A sub-sampling PLL (SSPLL) with a pulser-free continuous charge pump (CCP) and a bootstrap sampling front-end has been developed and the reference spurs can be significantly suppressed by eliminating cyclic high impedance charge pump operation. A counter-based frequency-locked loop with a fine-tunable dead-zone accelerates acquisition, and the PLL path preserves precise phase tracking. The prototype circuit has been fabricated in 65-nm CMOS and operates over 8.9–10 GHz with a 40 MHz reference clock. The PLL achieves 488.01 fs RMS jitter integrated over 10 kHz–40 MHz while consuming 6.47 mW from a 1.2 V supply. The measured reference spur level is −97.86 dBc, over 25 dB lower than the pulser-based SSPLL results. The implemented architecture demonstrates that reference spur performance can be improved significantly while maintaining sub-ps jitter, making it suitable for multi-GHz applications that require stringent spur specifications.
O texto a seguir compõe o sexto capítulo do livro Trópicos do Haiti: Raça e a história literária da Revolução Haitiana no Mundo Atlântico, 1789-1865, ainda sem tradução para o português. Nele, a autora reflete sobre a distribuição generificada de papeis na memória e nos registros literários sobre a Revolução Haitiana nas décadas que a seguiram. Para tanto, ela analisa o “Theresa, um conto haytiano”, assinado apenas como “S.” e veiculado no jornal afroamericano, Freedom's Journal. Neste dossiê, buscamos incitar as/os leitoras/es sobre a generificação do sujeito constitucional a partir das considerações feitas pela autora sobre dito conto e suas repercussões entre a comunidade de leitores da época mas também entre os críticos contemporâneos.
Palavras-Chave: Revolução Haitiana; Literatura haitiana; Theresa, um conto haytiano; Raça
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
International migration of the workforce has become a global challenge and is constantly in the spotlight of the world community. Since ancient times, humanity has been on the move. Some people move in search of jobs or economic opportunities, others to join family or to study. Others migrate in response to the negative effects of climate change, natural disasters or environmental factors. Among migration phenomena, an essential role is held by the migration of the young human factor. Today, it is estimated that the number of young people, i.e. people aged between 15 and 24, is around 1.3 billion and account for 15.5 per cent of the global population. (UN, 2020). Migration in general, and that of young people in particular, is one of the current challenges for the developing countries, including the Republic of Moldova. The increasing migration of young people concerns the authorities and civil society, given its effects on the country's human potential and socio-economic development. In this article we aim to study the current trends of the migration process, in particular to address the motivation of young people in Moldova to migrate in order to study abroad.
Heinrich Menu von Minutoli unternahm 1820 eine Reise nach Nordafrika zur Erforschung ägyptischer und griechischer Altertümer. Die Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften bestimmte die jungen Naturforscher Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg und Wilhelm Hemprich als weitere Teilnehmer.
Während Minutoli bereits ein Jahr nach Beginn der Expedition 1821 nach Europa zurückkehrte, setzten Ehrenberg und Hemprich ihre Forschungen fort. Von Alexandria aus unternahmen sie, zum Teil getrennt, Exkursionen in die libysche Wüste, auf die Sinaihalbinsel, zum Roten Meer, in das Libanongebirge sowie bis in den Sudan und nach Eritrea, wo Hemprich 1825 dem Malariafieber erlag.
Wie von der Akademie der Wissenschaften beauftragt, sammelten Ehrenberg und Hemprich insgesamt 34 000 Tiere, 46 000 Pflanzen und 300 Mineralien. Diese trafen im Laufe der Jahre, verpackt in insgesamt 114 Kisten, in Berlin ein. Die Akademie stellte Mittel für die Auswertung der Sammlungen zur Verfügung. Ehrenbergs Reisebericht blieb aber ebenso Fragment wie das großangelegte Tafelwerk Symbolae physicae.
P. A. Bekshokova, K. K. Bekshokov, A. R. Ibragimova
et al.
Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of the self-assessment of health by urban and rural residents of the Republic of Dagestan, using as examples the city of Makhachkala and the Untsukulskiy district.Material and Methods. Sociological research methods were employed on the basis of questionnaires.Results. According to the results of the study the majority of the residents of Makhachkala and the Untsukulskiy district surveyed - 71% and 68.2% respectively -gave positive assessments of their health. In both samples, the proportion of respondents who rated their health as "mediocre" and "bad" increased with age. In rural areas the number of young and middle-aged respondents who assessed their health as worse exceeded the number of city dwellers of the same age. Among male respondents, 77.8% in Makhachkala and 74.9% in the Untsukulskiy district gave a positive self-assessment of health and among the female population, 66.7% and 62.93% respectively.Conclusion. Self-assessment of health is a tool recommended by the World Health Organization for monitoring health within selected population groups. The slight difference between the assessment of their health by urban and rural residents is due to differences in lifestyle and standard of living, access to medical as well as cultural, leisure and other types of services.
Abstract
Though Humboldt’s travels to the Americas have been analyzed from a wide range of viewpoints, there are specific aspects that still await further investigation. Little is written about Humboldt in the field, specifically how he moved between different locations and simultaneously measured and mapped places and phenomena. The aim of this article is to discuss the triad movement-measure-ment-map that led to the development of specific practices of knowledge building on the move. Humboldt’s search for the connections between the watersheds of the Orinoco and the Amazon rivers and the resulting maps and drawings are used as an example to point out his cartographic impulse in his quest to understand and explain the physical world.
Zusammenfassung
Obwohl Humboldts Reisen nach Amerika unter ver-schiedenen Gesichtspunkten analysiert wurden, gibt es bestimmte Aspekte, die noch weiter untersucht werden müssen. Wenig ist jedoch über Humboldt im Feld geschrieben, insbesondere darüber, wie er sich zwischen verschiedenen Orten bewegte und gleichzeitig Lokalitäten und Phänomene maß und kartierte. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die Triade Bewegung-Messung-Landkarte zu diskutieren, die zur Entwicklung spezifischer Praktiken des „Wissenschaffens“ in Bewegung führte. Humboldts Suche nach den Verbindungen zwischen den Wassereinzugsgebieten des Orinoco und des Amazo-nasflusses sowie die daraus resultierenden Karten und Zeichnungen dienen als Beispiel, um seinen kartografischen Impuls bei seinem Bestreben, die physische Welt zu verstehen und zu erklären, hervorzuheben.
Resumen
Aunque los viajes de Humboldt a las Américas han sido analizados desde una amplia gama de puntos de vista, hay aspectos específicos que aún esperan una mayor investigación. Poco se escribe sobre Humboldt en el campo, específicamente cómo se movió entre diferentes lugares y simultáneamente midió y cartografió lugares y fenómenos. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir la tríada movimien-to-medición-mapa que condujo al desarrollo de prácticas específicas de construcción de conocimiento en movimiento. La investigación de Humboldt de las conexiones entre las cuencas hidrográficas del Orinoco y del Amazonas y los mapas y dibujos resultantes se utiliza como un ejemplo para señalar su impulso cartográfico en su búsqueda para comprender y explicar el mundo físico.
The article gives an overview of the Russian pharmaceutical legislation in XVIII-XIX centuries and describes the first Russian departmental and government pharmacopoeia (1756, 1778, 1798). There is analyses the first Apothecary statue (1789) and the second Apothecary statue (1857). It is got experts from Apothecary Statues that reflecting the requirements of the time to the qualification, morals, responsibility of the pharmacist to the manufacturing and dispensing drugs.
