Hasil untuk "History of education"

G. Psacharopoulos, H. Patrinos

ABSTRACT In the 60-plus year history of returns to investment in education estimates, there have been several compilations in the literature. This paper updates Psacharopoulos and Patrinos and reviews the latest trends and patterns based on 1120 estimates in 139 countries from 1950 to 2014. The private average global return to a year of schooling is 9% a year. Private returns to higher education increased, raising issues of financing and equity. Social returns to schooling remain high. Women continue to experience higher average returns to schooling, showing that girls’ education remains a priority.

Ido Roll, Ruth Wylie

G. Psacharopoulos, Harry Anthony Patrinos *

Returns to investment in education based on human capital theory have been estimated since the late 1950s. In the 40‐plus year history of estimates of returns to investment in education, there have been several reviews of the empirical results in attempts to establish patterns. Many more estimates from a wide variety of countries, including over‐time evidence, and estimates based on new econometric techniques, reaffirm the importance of human capital theory. This paper reviews and presents the latest estimates and patterns as found in the literature at the turn of the century. However, because the availability of rate of return estimates has grown exponentially, we include a new section on the need for selectivity in comparing returns to investment in education and establishing related patterns.

M. Seligman

As president of the American Psychological Association in 1998, I organized researchers and practitioners to work on building well-being, not just on the traditional task of reducing ill-being. Substantial research then found that well-being causes many external benefits, including better physical and mental health. Among the applications of Positive Psychology are national psychological accounts of well-being, Positive Psychotherapy, the classification of strengths and virtues, Comprehensive Soldier Fitness, and Positive Education. Positive Psychology has spread beyond psychology into neuroscience, health, psychiatry, theology, and even to the humanities. Positive Psychology has many critics, and I comment on the strongest criticisms. I conclude with the hope that the building of well-being will become a cornerstone of morality, politics, and religion.

G. DeBoer

J. Lodge, Kate Thompson, L. Corrin

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has taken the world by storm. In this editorial, we outline some of the key areas of tertiary education impacted by large language models and associated applications that will require re-thinking and research to address in the short to medium term. Given how rapidly generative AI developments are currently occurring, this editorial is speculative. Although there is a long history of research on AI in education, the current situation is both unprecedented and seemingly not something that the AI in education community fully predicted. We also outline the editorial position of AJET in regards to generative AI to assist authors using tools such as ChatGPT as any part of the research or writing process. This is a rapidly evolving space. We have attempted to provide some clarity in this editorial while acknowledging that we may need to revisit some or all of what we offer here in the weeks and months ahead.

B. Weiner

Amanda R. Ellis, E. Slade

Abstract ChatGPT is one of many generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools that has emerged recently, creating controversy in the education community with concerns about its potential to be used for plagiarism and to undermine students’ ability to think independently. Recent publications have criticized the use of ChatGPT and other generative AI tools in the classroom, with little focus on the potential benefits. This article focuses on the potential of ChatGPT as an educational tool for statistics and data science. It encourages readers to consider the history of trepidation surrounding introducing new technology in the classroom, such as the calculator. We explore the possibility of leveraging ChatGPT’s capabilities in statistics and data science education, providing examples of how ChatGPT can aid in developing course materials and suggestions for how educators can prompt students to interact with ChatGPT responsibly. As educators, we can guide the use of generative AI tools in statistics and data science classrooms so that students and educators can leverage the benefits of this technology.

Fatemeh Abtahi, Maryam Toutounchi

Let $(\mathcal A,\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal A})$ be a commutative and semisimple Banach algebra and $(\mathcal B,\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal B})$ be an abstract Segal algebra with respect to $\mathcal A$. In this paper, we first recall and study three important and practical mappings ${}_{\mathcal A}L$, $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$. Then we investigatewhenever these mappings have closed ranges. In fact, we research and study the conditions, under which having closed range of one of these mappings implies having the closed range of the another mapping. After that, using these results, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for $(\mathcal B,\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal B})$, to be an algebra with $\rm BSE$ norm. Finally, we generalize some general results about abstract Segal algebras with respect to natural Banach functional algebras for abstract Segal algebras with respect to arbitrary Banach algebras. Also, throughout the paper, we provide examples to clarify the stated content.

