Hasil untuk "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"

Marjatta Jomppanen

Dán artihkkala ulbmilin lea gieđahallat fenomena, mas guokte ideanttalaš vearbagenetiivva leat cealkagis maŋŋálagaid, nugo boađi boađi ja bosu bosu. Gohčodan dan reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivan. Dán rádjái reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiiva lea unnán dutkojuvvon, nuba dán artihkkala ulbmilin lea buktit ovdan álgogeahčastaga dasa, manin semantihkalaččat ja morfologalaččat seamma vearbagenetiivahápmi geavahuvvo guktii maŋŋálagaid ja mii lea ráhkadusa syntávssalaš funkšuvdna. Dutkanmateriálan leat čáppagirjjálašvuođa girjjit, UiT Norgga árktalaš universitehta ja Norgga Sámedikki sámi teakstačoakkáldat (SIKOR), Suoma arkiivvaid jearahallanmateriála (KOTUS, SKA ja TKU) ja interneahtas vižžon materiála. Čoggojuvvon materiála lea analyserejuvvon semantihkalaččat, morfologalaččat ja syntávssalaččat. Dasa lassin reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivva frekveansa lea iskojuvvon ja čilgejuvvon. Guorahallama váldoboađus lea dat, ahte reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiiva sisttisdoallá semantihkalaččat guokte iešguđetlágán mearkkašumi. Nubbi lea proksimatiiva, mii mearkkaša ahte mii nu lea measta ollašuvvamin, ovdamearkka dihte Čakča lea boađi boađi. Nubbi mearkkašupmi lea fas intensiiva vearbagenitiiva, mii mielddisbuktá ahte mas nu lea ollu intensitehta, ovdamearkka dihte Ánte boahtá bosu bosu. Proksimatiiva vearbagenetiiva lea dutkanmateriálas measta álo ráhkaduvvon vearbbas boahtit > boađi boađi, muhto intensiiva vearbagenetiiva sáhttá leat ráhkaduvvon man beare vearbbas, mii almmuha lihkadeami (doapmat) dahje mentála doaimmaid (bossut). Intensiiva vearbagenetiivva syntávssalaš funkšuvdna lea dábálaččat adverbiála ja muhtumin maid cealkaga áidna vearbaguovddáš, mii doaibmá predikáhta funkšuvnnas. Proksimatiiva vearbagenetiivva syntávssalaš funkšuvdna sáhttá leat predikatiivaadverbiála, deavdda, attribuhtta ja dasa lassin muhtumin cealkaga áidna vearbaguovddáš. Dutkanmateriála reduplikatiiva vearbagenetiivvat leat ráhkaduvvon dušše guovttestávvalvearbbain.

Dominik Porczyński

W artykule autor podejmuje problem prowadzenia badań dawnego pogranicza Galicji i Królestwa Polskiego na przykładzie projektu zrealizowanego na przełomie 2021 i 2022 roku. Ze względu na złożoność problemu postępowanie wymaga integracji tradycji badań pogranicza z podejściami skoncentrowanymi na eksplorowaniu relacji przeszłości z teraźniejszością. Konieczne jest dotarcie do perspektyw aktorów zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych, gromadzenie danych przestrzennych, materialnych, narracyjnych i ucieleśnionych, odwołanie się do wartości, postaw, wytworów oraz praktyk. W tekście omówione zostało podejście zainspirowane koncepcją etnografii wielostanowiskowej, uwzględniającej mobilność mieszkanek i mieszkańców badanego obszaru oraz uwikłanie zewnętrznych struktur władzy. Autor wskazał, w jaki sposób perspektywa ta może integrować różnego rodzaju techniki: analizę map i dokumentów, obserwacji, wywiadów oraz spacerów badawczych w celu wytworzenia bogatych, wzajemnie wspierających się danych, umożliwiających jak najlepsze zrozumienie przedmiotu badań.

Ilnara I. Khanipova

During the Great Patriotic War, figures from various areas of arts, employees of entertainment institutions took part in the creation of works aimed at uniting the people, maintaining and developing patriotic feelings, and performed in front of the soldiers of the Red Army as part of front-line concert brigades. The dastan “The true story about political instructor Kemal Kasumov,” discovered in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, is being introduced into scholarly discourse for the first time. Written by a famous ashug – poet and performer of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialistic Republic, member of one of the front-line concert brigades, M. Bayramov. It was during the war years when the dastan about K. Kasumov became widely known both among the front-line soldiers and among the civilian population. At present, the study and publication of the dastan “The true story about political instructor Kemal Kasumov” serves to preserve the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War and reveals the forgotten feats of an ordinary Soviet soldier.

