Hasil untuk "America"

The American, Thyroid Association, Guidelines Taskforce et al.

H. M. Raup

T. Todorov

R. Takaki

Michael S. Kimmel

Natalie Coulter

A. Smedley

S. Reichard, C. W. Hamilton

Plant species continue to be introduced in North America for various purposes. If the trend continues, it is probable that some will escape cultivation and become invasive in native ecosystems. We present a retrospective analysis of several structural, life history, and biogeographical attributes of woody plants introduced in North America to determine which traits characterize species that have and have not invaded. Predictive models derived from discriminant analysis correctly classified 86.2% of the species in cross‐validation, whereas those derived from classification and regression trees classified 76% correctly. From these models we created a hierarchical predictive tree that allows the user to divide species into three categories: admit (low risk of invasiveness), deny admission (high risk of invasiveness), or delay admission for further analyses and/or monitor intensively (risk cannot adequately be assessed based on only the included attributes). We recommend that species that are highly invasive elsewhere not be allowed into the U.S. and that a more conservative introduction policy using a hierarchical predictive method be employed.

Ian Mitroff, Elizabeth A. Denton

J. Loftus

Using General Social Survey data from 1973 to 1998, changing American attitudes toward homosexuality are examined. Two hypotheses are tested: (1) Can changes in attitudes be accounted for by the changing demographics of the population? (2) Are changing attitudes toward homosexuality embedded within larger cultural ideological shifts? The data indicate that Americans distinguish between the morality of homosexuality and the civil liberties of homosexuals. Americans became increasingly negative regarding the morality of homosexuality through 1990, but since then their attitudes have become increasingly liberal. The same 25–year period witnessed a steady decline in Americans’ willingness to restrict the civil liberties of homosexuals. Changes in American demographics—particularly increasing educational levels—and changing cultural ideological beliefs can account for only about one-half of the change over time in attitudes toward homosexuality. Several theories are put forth to explain these patterns of change and the distinction made between morality and civil liberties.

João Carlos Pinto Dias, A. C. Silveira, C. Schofield

Discovered in 1909, Chagas disease was progressively shown to be widespread throughout Latin America, affecting millions of rural people with a high impact on morbidity and mortality. With no vaccine or specific treatment available for large-scale public health interventions, the main control strategy relies on prevention of transmission, principally by eliminating the domestic insect vectors and control of transmission by blood transfusion. Vector control activities began in the 1940s, initially by means of housing improvement and then through insecticide spraying following successful field trials in Brazil (Bambui Research Centre), with similar results soon reproduced in São Paulo, Argentina, Venezuela and Chile. But national control programmes only began to be implemented after the 1970s, when technical questions were overcome and the scientific demonstration of the high social impact of Chagas disease was used to encourage political determination in favour of national campaigns (mainly in Brazil). Similarly, large-scale screening of infected blood donors in Latin America only began in the 1980s following the emergence of AIDS. By the end of the last century it became clear that continuous control in contiguous endemic areas could lead to the elimination of the most highly domestic vector populations - especially Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus - as well as substantial reductions of other widespread species such as T. brasiliensis, T. sordida, and T. dimidiata, leading in turn to interruption of disease transmission to rural people. The social impact of Chagas disease control can now be readily demonstrated by the disappearance of acute cases and of new infections in younger age groups, as well as progressive reductions of mortality and morbidity rates in controlled areas. In economic terms, the cost-benefit relationship between intervention (insecticide spraying, serology in blood banks) and the reduction of Chagas disease (in terms of medical and social care and improved productivity) is highly positive. Effective control of Chagas disease is now seen as an attainable goal that depends primarily on maintaining political will, so that the major constraints involve problems associated with the decentralisation of public health services and the progressive political disinterest in Chagas disease. Counterbalancing this are the political and technical cooperation strategies such as the "Southern Cone Initiative" launched in 1991. This international approach, coordinated by PAHO, has been highly successful, already reaching elimination of Chagas disease transmission in Uruguay, Chile, and large parts of Brazil and Argentina. The Southern Cone Initiative also helped to stimulate control campaigns in other countries of the region (Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru) which have also reached tangible regional successes. This model of international activity has been shown to be feasible and effective, with similar initiatives developed since 1997 in the Andean Region and in Central America. At present, Mexico and the Amazon Region remain as the next major challenges. With consolidation of operational programmes in all endemic countries, the future focus will be on epidemiological surveillance and care of those people already infected. In political terms, the control of Chagas disease in Latin America can be considered, so far, as a victory for international scientific cooperation, but will require continuing political commitment for sustained success.

