Los centros episcopales hispanos que se fundaron entre el siglo IV y V se ubicaron, en la mayor parte de los casos, en núcleos de cierta relevancia urbana. La historiografía dedicada al estudio de las fundaciones posteriores, ya en periodo visigodo, ha asumido, en muchos casos de forma casi automática, su establecimiento asimismo en ciudades. Sin embargo, una nueva reinterpretación a partir de los datos arqueológicos y textuales de las sedes de Complutum, Arcavica y Valeria que presentamos en este artículo, pone en discusión este modelo y subraya la utilización, por parte del reino visigodo de Toledo, de las demarcaciones territoriales urbanas bajoimperiales como base de la organización eclesiástica, sin tener en cuenta si, como lo había hecho en el pasado, la ciudad epónima mantenía su actividad y su rol central en el territorio.
Abstract Objective To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of history taking, physical examination, and auxiliary examination for thumb osteoarthritis (OA). Methods MEDLINE ALL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science Core Collection, and CINAHL were searched up to October 2023. Studies focused on patients with hand or thumb pain suspected of thumb OA, considering any diagnostic methods as the index test, with any diagnostic assessment of thumb OA as the reference standard were included. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were extracted. QUADAS and GRADE were applied to assess the evidence. Results Seven studies were included. History taking (two studies, 1096 participants) showed very low certainty of evidence;physical examination (five studies, 427 participants) revealed moderate certainty of evidence; auxiliary examinations (one study, 20 participants) indicated low certainty of evidence. History taking showed sensitivity of 47% to 100%, specificity of 40% to 63%, and accuracy of 40% to 80%. Physical examination demonstrated sensitivity of 2% to 100%, specificity of 75% to 100%, and accuracy of 47% to 98%. Auxiliary examination exhibited sensitivity of 72%, specificity of 86%, and accuracy of 76%. The adduction test, extension test, and metacarpal pressure-shear tests were reported to have accuracy above 90% based on two studies. Conclusions Based on few studies, the diagnostic accuracy of history taking and physical examination for thumb OA varied across studies, while knowledge about auxiliary examination was limited. The adduction test, extension test, and metacarpal pressure-shear test are recommended for thumb OA diagnosis.
Auxiliary hypotheses AHs are indispensable in hypothesis-testing, because without them specification of testable predictions and consequently falsification is impossible. However, as AHs enter the test along with the main hypothesis, non-corroborative findings are ambiguous. Due to this ambiguity, AHs may also be employed to deflect falsification by providing “alternative explanations” of findings. This is not fatal to the extent that AHs are independently validated and safely relegated to background knowledge. But this is not always possible, especially in the so-called “softer” sciences where often theories are loosely organized, measurements are noisy, and constructs are vague. The Systematic Replications Framework (SRF) provides a methodological solution by disentangling the implications of the findings for the main hypothesis and the AHs through pre-planned series of systematically interlinked close and conceptual replications. SRF facilitates testing alternative explanations associated with different AHs and thereby increases test severity across a battery of tests. In this way, SRF assesses whether the corroboration of a hypothesis is conditional on particular AHs, and thus allows for a more objective evaluation of its empirical support and whether post hoc modifications to the theory are progressive or degenerative in the Lakatosian sense. Finally, SRF has several advantages over randomization-based systematic replication proposals, which generally assume a problematic neo-operationalist approach that prescribes exploration-oriented strategies in confirmatory contexts.
The auxiliary feedwater electric pump, which is vital in nuclear power units, demands exceptional seismic reliability. The impact of the seismic excitation direction on the seismic response of the complex auxiliary feedwater electric pump structure remains inadequately understood, thereby introducing uncertainties into seismic analysis and equipment installation procedures. To address this challenge, this study centers on a representative horizontal multi-stage centrifugal pump based on the finite element model and modal analysis. Utilizing the response spectrum method and the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) vibration pattern superposition principle, the research comprehensively explores the seismic response characteristics of individual pressure-bearing components and key rotor positions under seismic excitation from various angles. Findings reveal intricate variations in maximum stress and displacement responses for each pressure-bearing component under safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) level seismic excitation, corresponding to different input angles of seismic spectra. In assessing the seismic operability of the clearance between the impeller and the stator, the direction near 45° exhibits the maximum displacement response, highlighting the need for focused attention in testing and verification checks. The methodologies and conclusions presented in this paper offer valuable insights for designing, optimizing, and installing horizontal multi-stage centrifugal pumps, including auxiliary feedwater electric pumps, providing valuable guidance for future applications in the field.
