Hasil untuk "Hungary"

W. Nowiński, M. Haddoud, D. Lančarič et al.

D. Dunkerley

Francisco Benavides, P. Musset, A. Pons et al.

Zoltan Bartha

This paper investigates the extent of political rent seeking in Hungary in the 2010s. Political capitalism--where powerful private interests influence public policy for private gain--creates opportunities for rent seeking that vary across sectors. The analysis is based on a theoretical model assuming rent seeking occurs in a three-stage process: changes in economic institutions granting regulatory privileges, which are enhanced by political-business networks; this leads to scarcities, and increased market power in certain markets; which then generates rents. To quantify this, the study evaluates Hungarian political capitalism by examining the impact of political decisions on firms' rents, analysing the profit trends of the 1,000 largest Hungarian firms (selected annually by net sales) and comparing their mean profit share (earnings before tax) across two periods: 2008-2012 and 2019-2023. A significant increase in a sector's mean profit share was assumed to indicate increased rent seeking. Using Welch's two-sample t-tests, three sectors were identified as potentially experiencing increased rent seeking: agriculture, construction, and financial and insurance activities. Quantitative findings include a 320% increase in mean agricultural profit share (70% in mean ROA), a more than fivefold increase in construction mean profit share (mean ROA from 3.3% to 10.1%), and a more than 6.5 times increase in financial sector mean profit share. Furthermore, a similar Czech analysis showed no significant increases in any sector's profit share, suggesting that the detected rises in Hungarian sectors are linked to domestic activities rather than external factors, which strengthens the findings.

Maher Alnajjar, Zsófia Fekete, Tibor Nagy et al.

Allele-specific expression (ASE) reflects the unequal expression of the parental alleles and can imply functional variants in cis-regulatory elements. The conventional ASE detection methods often depend on the presence of heterozygous variants in transcripts or sequencing a large number of individuals, both of which are often limited. In this study, we present a family-based strategy for detecting ASE and potential cis-regulatory elements utilizing both RNA-seq and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) from a pedigree. Using a rabbit family consisting of two divergent parents and their eight offspring, we identified 913 ASE genes by analyzing inheritance patterns of gene expression levels. Expression was classified into three levels—high, medium, and low—and used to define seven distinct expression groups across the family (e.g., H_L: high in the mother, low in the father, and intermediate in the offspring). Many ASE genes lacked heterozygous exonic variants, and inference was achieved via RNA read count patterns. We also pinpointed conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) with sequence variants showing similar inherited genotypic patterns (e.g., AAxBB), suggesting their regulatory roles as eQTLs. Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis between the parents highlighted some candidate genes related to meat production and quality traits. Our findings show that the family-based method using RNA-seq and WGS data is promising for exploring ASE and mapping possible eQTLs.

Krisztina Fendrik, Luca Mányi, Florentin Baki et al.

Toe-brachial index (TBI) measurement helps to detect peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with incompressible ankle arteries due to medial sclerosis, most frequently associated with diabetes. We want to raise awareness of the toe blood pressure and toe-brachial index. Therefore, we tested an automated four-limb blood pressure monitor that can also measure TBI, and compared the results with conventional ankle-brachial index measurements and other toe blood pressure measuring devices. In 117 patients (mean age 63.2±12.8 years) ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement was performed with the Doppler-method and the MESI mTablet. TBI was obtained by photoplethysmography (MESI mTablet, SysToe) and a laser Doppler fluxmeter (PeriFlux 5000). Lower limb PAD lesions were evaluated by vascular imaging. A significant correlation was found between Doppler and MESI ankle-brachial index (r=0.672), stronger in non-diabetic (r=0.744) than in diabetic (r=0.562) patients. At an ABI cut-off of 0.9, Doppler (AUC=0.888) showed a sensitivity/specificity of 67.1%/97.4%, MESI 57.0%/100%, at a cut-off of 1.0 MESI 74.7%/94.8%. TBI values measured by the three methods did not differ significantly (p=0.33). At a TBI cut-off of 0.7, MESI (AUC=0.909) revealed a sensitivity/specificity of 92.1%/67.5%. Combining MESI ABI and TBI measurements recognised 92.4% of PAD limbs. Using an ABI cut-off level of 1.0 and the sequential TBI measurement increases the sensitivity of the device in detecting PAD.

