REDISCOVERING ROMAN CIUS (GÂRLICIU, CONSTANȚA COUNTY). FROM EMPEROR VALENS TO GRIGORE TOCILESCU, THEODOR MOMMSEN AND BEYOND

Our paper aims at bringing more facts to light over one of the Lower Danube forts – i.e. <em>Cius</em> (Gârliciu), by using all available data, including cartographic information, archive mentions by Pamfil Polonic, other epigraphic and numismatic elements, or aero-photogrammetric high-resolution imagery. In early 3^rd century AD it was mentioned in <em>Itinerarium Antonini Augusti</em> 224.5, at a distance of 10000 steps from <em>Carsium </em>(Hârșova)<em> </em>and another 14000 steps from <em>Beroe</em> (Piatra Frecăței). Both forts identified at <em>Cius</em> are situated on Hissarlık Hill, at the end of a 1.5 km long narrow peninsula mentioned by Themistius in the 4^th century AD, almost surrounded by water and wetland. In ancient times, it must have had direct contact to the river and very likely had its own port. Nobody knows anything on the earlier 2^nd-3^rd century <em>castellum</em> and if it stood on the same plateau or if it exploited some other vantage point in the area. On the contrary, Late Roman <em>Cius</em> (120 : 120 m) was built, as most of the fortifications along the Lower Danube frontier, in the last decades of the 3^rd – early decades of the 4^th century. Equipped with U-shaped towers and possibly with a splayed fan-shaped or rectangular (?) corner-tower projecting outward, the larger fortification presents typical Tetrarchic/ Constantinian characteristics, revealed by interpreting recent aerial photos. A second, smaller fort (85 : 60 m) has been identified at the end of the peninsula towards the Hasarlâc Lake. With its <em>Bauinschrift </em>dated 369 AD found somewhere in the middle of its northern side, the latter must be the one explicitly mentioned by Themistius in his <em>On the Peace</em> – 10^th Oration, as being built on a personal initiative of Emperor Valens, during its Gothic war against Athanaric.