Jordi Tejel

Scholars generally argue that during the Second World War the Middle East, and the Kurdish areas in particular, was a peripheral theatre of an otherwise global war. While this is largely true, it seems necessary to introduce some nuances into this analysis. A view from the borderlands, combined with a socio-historical approach to how the war was experienced on a daily basis behind the front line, reveals that military tensions, large-scale arms smuggling, inflation, food shortages and economic migration were common features in the Kurdish borderlands between 1941 and 1945. Furthermore, looking at the uneventful can help us to better understand the context in which the Kurdish nationalist movement developed during the war and in the immediate post-war years.

Zorica Ivanović, Senka Kovač

At the turn of the millennium, Turkish television series became a global phenomenon, requiring comprehension of the broader social and historical context of their production, distribution and reception. The paper considers questions regarding their genre and points to the socioeconomic and political circumstances of their development and transformation into a cultural product with worldwide popularity and an industry with great market value. Particular attention has been given to the question of how these processes have affected the depiction of the family and family values in these series. The second part of the paper presents a case study of the series The Fall of Leaves, in which the concept of the family and family life that is offered through the plot of "the family in crisis" in the present age of changes is examined. The reception of family relationships in the series has been studied through the analysis of an internet forum in which forum members, viewers of this series in Croatia and the region, commented in 2287 posts from 2011 to 2012 on the first TV broadcast of this Turkish series.

Dayana Lau

In the first half of the twentieth century, we find many similarities between ethnology and social work. In both disciplines, fundamental differences between the researchers and the researched are assumed that are often subsumed under the concept of culture. The writings of the ethnologist Hilde Thurnwald (1890–1979), who originally trained as a social worker, provide a better understanding of such commonalities. Her texts make tangible the manifold transitions between the two disciplines, in which the author actively participated. In Hilde Thurnwald’s work, the concept of “cultural change” in particular functions as a boundary object with which she has shaped such transitions—not only between these two subjects but also between political and social spheres of action. This article examines the construction and use of the term “cultural change” in Thurnwald’s writings in the larger context of colonial knowledge production and asks how this concept is constructed and used in the context of anthropology and social work, how it is made connectable to both worlds and beyond, and what effects this has on interpenetration, for example, for the view of the people who are researched and treated. Zwischen Ethnologie und Sozialer Arbeit finden sich in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts viele Gemeinsamkeiten. In beiden Disziplinen wird von grundlegenden Differenzen zwischen Forscher*innen und Beforschten ausgegangen, die häufig unter dem Begriff der Kultur gefasst werden. Mit den Schriften der ursprünglich als Sozialarbeiterin ausgebildeten Ethnologin Hilde Thurnwald (1890–1979) lassen sich Gemeinsamkeiten wie diese etwas besser verstehen. Ihre Texte machen greifbar, dass vielfältige Übergänge zwischen beiden Disziplinen bestanden haben, an denen die Autorin aktiv mitgewirkt hat. Insbesondere das Konzept des „Kulturwandels“ fungiert bei Hilde Thurnwald als ein Grenzobjekt, mit dem sie solche Übergänge – nicht nur zwischen diesen beiden Fächern, sondern auch zwischen politischen und sozialen Handlungssphären – gestaltet hat. Der Beitrag untersucht die Konstruktion und Verwendung des Begriffs „Kulturwandel“ in den Schriften Thurnwalds im größeren Zusammenhang kolonialer Wissensproduktion und fragt, wie dieser Begriff im Kontext von Ethnologie und Sozialer Arbeit konstruiert und verwendet wird, wie er für beide Welten und darüber hinaus anschlussfähig gemacht wird und welche Effekte dies für die gegenseitige Durchdringung zum Beispiel für den Blick auf die beforschten und behandelten Menschen hat.

M. Fontefrancesco

Since early 2020, the anthropological community has investigated the cultural and social impact of the pandemic and the exceptional countermeasures of the Italian government. This paper contributes to the debate by exploring how the lockdown experience is linked to the sense of dwelling and the changed sense of place in one's residence and home. In particular, the processes of signification of urban and rural space and the relationship between these and the perception of one's home are explored.

