La legislación mexicana prevé una infracción administrativa electoral que busca disuadir y sancionar la violencia contra las mujeres en el ámbito político. En este trabajo se exponen algunas de las complejidades probatorias que se presentan al intentar demostrar la comisión de esta conducta, y se abordan algunos de los principales postulados que ha sostenido la autoridad jurisdiccional para intentar resolver los problemas de prueba en el estudio de esta infracción. De modo específico se analiza la inversión de la carga de la prueba y el valor probatorio de la declaración de quien se aduce víctima, ambos criterios se contrastan con la manera en la que el Tribunal Electoral ha entendido los alcances de la perspectiva de género.
This volume offers a comprehensive examination of Hans Kelsen’s legal and political philosophy, focusing on four central themes. The first part analyses Kelsen’s theory of norms, including its periodisation and concepts of validity and coercion. The second part explores his perspectives on international law, addressing its structural analysis, primitive law characterisation, and teleology. The third part examines Kelsen’s theory of democracy, its relationship with the pure theory of law, collective will, and democratisation of the administration. The final part discusses Kelsen’s influence on the Vienna School of Legal Theory and its impact on case law and jurisprudence beyond Europe. This collection is essential for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand Kelsen’s legacy.
Objective: the paper aims to define the problems juridical theory and practice face with the progress of AI technologies in everyday life and correlate these problems with the human-centered approach to exploring artificial intelligence (Human-Centered AI).Methods: the research critically analyzes the relevant literature from various disciplines: jurisprudence, sociology, philosophy, and computer sciences.Results: the article articulates the prospects and problems the legal system confronts with the advancement of digital technologies in general and the tools of AI specifically. The identified problems are correlated with the provisions of the human-centered approach to AI. The authors acknowledge the necessity for AI inventors, as well as the owners of companies participating in the race to develop artificial intelligence technologies, to place humans, not machines, into the focus of attention as a primary value. In particular, special effort should be directed towards collecting and analyzing high-quality data for the organization of artificial intelligence tools development, taking into account that nowadays, the tools of AI are as practical as the data on which they are trained are effective.The authors formulate three principles of human-centered AI for the legal sphere: 1) a human as a necessary link in the chain of making and executing legal decisions; 2) the need to regulate artificial intelligence at the international law level; 3) formulating “a taboo” for introducing the artificial intelligence technologies.Scientific novelty: the article manifests one of the first attempts in the Russianlanguage scientific literature to outline the prospects of developing humancentered AI methodology in jurisprudence. Based on an analysis of special literature, the authors formulate three principles of including artificial intelligence into juridical theory and practice according to the assumptions of a human-centered approach to AI.Practical significance: the principles and arguments the article advances can be helpful in the legal regulation of artificial intelligence technologies and their harmonious inclusion into legal practices.
La Ley 4/23, de 28 de febrero, para la igualdad real y efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI, consagra como derecho fundamental la autodeterminación de sexo, también para los menores de edad. Estos, al objeto de facilitar su transición de sexo, suelen comenzar el proceso recibiendo bloqueadores de la pubertad y, posteriormente, hormonas cruzadas. El artículo trata de analizar si, en este tema, la nueva Ley redunda en el interés superior del menor y, en definitiva, en el respeto a su dignidad.
José Miguel Biscaia Fernández, Rosa Belén Mohedano del Pozo, Carlos Julio Biscaia Fernández
En este artículo reflexionamos sobre la potencialidad terapéutica de los nuevos desarrollos de la Inteligencia Artificial en el ámbito de la salud mental, en particular en la prevención de conductas suicidas. En primer lugar, analizamos los aspectos tecno-científicos más relevantes del Machine Learning en el entorno de las Redes Sociales, las aplicaciones móviles y los chatbots, así como las ventajas e inconvenientes de esta nueva Psiquiatría Computacional. A continuación, consideramos los límites y dificultades en el uso de estas tecnologías desde una perspectiva ética, además del marco legal para que estas aplicaciones preventivas sean garantistas en lo que a eficacia, seguridad, privacidad, transparencia, responsabilidad y equidad se refiere. Si bien las amenazas son considerables, concluimos que con una correcta identificación y gestión de las mismas el alcance terapéutico de estas herramientas se antoja alentador.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
Este artículo presenta un análisis del incremento de actos de represión del gobierno cubano dirigidos especialmente a jóvenes artistas. La represión generó un aumento de destierros, exilios y presos políticos desde 2018. Asociamos esta coyuntura a los monstruos –en sentido gramsciano– que han aparecido desde la oposición y desde el gobierno, sugiriendo que la revolución ha perdido la hegemonía cultural en manos de un grupo de jóvenes educados en las instituciones revolucionarias pero convencidos de su fracaso. Los artivistas –aquellos que, desde el arte, ejercen activismo– muestran el surgimiento de nuevos liderazgos que cuestionan a una revolución que no cumplió sus promesas.