Patricia Paz-Soto, Larry Games-Díaz, Muriel Ramírez-Santana

Introduction Suicidal behavior is a public health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization estimated 700 000 deaths for the year 2021. Objective This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of suicidal behavior and describe its related factors in the Coquimbo Region, Chile, between 2018 and 2020. Methods 2190 suicide attempt notifications from the regional epidemiological surveillance system were analyzed, corresponding to 1781 people, along with 217 reports from the Forensic Medical Service of people who died by suicide. Results The overall suicide rate for the region during that period was 9.79 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants. The 2018 rates were standardized according to available information, with direct methods for the regional rate (9.55 per 100 000 inhabitants) and indirect methods for the communes. Rural communes presented higher rates than urban ones. Women showed a higher risk of attempts (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.33) and a lower risk of suicide compared to men (0.086; 0.06 to 0.13). Young people had a higher risk of suicide attempts and a lower risk of suicide compared to older people. The increased suicide rates in older people (70 to 79 years) during 2020 are noteworthy. Basic education level is a risk variable for suicide (2.21; from 1.15 to 4.23), compared to having higher education. Previous suicide attempts and psychiatric pathology are risk factors. Conclusions Suicide prevalence and related factors are similar to those reported in other studies and national reports, highlighting rurality and higher risk in older male adults. In contrast to suicides, attempts are more frequent in women and young people. A history of mental health problems, previous attempts, and family violence are risk factors for both outcomes. Knowing the patterns of suicidal behavior in the population is fundamental for its prevention.

Gode Yogesh, Patond Swapnil, Wankhade Vishwajit et al.

Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a prevalent noncommunicable disease worldwide. It ranks among the top causes of mortality in high-income countries and has reached epidemic proportions in newly developing nations.1 Continuous medical care and monitoring is required in Diabetes mellitus along with multi-factorial risk reduction strategies along associated with glycemic control. Due to population aging, growth, urbanization, a lack of physical exercise, and a high incidence of obesity, there are more persons with DM. Lifestyle factors include eating patterns, exercise routines, alcohol consumption, and smoking. An improvement in these parameters would lead to better adherence to hypoglycemic medications. An epidemiological study on diabetes and prediabetes in an urban area with reference to lifestyle modification. An interventional community-based study was conducted in an urban setup. Personal interviews using a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire were the main technique of data gathering. Detailed information has been taken on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics at both the individual and household levels. All responders provided their willingly given consent. Every second household was visited by systematic random sampling procedure to select 400 respondents. Finally, analysis was carried out on 346 respondents. All respondents were questioned using structured a pretested, questionnaire after taking informed consent. Significant difference was observed with positive family history of diabetes, obesity, physical activities in male, high calorie intake, stress, chewable tobacco and blood pressure level with diabetes and pre-diabetes. Compared to responders with normal level of blood glucose, pre diabetics and diabetics individual showed more positive family histories. Compared to responders with normal blood glucose levels, pre-diabetics and diabetics were more likely to be overweight. With regard to personal habits of the respondents, smoking was associated with more than 1-fold increase risk of obtaining serum glucose level >110 mg/dl as compared to non-smokers.The current research was an attempt to examine the effect of intervention with reference to life style modification. From the study, it is evident that overall awareness about diabetes has been found low and no awareness has been found about pre-diabetes. The present study also demonstrated that education is the fundamental tool to make the population aware of their health issues. Awareness about pre-diabetes and diabetes, which can make them beneficial for community and nation and so, they can play an innovative role for prevention of diabetes.