Milos Zaric

The entering of the Serbian economy into a more markedly neoliberal phase after 2008 has been accompanied by attempts to implement the concept of the entrepreneurial economy into a national economic policy, thus creating the conditions for the emergence of an altered way of cultural conceptualization of the entrepreneurship phenomenon, and also for a change in the way in which the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure is conceived. This paper analyzes “stories of failure”, typical narratives that technological entrepreneurs present as part of so-called Fuckup Nights, events organized in Belgrade as well as in a number of other cities around the world. The educational, propaganda and autodidactic function of these stories, which seek to bring about a change in the social perception of the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure, is realized within an interpretative framework delineated by the discourse of the neoliberal system, which circulates a certain kind of implicit knowledge regarding the way that the surrounding reality and socially desirable roles assigned to subjects are defined. The way in which the phenomenon of entrepreneurial failure is conceived is linked to the paradoxes stemming from the concept of the entrepreneurial economy which, existing within the dominant neoliberal discourse, emphasizes the use of both innovativeness as an economically grounded concept and of creativity as an intrinsic, universal human quality, which is shaped by the mechanisms of culture but also in accordance with the demands of the current economic policy, with the aim of preserving the now already weakened neoliberal system. Through these concepts the modes of functioning of various types of entrepreneurial enterprises are examined, those involving elements of startups as well as entrepreneurial enterprises launched as part of the business processes of established technological companies. Starting from the assumption that the process of technological innovativeness functions both on the level of thought processes and the level of social interactions, that it involves the activity of the innovative as well as of other aspects of creative intelligence in individual subjects who engage in interaction on the level of the technology companies they work for on the one hand, and on the other, with consumers as a source of unrefined stimuli for the reconstruction of existing frameworks or their surpassing, with the aim of successfully (re)creating a certain product. By looking at the causes of failure in Serbian technological entrepreneurship, the paper points to the importance of the concepts of creativity and innovativeness in the narrative semantic structure of the analyzed stories, as well as to the heuristic potential of those concepts for the anthropological analysis of ideas and practices related to the phenomenon of contemporary Serbian entrepreneurship, which is connected to the characteristics of the process of Serbian transition in the period after 2008, which is referred to in the paper as the “mature phase” of the second transition.

Luz María Salazar Cruz, Tania Chávez

Este artículo analiza el feminicidio en México: definición, tipología e incidencia (2015-2021) a través de los datos proporcionados por el Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP) referidos en la incidencia delictiva del fuero común; se realiza un análisis a nivel estatal y municipal de los registros para identificar las entidades y municipios con mayor cantidad de reportes en el periodo analizado. El supuesto de la incidencia del feminicidio intencional vincula la motivación y dolo por parte de los perpetradores desde presupuestos sexistas y misóginos, tal como lo anuncian las tipologías relativas al feminicidio en México.

Rebeca Garcia Cabral

Currently, given the constant demands of the deaf social movement, much is said about sign language acknowledgement, bilingual education for the deaf, linguistic accessibility in society spaces. But studies of artistic practices in deaf communities are still advancing slowly with research that especially emphasizes theater and literature as cultural elements of this social group. This article is part of an ongoing master’s investigation. The focus of this research is to understand the importance of art for the social movement of the deaf, mainly by disseminating in its production the identity and cultural markers of this social group, especially sign language and visual culture. We will understand this process as artivism, that is, an activism carried out through artistic practices. That way, this article will bring in an introductory way some notes about the visual arts and performing arts of deaf artists. Still during the master’s research, a greater interest in the artistic practices of deaf women emerged, especially analyzing the production of deaf women poets and their role as transforming agents of the social movement of the deaf. In this sense, some of the questions that guided the development of this research were: How do deaf women appropriate the internet space to promote their artistic expressions? Is it possible or desirable for them to separate ‘being a woman’ and ‘being deaf’ in their productions? How are issues such as violence against women portrayed in these poems? How do deaf women poets create possible dialogues between deaf movements and women’s movement? Thus, this research sought not only to outline the social movement of the deaf, showing how artistic expressions are inserted in the demands of this social group, but also to reflect on gender and feminism issues and their relationships with deaf women artists. In addition to the dissertation in progress as a product of this investigation, an ethnographic film was also produced, currently available on YouTube.