Recibido: 30 junio 2022
Aceptado: 02 mayo 2023
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Comparative law. International uniform law
Este artículo se aproxima a varios de los elementos metodológicos e ideológicos presentes en la obra del profesor Gregorio Peces-Barba, relacionándolos con algunas líneas de su pensamiento, a fin de reflejar su contribución e influencia a partir de ciertos contextos. Está especialmente dirigido a los nuevos estudiantes que deseen tener un primer contacto con su pensamiento. Los temas que se presentan se agrupan en torno al uso de la razón histórica, el antropocentrismo secularizado y el discurso sobre las capacidades. También alrededor de la influencia de la Modernidad y la Ilustración, del personalismo comunitario y el socialismo democrático, además de la tradición republicana.
Rómulo Ramírez Daza y García, Armando Enrique Cruz Covarrubias
En la presente investigación se analiza la fundamentación de la sentencia de amparo en revisión 203/2017 del Caso Iguala, en su resolución de conformar una comisión investigadora de la verdad y la justicia, para esclarecer y resolver el caso de los 43 desaparecidos. Desde la teoría aristotélica de la argumentación se busca estudiar la sentencia y decantar sus resultados lógico-argumentales a partir de dicho modelo hermenéutico. Finalmente, se evaluará su racionalidad de acuerdo con el paradigma tríadico: analítico-dialéctico-retórico que compone la lógica de Aristóteles, para ver si los argumentos presentados se justifican y convencen en sí mismos.
The essay analyses the evolution of the national and international scene between the Twentieth and the Twenty-first century to reach our days, plagued by the pandemic from Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine. The Author dwells on the need to rebuild a new multilateral architecture at the international level to effectively address cross-cutting problems, such as poverty, health, work and the
protection of the Earth from pollution.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political theory
The subject of this research is the essential characteristic of the history of legal thought of the last two centuries, which directly pertains to the theoretical-methodological fundamentals of legal theory. In the conditions of the object-disciplinary establishment of legal science as the theory of law since the end of the XVIII century, crucial significance has acquired the orientation towards demarcation of logical-gnoseological and real-psychological aspects of legal understanding. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the corresponding theoretical-methodological opposition, which manifested in the appeals to the construction of “refined” legal concepts that exclude any real arguments of social, historical, political, or psychological nature. By the end of the XIX century, namely in the field of the philosophy of law, has escalated the competition between psychologism and anti-psychologism in law. The novelty of this research lies in determination of the new patterns of theoretical and methodological opposition of psychological and anti-psychological attitudes of legal understanding in the evolution of legal thought in contemporary history. It is demonstrated that the phenomenological approach, which claimed to provide jurisprudence with an authentic scientific methodological apparatus, reduced the problem of legal understanding, however, did not contribute to the adequate understanding of law as a complex gnoseological object. Anti-psychological classification of phenomenology cannot be acknowledged without a profound analysis of the conceptual framework that contributed to the evolution of this approach in the sphere of cognition and interpretation of law.
Most musicians, in their songs, portray their philosophical vision of life as could be seen in the case of Lucky Philip Dube, the black South African reggae musician. His songs show that he adheres to the principle of ethical humanism and portrays him as a crusader of social justice. Thus, this essay shows the link between musical art and law by examining the commitment of Dube’s lyrical composition in fighting for a just legal system in his society. This essay therefore, analyses some of his lyrical productions in order to expound on the philosophical ideas underneath the songs and how they tie with the search of an alternative jurisprudence and humanism in postcolonial discourse and the liberation of the subaltern. From the perspective of natural law theory, this essay postulates that Dube’s songs criticise the injustice of the legal philosophy in his society and quest for an impartial jurisprudence – that of equality and justice in his society.