The importance of the malacological collection of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv for the history and further development of malacological research in Ukraine is considered. The scientific potential of stock malacological materials, accumulated in the museum since the second half of the 19th century and significantly supplemented during the last decades, was analyzed in temporal and geographical aspects, as well as taking into account the taxonomic diversity and intraspecific conchological variability of the molluscs of Ukraine, the presence of typical materials, etc. It was found that the main (scientific) part of the malacological collection well represents the present land and freshwater mollusc fauna of Ukraine and its western part. Not represented in the museum's malacological collection are still some species that are mainly locally distributed in Ukraine and often have small sizes, which further complicates their sampling. Among the more recent additions to the malacological collection, we can especially mention the samples related to the study of the land mollusc fauna of the steppe zone of Ukraine, which remained poorly studied until the end of the 20th and even the beginning of the 21st century, as well as to the shell color and banding polymorphism in the Eastern European populations of two introduced species, Cepaea nemoralis and C. hortensis. Among the auxiliary part of the malacological collection, a large block of materials that can be used for exhibition purposes is selected. They allow demonstrating a wide range of topics from the taxonomic and morphological diversity of molluscs of Ukraine and the world to conchological adaptations. It can be useful when studying corresponding sections of a school biology course, as well as for students of biological specialties, amateur naturalists, etc. Various forms of virtual exhibiting allow to shown the public also numerous materials of the main (scientific) part of the malacological collection, which became possible within the framework of the Educational online program “Molluscs”. This allows us to talk about the gradual transformation of the main part of the malacological collection from a classical scientific collection to a scientific and educational one with virtual access.
The source study and special (auxiliary) historical disciplines theoretical seminar in State Central Historical Archives of Ukrainian SSR in Lviv was held in the 1960s and 1980s. A wide range of issues related to the study of these disciplines, as well as general historical issues were considered at its regular meetings. There was given an important place in his work to reports on historical geography, toponymy and local history. The interest in these disciplines was both academic and practical characters, because at that time the officals took a course to prepare a serial of publications on the history of cities and villages of Ukraine. We could point among the participants of the Seminar, whose scientific reports concerned certain issues of historical geography, toponymics and local lore, the name some scientists of Ivan Franko Lviv State University, in particular philiologists Jevgenija Posatska-Chernyakhivska and Olga Ripetska , historian Jaroslav Kis, geographer Bohdan Dumin, the name some scientists of the Institute of Social Sciences (Instytut Suspilnych nauk) professor Ivan Krypyakevych and Jaroslav Isayevych, the name archivist Oleh Kupchynsky, amateur local historians Josyp Gronskyj and Hrygoryj Smolskyj. Thematically their reports and informations mainly concerned the territory of the Ukrainian West. They also tried to determine the place of historical geography and toponymics in the system of scientific knowledge, developed theoretical issues of classification of geographical names and principles of etymology of toponyms, studied methods and sources for studying toponyms, the etymology of individual toponyms et cet. A lot of this work has not lost its scientific significance to this day. The special interest in these disciplines among the participants of the Seminar dates back to the first half of the 1960s – one of the most fruitful periods in its activities. But over time this interes was subsides. According to our assumption, the reasons for it was the progressive withdrawal from work at the Seminar prof. I. Krypyakevych who has been one of creators of this Seminar. Another reason was the growth of participants ’attention to other historical disciplines, first of all to archival science and theoretical and practical source studies, the increase the number of meetings of the Seminar which were held before the soviet anniversaries, etc. Nevertheless, in the second half of the 1960s and in the early 1970s, reports and informations on historical geography, toponymics and local history continued to appear in the programs of the Seminar once in a while, primarily due to the activity of a number of amateur local historians and to the some archivists. The experience gained by the participants of the Seminar was not in vain and allowed to continue the traditions of such studies during the independence of Ukraine.
Gleb Zilberstein, Roman Zilberstein, Svetlana Zilberstein
et al.
In the present report, we offer a novel way for studying (via optical and digital means) features in Renaissance and Leonardo’s (and of course any other painter who followed this canon) paintings, based on a software that separately recognizes white, red, green, blue colors and measures the intensity of single bright spots in canvasses. After mapping the distribution of individual colors, the software proposes a trajectory considering the different geometrical and topological aspects. What we propose here is not just a variant of known methods for discovering the color distribution in a painting; on the contrary, it represents a new way to find unknown parameters in any Renaissance painting. In addition, via multispectral and hyperspectral analyses and image processing, the developed software permitted us to monitor the decay of some pigments in these canvasses at macro- and microscopic levels.