Yadava Raghu

Hunting and gathering, which date back to the Middle Pleistocene, are the oldest sources of sustenance. Practically, these hunting and gathering societies have gradually expanded their settlements and culture across the country. The present paper attempts a qualitative ethnographical study on the ongoing life of the Nir Sikaris which is one of the hunting and fowling tribes in the Tungabhadra Plains of Andhra Pradesh. Primarily it focuses on their settlement patterns, subsistence strategies, and living traditions. S(h)ikar means hunting; Sikari means hunter. They populate Kurnool, Anantapur (Andhra Pradesh), Bellary (Karnataka) Districts and Maharashtra. They were labelled with a social stigma of a criminal tribe under the British Raj and were also considered ex-criminal tribe and de-notified tribe in post-independence India. They are currently classified as one of the backward classes (B.C.-A) by the State Government of Andhra Pradesh. It becomes vital to shedding light on documentation of Nir Sikaris’ evolving cultural life for posterity, as they are culturally transforming due to modernization in the current globalised society.

Vladimir Krivošejev, R. Ristanović

Common stereotypical attitudes suggest that more extensive organized activities aimed at expanding the network of institutions for the protection of cultural assets began to be undertaken only after the end of World War II, under the auspices of the Communist party, when a new socialist social system was established. It was then, in 1947, that the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia was founded, followed by other local institutes of this kind. In that same period, local archives (archival centres) began to be established, increasing the capacity of archival activities initiated in 1898 with the founding of the State Archives of Serbia. At the same time, a series of new laws were passed; in addition, a number of museums were founded throughout Serbia, thus developing the museum network, which had previously – since the founding of the Serbian Museum (Muzeum serbski) in 1844 – expanded mainly in Belgrade, with only a small number of museums in other cities and towns in Serbia. New research has shown that even during the German occupation in World War II, under the collaborationist government of general Milan Nedić new institutions were founded, partly actually and partly nominally, with the aim of establishing a functional protection network. With the introduction of appropriate legal acts (the Decree on the protection of cultural heritage), the first institution to be founded was the Institute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage in May 1942. It was not only the precursor of today’s Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia but also a central heritage institution, with connections to museums which began to be founded in county centres from the autumn of 1942 onwards. Committees were formed, administrators appointed and guidelines for further activities laid down. In the meantime, starting in April 1942, courses for museum workers were organized in Belgrade, and similar training was planned to take place in other cities in Serbia; also, a special Museum Act was being drafted. It would seem that, although certain activities were recorded, museums founded during World War II did not have “firm foundations” and as of the latter half of 1943 there is no more mention of them, and the Museum Act was not passed. On the other hand, it is indicative that soon after the end of the war, musems were founded in all the towns and cities where initiatives for their founding had been recorded during the years of German occupation.

Shao-ping Zhou

By comparing five aspects between China and the West—ideas, model of political participation, path of economic and social development, pattern of protection of language and culture rights, and construction of national cohesion and social (Minzu) solidarity, this paper reveals that the Chinese path of integration and development among all ethnic groups has the following characteristics: the ideas of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony among all ethnic groups; the integrative participation model of all ethnic groups under the unified leadership of the Communist Party of China; the integration on the economic and social development (common prosperity and development); equal protection of the language and culture rights of all ethnic groups; strong sense of national cohesion and social solidarity of fifty-six ethnic groups, based on the equal emphasis on the individual and collective rights as well as the close integration between political value and traditional cultural value. In general, China’s ethnic policies embody both specific rights and the level of community with a common future. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, relations between ethnic groups are harmonious and positive, and development of all ethnic groups tends to achieve a real equality. In Western countries, ethnic (or racial) relations remain relatively stable with fluctuations from time to time, and the development gap between ethnic groups has a trend of further expansion. Different ideas, systems and cultural concepts lead to different ethnic relationships and current situations of development between China and the West.

