues gave the possibility to carry out complex description of regional toponyms on the basis of semantic, functional, and orpthologuos criteria that let unify the names of Volgograd region settlements that are registered in various documents. The significance of the composed reference book is determined by several factors – the presence of local subsystems of geographical names in Russian toponymy; the inconsistency of current orthography norms on using capital letter in compound proprius names and fused-with-hyphen spelling of toponyms and off-toponym derivations; the lack of linguistically justified explanation of peculiarities of grammatical norms in the field of proper names use. The reference book of regional toponyms is based on the object description (toponymic vocabulary), principles of lexical units selection (description of spelling and grammatical properties of toponyms, encyclopedic information), the glossary (full list of toponyms of Volgograd region), typical article. The articles in the reference book are arranged in lexicographical zones with grammatical and semantic markers, lexicographical illustrations, other lexicographical labels, word etymology including. The reference book on Volgograd region toponymy is addressed to executive and administration authorities, journalists, regional ethnographers.
This essay reports on a number of XVIth century Italian-Spanish dictionaries, mostly florentine, preserved as manuscripts in the National Central Library of Florence, the Marucelliana Library of Florence and the Estense Library of Modena. These dictionaries (that have never been studied by the scholars of Italian-Spanish compared lexicography) show how vivid the interest for the study of Spanish language was in Florence during the Medici’s period.
This article treats the problems of identification of principles of representing the vocabulary of banking terms in the field Investor Relations. The main methods of the research are literary analysis and the statistic method. The research defines term and specifics “Investor Relations”, provides a clear demarcation of terms terminography and lexicography, describes the principles of representing the vocabulary of IR terms. Results of the research can be used by IR managers, employees of finance and investment companies and banks, interpreters, teachers, postgraduates and students of economy faculties in different courses of teaching.
This paper explores the translatability of Arabic amelioration and pejoration in English subtitling, illustrated with a subtitled Egyptian film, Ramadan atop the Volcano by Arab Radio and Television (ART). The paper first examines the nature of euphemism and dysphemism. Both concepts are approached from the perspective of technical and translation paradigms. The study shows that the difficulties arising from translating euphemistic or dysphemistic-loaded utterances are numerous for being culture-specific on the one hand and for the technical dimension usually involved in subtitling on the other. The study shows that the subtitler may opt for one of three major translation strategies: (1) an omission of source language (SL) euphemistic or dysphemistic expressions in the target culture; (2) a retention of SL euphemistic or dysphemistic expressions by means of formal-based translation strategies; and (3) an addition of euphemistic or dysphemistic expressions in the target culture.