B. Schwarz, M. Baker

Nurhajjah Nurhajjah, Badarudin Badarudin, B Fitri Rahmawati

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi guru sejarah tentang eksistensi museum Negeri Nusa Tenggara Barat sebagai sumber dan media pembelajaran sejarah. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriftif. Penelitian ini berfokus pada persepsi guru sejarah tentang keberadaan museum Negeri Nusa Tenggara Barat dalam pembelajaran sejarah di Madrasah Aliyah Kecamatan Aikmel. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi langsung, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik triangulasi sumber dan metode peneliti gunakan untuk menguji keabsahan data. Analisis data dapat dilakukan dengan cara interaktif dan berlangsung terus menerus sampai tuntas. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Eksistensi Museum Negeri NTB dapat memberikan manfaat sebagai sumber dan media dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Terdapat beragam manfaat yang diperoleh dalam pembelajaran sejarah ketika memanfaatkan museum sebagai sumber dan media pembelajaran yaitu: 1) siswa memiliki pengalaman yang konkrit dalam belajar sejarah, karena museum memiliki koleksi mengenai bukti-bukti dari peristiwa sejarah yang dipelajari. Hal ini dapat memberikan hasil belajar yang lebih bermakna; 2) guru memiliki referensi tambahan dalam membelajarkan sejarah, sehingga dapat melengkapi kekurangan sumber pembelajaran; 3) guru dapat menerapkan metode karya wisata sebagai alternatif untuk menciptakan pembelajaran yang lebih bervariasi; 4) siswa menjadi lebih termotivasi untuk belajar sejarah; 5) menghilangkan rasa bosan dalam belajar sejarah.

Yuqing Yang, Wenhao Wu, Paul-Emile Dieudonné et al.

A new basal ornithopod dinosaur, based on two nearly complete articulated skeletons, is reported from the Lujiatun Beds (Yixian Fm, Lower Cretaceous) of western Liaoning Province (China). Some of the diagnostic features of Changmiania liaoningensis nov. gen., nov. sp. are tentatively interpreted as adaptations to a fossorial behavior, including: fused premaxillae; nasal laterally expanded, overhanging the maxilla; shortened neck formed by only six cervical vertebrae; neural spines of the sacral vertebrae completely fused together, forming a craniocaudally-elongated continuous bar; fused scapulocoracoid with prominent scapular spine; and paired ilia symmetrically inclined dorsomedially, partially covering the sacrum in dorsal view. A phylogenetic analysis places Changmiania liaoningensis as the most basal ornithopod dinosaur described so far. It is tentatively hypothesized that both Changmiania liaoningensis specimens were suddenly entrapped in a collapsed underground burrow while they were resting, which would explain their perfect lifelike postures and the complete absence of weathering and scavenging traces. However, further behavioural inference remains problematic, because those specimens lack extensive sedimentological and taphonomic data, as it is also the case for most specimens collected in the Lujiatun Beds so far.

Hesham M Alshaikh, Mosfer S Aldosari, Nujaim H Alnujaim et al.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the level of knowledge and awareness about ischemic heart disease (IHD), specifically its warning symptoms and risk factors, among primary health-care (PHC) patients in Riyadh hospitals. Methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study in PHC clinics across four main public hospitals in Riyadh from October 2014 to April 2015. Convenience sampling was used to select 162 individuals. The level of knowledge was assessed using a new structured, self-administered questionnaire. Results: Level of knowledge regarding IHD in Riyadh hospitals (King Khalid University Hospital, Al-Iman General Hospital, King Salman Hospital, and King Abdulaziz Medical City) was 69%, 29%, 56%, and 58%, respectively. The level of education played a significant role, as participants with bachelor's and advanced degrees exhibited greater knowledge. Dyspnea was the most frequently cited symptom, while smoking and obesity were the most frequently identified risk factors. Interestingly, only 32% of participants recognized family history as a risk factor. Conclusions: This study highlighted the inadequate knowledge about IHD among PHC patients in Riyadh hospitals. The demographic characteristics had a significant effect on the level of knowledge. This study recommends health-care systems in Saudi Arabia to formulate strategies for IHD awareness.

Sailimai Man, Yuan Ma, Cheng Jin et al.