Mustafa Dağdeviren

The art of music contains the social elements in the culture of the society it represents and the data that are taken for granted by the members of the society, assimilated and not independent of that culture. Ethnomusicology, which examines, analyzes and interprets the art of music in a cultural perspective and presents the social, philosophical and religious conditions of the societies and communities to which the music belongs, with the support of cultural anthropology, is one of the fields of musicology, which is a science that examines and interprets all fields of music scientifically and emerges as a new discipline. The process of the discipline of ethnomusicology started as comparative musicology in the context of comparing primitive music from the systematic, historical and comparative musicology contexts in Europe and comparing it with Western music used in Europe. Although comparative musicology included ethnocentric approaches in its early days, it turned into music ethnology with the changing paradigms. In this study, the definition of ethnomusicology has been tried to be revealed in the process that has passed until today and its relationship with various cultural contexts. Contexts of music culture are presented with examples in the study, which was carried out in order to present the contexts in the relationship of "culture and music" with a generalization expressed by most ethnomusicologists, to reveal how the music as a whole is affected in the dominant orbit from its formation to consumption, and to provide a source. Based on the assumption that music emerged without speaking, the word element in music culture, the melodic structure formed by tonal, atonal, modal and modal structures that various sounds carry different missions, the rhythmic structures that make up the melody and the metric-asymmetric and polyrhythmic structure that emerges with the various orders of these structures, cultural identity In the perspective of ethno-organology, which has an important place in the construction of the instruments, the sound colors and fields of the instruments, the style, attitudes and styles included in the playing techniques, the construction techniques of the instruments, the sanctity attributed to the instruments, the educational dimension of music in the context of the transfer of culture, the communication of society and communities, the number in various music genres. In this study, the ethnology of belief music, the foundations of which are based on mysticism and which constitute the most archaic part of music culture, are briefly evaluated. In this study, which was carried out with qualitative research methods, descriptive survey (survey), ethnographic and netographic research, literature review techniques, the relationship between ethnomusicology and cultural contexts of music was tried to be revealed.

Tulshi Kumar Das

COVID-19 has forced the authorities to introduce online education at all levels in Bangladesh. Students from primary to tertiary levels had initial hiccups to adapt to the newly introduced online education system because of genuine reasons like lack of appropriate device, absence or limited access to internet networks, disinterest in online education, disruption in electricity, etc. Perhaps, most of the stakeholders involved in education had a kind of hope of witnessing the crisis caused through COVID-19 over within a short period of time. Thus, none of the stakeholders was very serious in online education, expecting offline in-person education to be back pretty soon. It seems to have been realised by most of the stakeholders after almost one and a half years of the corona crisis that the pandemic may not disappear quickly. As a result, online education has recently been reinforced in Bangladesh, considering it the only alternative to the previous system. This review study explores the prospects and challenges of online education in the context of Bangladesh and finds out that prospects of it could be pretty high as an alternative education system. However, its challenges may be described as daunting given the socioeconomic and cultural constraints that prevail in the country.

Maria Bulakh, Susanne Hummel, Francesca Panini

Bibliography of Ethiopian Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic Linguistics XXIII: 2019

Ewa Wróblewska-Trochimiuk

Trapped in Concepts This paper aims at reviewing a publication entitled Conculture. Dimensions of cultural participation among young immigrants from Ukraine in Poland by Anna Jawor, Urszula Markowska-Manista and Marta J. Pietrusińska.   W pułapce pojęć Tekst jest recenzją publikacji Konkultura. Wymiary uczestnictwa w kulturze młodych imigrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce, autorstwa Anny Jawor, Urszuli Markowskiej-Manisty i Marty J. Pietrusińskiej.

Larisa Kosareva, Olga Evreeva, Oksana Zakirova

In the framework of globalisation, the development of cross-cultural communication skills is of high interest. However, there is no due attention paid to the development of intercultural language competence in all universities as well as the possibility to share it directly with native interlocutors of the other culture. The objective of the article is to define the critical complexities in the area of cross-cultural communication among those who study a foreign language. Another objective is to elaborate recommendations that will enable the solution of the issues in the area of cross-cultural communication within up-to-date education. As a result, the researchers’ have organised and carried out the survey among 650 linguistic students of the 4th course from four largest Russian higher educational institutions (Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Higher School of Economics, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, and Moscow State University). The outcomes of the research  can be used in future as the basis for the development of cross-cultural communication for university students, which should have cross-cultural competence.

Jacques Fontaine

Piotr Strzyż

Matthias Corvinus, the Hungarian ruler who was also called the „Warrior King”, was carrying out very intensive policy in Central Europe. Having come to the throne of Hungary in 1458, he soon also seized Moravia, Silesia and Vienna. His wars for the throne in Prague, waged first against George of Poděbrady (1468-1471) and then against Casimir the Jagiellonian (1471-1474), led to devastating raids of Hungarian troops on, among others, Opavian Silesia and Lesser Poland. In retaliation, in the end of 1474 Jagiellonian troops invaded Silesia and for a short period of time besieged Wrocław. Furthermore, in Spring 1488 a conflict over the Duchy of Głogów broke out, which ended in a long siege of this town. An important role in the modern army of Matthias Corvinus was played by firearms. These are often mentioned by written sources from this period and numerous material traces of their use are revealed by archaeological examinations at sites which were affected by invasions.