Noris Salazar-Allen, S. Gradstein, S. Churchill

R. Chambers, L. Meyerson, K. Saltonstall

V. Magaña, J. Amador, S. Medina

B. Western

M. Emerson, Christian A. Smith

Nahyeon Lee, Jongsoo Lim, Hyeong-Chai Jeong

The rise of platforms like Netflix has expanded the possibility for audiences worldwide to watch the same content simultaneously, motivating research on cross-country media consumption. We investigate the global dynamics of media consumption by analyzing daily top-ranked Netflix TV shows across 71 countries over a span of 822 days. Using an information-theoretic framework, we measure diversity, similarity, and directional relationships in consumption trends using Shannon entropy, mutual information, and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. According to Shannon entropy analysis, North America and Europe have highly dynamic viewing preferences, whereas East and Southeast Asia (ESA) display more persistent trends, with the same shows often dominating for long periods. Mutual information identifies clear regional clusters of synchronized consumption, with particularly strong alignment among ESA countries. To analyze temporal patterns, we introduce a KL-based asymmetry measure that captures directional patterns between countries, applicable to both inter- and intra-regional pairs. This analysis reveals distinct pathways of content spread. We find inter-regional patterns from ESA and South America toward North America and Europe, and intra-regional signals from Korea and Thailand to other ESA countries. We also observe that ESA trends reaching other regions often originate from Singapore. These findings offer insight into the temporal structure of global content spread and highlight the coexistence of global synchronization and regional independence in streaming media preferences.

Clarisse Cunha Linke

O agravamento das desigualdades socioespaciais, de gênero e raciais tem exigido uma revisão teórica e prática profunda no campo do planejamento da mobilidade. O debate crítico revela a marginalização de grupos sociais, territórios e práticas espaciais cotidianas, enraizada em valores patriarcais, racistas e eurocêntricos. Na América Latina, a mobilidade do cuidado é realizada predominantemente por mulheres periferizadas cuja principal forma de deslocamento é a mobilidade a pé, combinada com o transporte público. No entanto, a falta de compreensão sobre como a experiência diferenciada de deslocamento cotidiano desse grupo específico, aliada a pressupostos positivistas e tecnocráticos, desvaloriza formas de ser e existir no espaço que não são hegemônicas. Neste artigo, apresento as características das cuidadoras e pedestres nas periferias do Brasil, destacando as materialidades da caminhabilidade envolvidas na mobilidade do cuidado. Proponho uma discussão sobre a invisibilidade dos deslocamentos relacionados à mobilidade do cuidado nas pesquisas origem-destino e busco explorar outros instrumentos e métodos de planejamento que possam contribuir para um avanço ético, político e teórico-metodológico, ao adotar perspectivas centradas na mobilidade cotidiana a pé, rumo a um urbanismo feminista, situado e transformador, que promova cidades cuidadoras e comprometidas com a garantia da vida.

Niloofar Asefi, Leonard Lupin-Jimenez, Tianning Wu et al.

Reconstructing ocean dynamics from observational data is fundamentally limited by the sparse, irregular, and Lagrangian nature of spatial sampling, particularly in subsurface and remote regions. This sparsity poses significant challenges for forecasting key phenomena such as eddy shedding and rogue waves. Traditional data assimilation methods and deep learning models often struggle to recover mesoscale turbulence under such constraints. We leverage a deep learning framework that combines neural operators with denoising diffusion probabilistic models to reconstruct high-resolution ocean states from extremely sparse Lagrangian observations. By conditioning the generative model on neural operator outputs, the framework accurately captures small-scale, high-wavenumber dynamics even at 99% sparsity (for synthetic data) and 99.9% sparsity (for real satellite observations). We validate our method on benchmark systems, synthetic float observations, and real satellite data, demonstrating robust performance under severe spatial sampling limitations as compared to other deep learning baselines.

The CMS collaboration, A. Tumasyan, W. Adam et al.