Background. Studies suggest an association between H. pylori infection and extragastrointestinal disease. Limited studies provided conflicting results on the association between H. pylori infection and diabetes. The present study was aimed at examining the association between H. pylori infection and diabetes in a large health checkup population in China. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted; participants who attended health checkups at Beijing MJ Health Screening Center during 2017-2018 were included. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by 13C-urea breath test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and diabetes. Results. The mean age of 13,397 participants was 43.8±12 years. The prevalence of H. pylori infection and diabetes was 28.2% and 8.1%, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes was higher among H. pylori-positive participants compared with their counterparts (8.9% vs 7.8%, p=0.05). After adjustment of age, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, education, stroke, coronary heart disease, BMI, SBP, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, multivariate logistic regression analysis found no association between H. pylori infection and diabetes (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.88-1.18). Additionally, subgroup analysis indicated that H. pylori infection was significantly associated with increased risk of diabetes in the female group (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.08-1.09). Conclusions. No significant association was found between H. pylori infection and diabetes. However, the subgroup analysis suggested that H. pylori infection was possibly associated with increased risk of diabetes among females. Future cohort studies are needed to verify this association in females and to address possible implication in the prevention of diabetes.

D. Hendriawan, M. Ali, Rusman

This study aims to identify sustainable development related-competencies that can be adopted into senior high school history curriculum. The study used a survey method to 128 history teachers selected based on geographical location (69 teachers from the lowlands and 59 teachers from the highlands) and their teaching experience (a range of less than 10 years and more than 10 years). The data are collected using a questionnaire in the form of rating scale that had been examined related its validity, reliability, and each of its items’ discriminating power. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The results show that the sustainable development related-competencies that are potentially integratable into the senior high school history curriculum are those related to socio-cultural dimension which consists of the competences to preserve the socio-cultural environment and to preserve socio-cultural diversity. The conclusion of this study is that competencies related to education for sustainable development have the potential to be integrated into the senior high school history curriculum.

Matilda Keynes

In recent times, a conception of history education as facilitating truth, remembrance and critical thinking has been positioned as useful for transitional justice in divided societies, but this ana ...

Yoel Alfonso Vivas , Leonardo Castillo Ramos

La investigación se desarrolló con el propósito de comprender la importancia de la gestión gerencial del directivo, orientada hacia la calidad educativa en la Unidad Educativa Estadal “Rómulo Betancourt”, a través de la visión de los actores involucrados en el proceso. El estudio se ubicó bajo una dirección cualitativa y sobre las bases del método fenomenológico. Los informantes clave fueron docentes de la institución mencionada, hasta que la información se consideró saturada. Ésta fue recolectada a través de la entrevista a profundidad. De ahí surgieron los hallazgos que permitieron develar la percepción de una inquietud por parte del equipo docente sobre la gestión gerencial del director, puesto que consideran necesario e importante que se fortalezcan los procesos gerenciales en pro del logro de resultados relacionados con la eficacia y eficiencia, porque se interpreta que existen ciertas debilidades en la praxis gerencial que inciden de manera negativa en el alcance de la tan ansiada calidad educativa.

N. G. Videnina, V. P. Rybachuk, A. P. Fedchuk et al.

Оbjectives of the study: to create a bibliography of scientific works of Ukrainian scientists and specialists on Antarctic research for the period 2007–2017. Bibliographic support and scientometric monitoring of the implementation of the State Special-Purpose Research Program in Antarctica for 2011–2020. Promoting the dissemination of scientific, popular scientific as well as other information about the activities of Ukraine in the Antarctic region of the planet. Methods: bibliographic search, scientometric analysis, bibliometric analysis, expert analysis, webometric analysis. Results: bibliographic descriptions and results of the bibliometric analysis of the compiled bibliography of academic papers of Ukrainian researchers on the problems of Antarctic research published in domestic and foreign publications as well as materials of international bodies of the Antarctic Treaty System from January 2016 to December 2017 are given. Conclusions: the data presented indicate a stable positive trend in the development of Ukraine’s research in the Antarcticа and the considerable contribution of domestic scientists and specialists to the world studies of the Antarctic region.