Our paper aims at bringing more facts to light over one of the Lower Danube forts – i.e. <em>Cius</em> (Gârliciu), by using all available data, including cartographic information, archive mentions by Pamfil Polonic, other epigraphic and numismatic elements, or aero-photogrammetric high-resolution imagery. In early 3<sup>rd</sup> century AD it was mentioned in <em>Itinerarium Antonini Augusti</em> 224.5, at a distance of 10000 steps from <em>Carsium </em>(Hârșova)<em> </em>and another 14000 steps from <em>Beroe</em> (Piatra Frecăței). Both forts identified at <em>Cius</em> are situated on Hissarlık Hill, at the end of a 1.5 km long narrow peninsula mentioned by Themistius in the 4<sup>th</sup> century AD, almost surrounded by water and wetland. In ancient times, it must have had direct contact to the river and very likely had its own port. Nobody knows anything on the earlier 2<sup>nd</sup>-3<sup>rd</sup> century <em>castellum</em> and if it stood on the same plateau or if it exploited some other vantage point in the area. On the contrary, Late Roman <em>Cius</em> (120 : 120 m) was built, as most of the fortifications along the Lower Danube frontier, in the last decades of the 3<sup>rd</sup> – early decades of the 4<sup>th</sup> century. Equipped with U-shaped towers and possibly with a splayed fan-shaped or rectangular (?) corner-tower projecting outward, the larger fortification presents typical Tetrarchic/ Constantinian characteristics, revealed by interpreting recent aerial photos. A second, smaller fort (85 : 60 m) has been identified at the end of the peninsula towards the Hasarlâc Lake. With its <em>Bauinschrift </em>dated 369 AD found somewhere in the middle of its northern side, the latter must be the one explicitly mentioned by Themistius in his <em>On the Peace</em> – 10<sup>th</sup> Oration, as being built on a personal initiative of Emperor Valens, during its Gothic war against Athanaric.
The 19th century in the Ottoman Empire was marked by the introduction of the Tanzimat reforms that sought to reorganize and modernize the state. Education was pivotal in this process as it was thought that the introduction of new teaching methods and curricula would support the modernization of the Empire. The effects of the reforms were felt in Cyprus too with the opening of new schools or the reform of existing ones. With the advent of the British though, both Christians and Moslems in the island started investing in education. As a result, in a few years many more schools opened, and the numbers of students increased. In this paper we will try to analyze the structure of the Moslem and Christian education in Cyprus in the 19th century before the transfer of the island to Britain in 1878. To do that we will first look at the Ottoman educational institutions to see how this was reflected in Cyprus. Then, we will look at the Christian schools and examine the role of the church in the founding and running of schools. In this way we shall attempt to reconstruct the educational map of Cyprus in the 19th century. When in 1878 the British take over the administration of the island from the Ottoman Empire, both communities invest in education while the British, too, take steps in the modernization of the educational system. At the same time, the first newspapers appear in Cyprus the first books are also printed. This changes drastically the way Cypriots read and write.
This article presents the results of the analysis of archaeological ceramics collected during landscape surveys in the Vidarbha of Maharashtra, India; and offers the first attempt at a regional pottery typology for this area. Here, as in many other parts of South Asia, the pottery from archaeological sites have been subject to considerable scrutiny. Yet, so far approaches to their study have focussed on mainly their surface colour and feel. This has resulted in overly simplistic typologies that do not (and cannot) accommodate the full range of variation that exists within a ceramic assemblage, and so limit their value as archaeological evidence. Addressing this, we apply a chaîne opératoire-based approach to the analysis of a ceramic assemblage that we have been developing in this region. This results in a much more complex and detailed pottery typology than has so far been achieved. Throughout this study we also identify points of comparison with familiar parallels published elsewhere. In doing so, the resulting typology, while by no means the final word on the matter, provides a valuable and flexible resource that others working in this region and neighbouring areas can use for their own analyses and research. Moreover, in shifting the bases of categorisation and classification to the ways that pottery was made, we are able to incorporate far more of the variation that exists in the material itself. Indeed, the amount of variation can be somewhat bewildering in comparison to the standard (limiting) typological categories that populate earlier reports, and forces us to question those frameworks. Yet, we argue that it is precisely this sort of uncertainty that has to be embraced if the study of archaeological ceramics for the region of the ancient Vidarbha is going to continue to develop as a meaningful area of archaeological enquiry.