The article examines some modern trends in the development of domestic legislation, as well as general theoretical legal thinking. One of them is a noticeable spread in the legislative acts of Ukraine of those terms that have an outlet to the problem of legal understanding, for example, they talk about such words as: «right», «justice», «unjust sentence», «unright agreement», «unright use», «unright actions», «unright gain». Such terminology can be directly used in legal regulatory practice, and taking into account the pluralism of legal thinking, known from ancient times to this day, inevitably there is a need for an official explanation, interpretation of one or another of the given terminological concepts. In all the above cases, the following question will inevitably arise: the terms above are synonyms for the adjectives lawful, illegal, and are similar to them? Or, on the contrary, in the examples given above, they are talking about some other – meaningful and different – from legal / illegal – phenomenon? If we are inclined to the first answer, the question arises: for what purpose different terms were used to name the same phenomenon? If we support the second of the possible answers, then it directly leads to the problem of legal thinking. One of the aspects of the general problem of legal thinking is the substantive allocation of the so-called phenomenon of the antipode of the phenomenon of right, – the phenomenon of unright. The urgency of solving this practically significant task is illustrated, in particular, by the fact that, for example, in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, adjectives unright gain are used almost sixty times! What complex of problems in legal regulation, this situation generates, can be seen by analyzing, for example, the reaction of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine regarding the inconsistency of the Constitution of Ukraine with the provisions of Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Arguing this decision, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine referred to the fact that, in particular: a) formulation of this article allows possibility of abuse by the bodies of pre-trial investigation, in connection with legal clarity, unambiguity in content of the norm is lost when they are applied; b) the situation under discussion creates the possibility of an official assessment of the court decision by non-judicial bodies, which contradicts the principle of the distribution of power. It seems remarkable that in response to the aforementioned decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, almost half of those judges who took part in the consideration of this case expressed separate opinions in which they thoroughly criticized the arguments of the Court. Without resorting to a specific analysis of each of these thoughts, we state the pluralistic interpretation of the first part of the complex word «unjust» by different judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. We explain it by the socially-natural heterogeneity, the interpretation of any evaluative legal concepts by various subjects of society in the process of legal regulation.
This work explores the relationship between Bentham's utilitarian practical philosophy and his positivist jurisprudence. These theories appear to be in tension because his utilitarian commitment to the sovereignty of utility as a practical decision principle seems inconsistent with his positivist insistence on the sovereignty of the will of the lawmaker. Two themes emerge from the attempt in this work to reconcile these two core elements of Bentham's practical thought. First, Bentham's conception of law does not fit the conventional model of legal positivism. Bentham was not just a utilitarian and a positivist; he was a positivist by virtue of his commitment to a utilitarian understanding of the fundamental task of law. Moreover, his emphasis on the necessary publicity and the systemic character of law, led him to insist on an essential role for utilitarian reasons in the regular public functioning of law. Second, Bentham's radical critique of common law theory and practice convinced him of the necessity to reconcile the need for certainty of law with an equally great need for its flexibility. He eventually developed a constitutional framework for adjudication in the shadow of codified law that accorded judges discretion to decide particular cases according to their best judgment of the balance of utilities, guaranteeing the accountability and appropriate motivation of judicial decision-making through institutional incentives. The original text of this work, first published in 1986, remains largely unchanged, but an afterword reconsiders and revises some themes in response to criticism.
The present paper provides a general overview of the sources of inspiration and main currents in Polish jurisprudence in the 20th century, especially in the post-War and contemporary period. The paper notes that the main sources of inspiration in the early 20th century included Leon Petrażycki, Bronisław Wróblewski, Czesław Znamie-rowski and Jerzy Lande, who exerted a great influence on the first generation of Polish post-War legal theorists. The Lvov-Warsaw school of analytical philosophy also had a huge impact on Polish jurisprudence, as the school to a large extent determined the research questions posed by Polish legal theorists. Indeed, analytical legal theory can be said to have dominated Polish jurisprudence from the 1950s up to the end of the 1980s. After 1989, a broad current of new philosophical approaches to jurisprudence emerged, including legal hermeneutics and philosophies of interpretation, legal ethics, postmodern and critical legal theory, the phenomenology of law as well as an original Polish achievement – the legal theory of ‘juriscentrism’.
Review of the textbook “General Theory of Law” edited by Oleksandr Petryshyn(Petryshyn, Oleksandr, ed. General Theory of Law: textbook. Kharkiv: Pravo, 2020 (in Ukrainian)).