Jekatyerina Dunajeva, Marek Szilvasi

-

Jim Kioko Katu, Tamás Tóth, László Varga

Feed accounts for up to 80% of poultry production costs, with high-quality grains such as soybean meal and corn traditionally serving as primary ingredients. However, increasing costs and competition for these grains have driven interest in low-grade and unconventional feed ingredients, including by-products like rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal. These alternatives are often constrained by high fiber content, anti-nutritional factors, and reduced nutrient bioavailability. Fermentation has emerged as a promising strategy to address these limitations, enhancing digestibility, palatability, and antioxidant properties while degrading harmful compounds such as tannins, trypsin inhibitors, and free gossypol. Solid- and liquid-state fermentation techniques utilize microbial inoculants, including lactobacilli and <i>Bacillus</i> species, to enzymatically break down complex macromolecules, thereby releasing essential nutrients. When combined with pretreatments like enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation significantly improves the nutritional quality of feed ingredients while reducing costs without compromising poultry health or performance. This review examines the mechanisms, benefits, and challenges of fermentation techniques in poultry feed production, underscoring the importance of further research to optimize fermentation parameters, identify novel microbial strains, and ensure scalability and safety in industrial applications.

Rasmus Kristoffer Pedersen, Christian Berrig, Tamás Tekeli et al.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, different types of non-pharmaceutical interventions played an important role in the efforts to control outbreaks and to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In certain countries, large-scale voluntary testing of non-symptomatic individuals was done, with the aim of identifying asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections as well as gauging the prevalence in the general population. In this work, we present a mathematical model, used to investigate the dynamics of both observed and unobserved infections as a function of the rate of voluntary testing. The model indicate that increasing the rate of testing causes the observed prevalence to increase, despite a decrease in the true prevalence. For large testing rates, the observed prevalence also decrease. The non-monotonicity of observed prevalence explains some of the discrepancies seen when comparing uncorrected case-counts between countries. An example of such discrepancy is the COVID-19 epidemics observed in Denmark and Hungary during winter 2020/2021, for which the reported case-counts were comparable but the true prevalence were very different. The model provides a quantitative measure for the ascertainment rate between observed and true incidence, allowing for test-intensity correction of incidence data. By comparing the model to the country-wide epidemic of the Omicron variant (BA.1 and BA.2) in Denmark during the winter 2021/2022, we find a good agreement between the cumulative incidence as estimated by the model and as suggested by serology-studies. While the model does not capture the full complexity of epidemic outbreaks and the effect of different interventions, it provides a simple way to correct raw case-counts for differences in voluntary testing, making comparison across international borders and testing behaviour possible.

A. J. Krasznahorky, A. Krasznahorkay, M. Csatlós et al.

Recently, when examining the differential internal pair creation coefficients of $^8$Be, $^4$He and $^{12}$C nuclei, we observed peak-like anomalies in the angular correlation of the e$^+$e$^-$ pairs. This was interpreted as the creation and immediate decay of an intermediate bosonic particle with a mass of $m_{X}c^2\approx$ 17~MeV, receiving the name X17 in subsequent publications. Our results initiated a significant number of new experiments all over the world to detect the X17 particle and determine its properties. In this paper we will give an overview of the experiments the results of which are already published, and the ones closest to being published. We will also introduce our latest results obtained for the X17 particle by investigating the e$^+$e$^-$ pair correlations in the decay of the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) of $^{8}$Be.

Jianxin Han, Yuting Wei, Yanfang Xue

This paper is concerned with the existence of positive solutions for asymptotically periodic quasilinear Schr\"{o}dinger equations. By using a Nehari-type constraint and Moser iteration, we get the existence results which is a complement to the ones in Chu and Liu [Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl. 44(2018), 118–127]. Moreover, we consider a new reformative asymptotic processes of the potential function and the nonlinearity term is only locally defined.

Nurullah Bektaş, Maysam Shmlls

Product sustainability has moved beyond being an elective preference to becoming a certain necessity. However, earthquakes in different regions, particularly Türkiye–Syria, Afghanistan, and Morocco, have produced a substantial amount of construction waste and debris. In the context of green urban initiatives and environmental preservation, theeffective management and reduction of environmental impact (EI) are imperative. This urgency underscores the significance of the study’s focus on a ten-story reinforced concrete (RC) dormitory building in Győr, Hungary, chosen as a case study. The research delves into the incorporation of three distinct concrete compositions through seismic design, aligning with the innovative approach of emphasizing recycled aggregate-based concrete to mitigate the EI. Utilizing AxisVM X7 and Revit software, the study meticulously created and analyzed a detailed building model, revealing a significant percentage (35%) and amount (1519.89 tons) of concrete waste that could be incorporated into construction. The results also showed a reduction in both total carbon emissions and the price of materials by falling 27.5% and 9.13%, respectively. We propose an eco-friendly way to effectively reuse debris from earthquakes, focusing on the case study of the 2023 Türkiye–Syria earthquake and encouraging resource efficiency while also addressing the construction waste problems that arise after an earthquake.