The article is based on field ethnographic material collected by the author in southern Dagestan. Mainly considered buildings of the XIX-beginning. XX century. Auxiliary premises and buildings that had additional (applied) functions affected not only the volume of housing, but also significantly determined its appearance, the layout of the housing and economic complex, the composition of construction materials, the size and build-up of the yard, and the sanitary condition. The article indicates the attachment to the home of a storeroom for food and other auxiliary buildings. When writing the article, we used General scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), which allow us to consider the role and place of auxiliary buildings in the ethnoculture of the peoples of southern Dagestan, and show what is special in connection with various conditions (environmental). In addition to General scientific research, the article uses special research methods: identification of the specific, descriptive method, etc. In the article, we came to the following results – the considered auxiliary (economic, applied) buildings had two ecological functions: storage of food and household equipment (barn, sheds) and for keeping livestock. In conclusion, a little is said about the Soviet time, and the post-Soviet time is not affected, since at this time there is no certain pattern of development of the traditional economic complex.
The article traces the main regularities of relations between representatives of the Russian society and the police overall, as well as the forms of professional influence of police officers, gendarmes and security departments on the different segments of population. The increase of society commitment under the conditions of the revolution of 1905–07 and World War I largely changed the focus of attention on part of the police. However, this did not always help its representatives to realize the causes for changes in the nature of crimes and to find effective measures to curb the criminality. The police could not and should not have brought to bear the active influence on the improvement of the socio-political situation in the country. It was the prerogative of the emperor and his government, where the nascent civil society had not gained effective leverage yet.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
Статья раскрывает особенности развития и развития военно-морских сил Ирака от Июльской революции 1958 г. к концу второго кувейтского кризиса в феврале-марте 1973 г. Приведены сведения о всех боевых кораблях и катерах, поставленных в Ирак в указанный период, коротко описана деятельность некоторых его командующих и описаны действия ВМС Ирака в ходе первого и второго кувейтских кризисов 1961 и 1973 годов.
En el presente trabajo se caracterizan los espacios de Hilbert separables de dimensión infinita y se prueba que son isométricamente isomorfos al espacio de Hilbert l2
The paper considers the materials and results of the first technical and technological study of a series of dishware items of the “Kama-Urals” origin from the fortified settlement of Juketaw. The authors established the traditions of selection, extraction, preparation of raw materials and moulding masses, determined the methods of designing the hollow body and filling, shaping techniques, roasting modes, surface treatment of the dishware, and analyzed the ornamental traditions of decoration. The obtained results characterize the samples of “Kama-Ural” dishware as generally corresponding to household production, manufactured with the use of relatively archaic technologies at the stage of initial perception of the certain features of handicraft production by the manufacturers.
Результаты первых раскопок поселения Бондариха-2, положенные в основу выделения одноименной культуры, только отчасти введены в научный оборот. В работе произведена реконструкция данных, полученных по горизонту эпохи финальной бронзы в ходе исследований 1951, 1953 гг., давших наиболее информативные результаты.
Памятник расположен в 1,3 км на восток от окраины г. Изюм Харьковской обл., на краю боровой террасы левого берега Северского Донца. В 1951 г. его раскопки проводили И.Ф. Левицкий и Д.Я. Телегин, в 1953 г. – В.А. Ильинская и А.И. Тереножкин. Общая исследованная площадь составила 366 кв.м.
Особый интерес представляет комплекс жилища №1. В ходе повторной обработки коллекции был восстановлен состав находок в рамках двух скоплений в его придонной части (ниже 1 м от современной поверхности). Скопление около очага содержало фрагменты посуды, кремневые изделия, производственный инвентарь, возможно, маркирующий рабочую зону. Аналогичен состав находок в скоплении у северо-восточной стены. В заполнении котлована, выше придонного слоя, обнаружены известные литейные матрицы (два фрагмента и целая с негативами кельтов).
К бондарихинскому горизонту отнесены минимум девять ям, состав находок в которых также реконструирован в ходе повторной обработки коллекции. Дискуссионна культурная атрибуция кремационного погребения 1 в раскопе 1, не содержавшего выразительный инвентарь. Дальнейшей обработки требует коллекция изделий из кремня, кости и рога.
Согласно схеме Ю.В. Буйнова, поселение представляет средний этап культуры, датированный в рамках середины XI–Х вв. до н.э. По В.И. Клочко, хронология завадовской металлургической традиции, представленной типами бондарихинских кельтов, определена XII-XI вв. до н.э., что в комплексе с данными по керамике могло бы сузить дату памятника до ХI в. до н.э. В хронологической схеме В.С. Бочкарева Бондариха включена в завадовскую группу позднебелозерского времени, верхняя дата которой определена рубежом Х/XI ст. до н.э. Анализ керамики позволяет предположить раннюю позицию памятника в рамках среднего этапа культуры.