Hala Roumia, Zoltán Kókai, Bernadett Mihály-Langó et al.

The purpose of this review is to provide a critical evaluation of the nutritional and sensory properties of ancient wheats (spelt, emmer, einkorn, and kamut) and the methods used to analyze them. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the main analytical methods applied to study the nutritional properties of ancient wheats. According to our findings, protein content was the most commonly studied macronutrient across all types of ancient wheat species. The article notes that einkorn bran showed the highest protein and ash content, which reveals the potential of ancient wheats to be more widely used in food products. Regarding the majority of amino acids in spelt wheat cultivars, the general trend in the data was rather consistent. This review also compares sensory evaluation methods for different wheat products made from ancient wheats, such as bread, pasta, cooked grains, porridge, snacks, and muffins. The various reported methods and panel sizes used prove that ancient wheat products have many potential sensory advantages. Overall, using ancient wheats in wheat products can enhance the nutritional benefits, increase diversity in the food systems, and may be more appealing to consumers looking for something different, thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable and locally based food systems.

Kevin Tabury, Mehri Monavarian, Eduardo Listik et al.

PVT1 is a YAP1 dependent stress responsive lncRNA that promotes ovarian cancer metastasis and chemoresistance, making PVT1 a promising therapeutic target. Metastatic growth of ovarian cancer cells into the peritoneal cavity requires adaptation to various cellular stress factors to facilitate cell survival and growth. Here, we demonstrate the role of PVT1, one such stress induced long non-coding RNA, in ovarian cancer growth and metastasis. PVT1 is an amplified and overexpressed lncRNA in ovarian cancer with strong predictive value for survival and response to targeted therapeutics. We find that expression of PVT1 is regulated by tumor cells in response to cellular stress, particularly loss of cell–cell contacts and changes in matrix rigidity occurring in a YAP1-dependent manner. Induction of PVT1 promotes tumor cell survival, growth, and migration. Conversely, reducing PVT1 levels robustly abrogates metastatic behavior and tumor cell dissemination in cell lines and syngeneic transplantation models in vivo. We find that reducing PVT1 causes widespread changes in the transcriptome leading to alterations in cellular stress response and metabolic pathways including doxorubicin metabolism, which impacts chemosensitivity. Together, these findings implicate PVT1 as a promising therapeutic target to suppress metastasis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.

László Balázs, Zoltán Dombi, László Csambalik et al.

Maintaining uniform photon irradiance distribution above the plant canopy is a fundamental goal in controlled environment agriculture (CEA). Spatial variation in photon irradiance below the light saturation point will drive differences in individual plant development, decreasing the economic value of the crop. Plant growth is also affected by the spectral composition of light. So far, little attention has been paid to the quantification of the spatial variability in horticultural lighting applications. This work provides a methodology to benchmark and compare lighting installations used in indoor cultivation facilities. We measured the photon irradiance distributions underneath two typical grow light installations using a 10 × 10 measurement grid with 100 mm spacing. We calculated photon irradiance values for each grid point for 100 nm-wide blue, green, red and far-red wavebands covering the 400–800 nm range. We showed that the generally used uniformity metric defined as the minimum to average ratio of PPFD is not appropriate for the characterization of light uniformity in horticultural lighting applications. Instead, we propose to normalize photon irradiance to the maximum, analyze the histograms constructed from relative photon irradiance values and consider the light response of the cultivated crop while comparing the performance of CEA grow systems.

Javier Placeres Dabán, Juan Carlos Elvira, César Azrak et al.

Purpose. To analyse the posterior capsular opacification (PCO) development pattern in the long term in eyes implanted with a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) with a square edge all around the optic. Methods. Longitudinal retrospective study is data analyzed from a total of 7059 eyes from 4764 patients (mean age: 75.8 years) undergoing cataract surgery with implantation of an aspheric monofocal IOL (Bi-Flex HL 677AB/677P, Medicontur, Budapest, Hungary). These data were retrospectively collected using the electronic medical record of the hospitals involved. Nd : YAG capsulotomy rates were calculated per year during a follow-up of more than 10 years. The Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to establish the transparent capsule survival rate. Results. The Nd : YAG capsulotomy rate increased from 1.1% at 1 year postoperatively to 17.2% at 5 years after surgery. No significant differences were found between eyes with and without capsulotomy in terms of age p=0.202, gender p=0.061, type of anaesthesia used p=0.128, and presence of conditions such as hard cataract p=0.111 or pseudoexfoliation p=0.137. IOL power was significantly lower in those eyes of patients requiring Nd : YAG capsulotomy during the follow-up p<0.001. Significantly more eyes implanted with the preloaded model of the IOL required capsulotomy p<0.001. Mean survival time and rate were 9.38 years and 85.9%, respectively. Conclusions. Most eyes undergoing cataract with implantation of the Bi-Flex IOL do not develop a clinically significant PCO requiring Nd : YAG capsulotomy in the long term. IOL material and design may be the main factors accounting for this finding.

Z. Saki, H. Azizi, I. Ghasemi et al.

In the current research, to develop the morphology and improvement of electrical conductivity at low levels of graphene nanoplates (GNPs); the effect of polyolefin elastomer (POE) and graphene content on morphology, mechanical and electrical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) was investigated. Different Blends with and without compatibilizer were prepared via melt mixing process in an internal mixer through masterbatch approach. Co-continuous morphology was obtained at the ratio of 60/40 (wt%/wt%) of PLA/POE. By considering the wetting coefficient, it was predicted that graphene nanoplates have more affinity to the POE phase than PLA, which was confirmed by microscopic observations. The electrical percolation threshold was seen at 0.5–1 wt% of graphene, while the rheological percolation threshold was obtained at 0.2–0.5 wt%. The addition of POE and graphene to PLA led to balancing elongation at break and tensile strength of final products.

ANDRÁS SIMOR

A Heller Farkas Szakkollégium a Heller Farkas Szakmai Hét keretében konferenciát rendezett „Túl héjákon, galambokon. Milyen megfontolások vezetik a monetáris politikát?” címmel, a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen 2007. november 20. és 23. között. A rendezvény fővédnöke Szapáry György, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank korábbi alelnöke volt, az előadók között pedig a hazai pénzügyi élet olyan neves szakértőit találjuk, mint Simor András, Neményi Judit, Surányi György, Vonnák Balázs vagy Trippon Mariann. A következőkben Simor Andrásnak, a Magyar Nemzeti Bank elnökének 2007. november 23-án elhangzott előadását tesszük közzé. Terveink szerint következő számunkban Szapáry György előadását közöljük.

Marian Siminică, Marioara Avram, Luminița Popescu et al.

The tendency of depletion of non-renewable resources and the environment’s continuous degradation have been considered in the last centuries acceptable as side effects for achieving the economic growth and satisfying the human needs in the conditions of demographic growth following an upward trend. An adequate response to all these challenges is related to increasing the share of green GDP in total GDP, to green procurement and to the large-scale promotion of circular economy. At EU level, there are appropriate legislation and programs and packages aimed at implementing green procurement and the circular economy. There are also "prize-winner" countries that have adopted National Green Procurement Plans before they became mandatory, countries that have found it harder to adopt this type of plans, but also countries that have not adopted National Green Procurement Plans such as Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg and Romania. The article focuses on an analysis of the impact of national green procurement plans adoption on circular economy in the European Union member states for the period 2007-2018, with the help of an unrestricted VAR panel (PVAR), based on three hypotheses according to which the impact of these plans’ adoption is positive on economic growth, CO2 emissions and circular economy. Data taken from Eurostat and processed using E-Views 9 econometric software allowed the validation of research hypotheses, confirming the positive impact of the adoption and implementation of green procurement national plans on some significant indicators characterizing the circular economy, which is likely to encourage the generalization of concerns regarding the adoption of coherent public policies in all Member States

Szabolcs Nagy

Mobile phones play a very important role in our life. Mobile phone sales have been soaring over the last decade due to the growing acceptance of technological innovations, especially by Generations Y and Z. Understanding the change in customers' requirement is the key to success in the smartphone business. New, strong mobile phone models will emerge if the voice of the customer can be heard. Although it has been widely known that country of origin has serious impact on the attitudes and purchase decisions of mobile phone consumers, there lack substantial studies that investigate the mobile phone preference of young adults aged 18-25, members of late Generation Y and early Generation Z. In order to investigate the role of country of origin in mobile phone choice of Generations Y and Z, an online survey with 228 respondents was conducted in Hungary in 2016. Besides the descriptive statistical methods, crosstabs, ANOVA and Pearson correlation are used to analyze the collected data and find out significant relationships. Factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis) is used for data reduction to create new factor components. The findings of this exploratory study support the idea that country of origin plays a significant role in many respects related to young adults' mobile phone choice. Mobile phone owners with different countries of origin attribute crucial importance to the various product features including technical parameters, price, design, brand name, operating system, and memory size. Country of origin has a moderating effect on the price sensitivity of consumers with varied net income levels. It is also found that frequent buyers of mobile phones, especially US brand products, spend the most significant amount of money for their consumption in this aspect.