پژوهش حاضر با هدف فراتحلیل خشونت ورزشی در پژوهشهای ایرانی طراحی و اجرا شد. بهمنظور انجام فراتحلیل حاضر، سیزده پژوهش مرتبط انتخاب شدند که در سالهای 1379- 1397، با هدف ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر خشونت ورزشی انجام و در فصلنامههای معتبر داخلی چاپ شده بودند. پژوهشهای منتخب به روش پیمایشی و در جوامع آماری متفاوت، برحسب سنجههای پایا انجام شدهاند. در گام نخستِ ارزیابی پژوهشهای منتخب، مفروضات همگنی و خطای انتشار بررسی شدند که یافتهها نشاندهندۀ ناهمگنی اندازۀ اثر و عدم سوگیری انتشار مطالعات مورد بررسی بود. نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد حمایت تیمی، ازهمگسیختگی خانواده، گروه همسالان، کنترل پلیسی، سابقۀ رفتار مجرمانه، عملکرد رسانۀ جمعی، ناکامی اجتماعی، پایگاه اقتصادی - اجتماعی، نظارت اجتماعی، انسجام اجتماعی - تیمی، باورهای مذهبی و خردهفرهنگ قومی اندازۀ اثر معنیداری بر خشونتورزشی دارند.
The last years of the 19th century in Turin are marked by the project of the General Italian Exhibition of 1898, whose coordination is entrusted to Ceppi, Gilodi and Salvadori. The closure of this Exhibition however does not terminate their experience in designing exposition spaces: in a sort of passing of the baton, some of the Turin pavilions, before being demolished, housed the laboratories where the pavilion, intended to represent Italy in Paris in 1900, was prefabricated. The Italian pavilion for the French exhibition was highly innovative; new materials and solutions make the project an iconic example of contemporary architectural culture and industrialization of the construction site. One of the highlights is the re-elaboration of Venetian Gothic, a fine example of Ceppi’s ability to master and combine stylistic codes of the past and modern innovative techniques.
Henrietta Varga Szépné, Éva Katona, Dénes Páll
et al.
The Hungarian government is dedicated to supporting a healthy and sporty life-style, thus in the past years the number of initiatives directed to publicizing and promoting sports has increased considerably. The new Law of Public Education has put the emphasis on physical education and on organizing other sport events in schools. This led to the introduction, in a phasing-out manner, of the every-day physical education (PE).
We were interested to know the infrastructural background of PE including the number and size of sports halls available for the students, how many classes can they accommodate at the same time, and when were they constructed. To this end a survey was conducted through telephone, contacting 200 high schools in 19 counties of Hungary. Do the schools have their own swimming pools, or do they conduct after-hours sports events. Data were analyzed using the EvaSys program.
The time of construction of the schools and their sports halls spans a wide range between the years 1530 and 2005. So do the number of students, between 150-1200. Nineteen of the schools have none, 67% has one, and 18.8% two sports halls. The size of these halls is also very variable, while in some schools it is only 25 m2, in others it can be as large as 2295m2. In most cases the halls can accommodate one or two classes in parallel. Afternoon classes are held in 87% of the schools, and include basketball, fencing, and soccer, among others. However, only eleven of the interviewed high schools have swimming pools. Research has called the attention to the fact that the exercise of Hungarian youth is too little. This puts the emphasis on the promotion of physical activity in schools. While there are large differences in the infrastructural background in the schools involved in the survey, they all strive to conduct after-hours sport events.
Zusammenfassung
Alexander von Humboldt hat sich in jungen Jahren mit galvanischen Experimenten beschäftigt und die Resultate in einem umfassenden, zweibändigen Werk publiziert. Dabei zeigte er nicht nur, dass er als Experimentator und Teil der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft fähig war, sich mit einem so neuen und komplexen Phänomen zu beschäftigen. Es lässt sich auch erkennen, dass er bereits in dieser frühen Schrift versuchte, das umfangreiche Wissen dem Leser zugänglich zu machen.
Der Artikel betrachtet Humboldts Galvanismusschrift Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser (1797–1798) und untersucht einige Elemente wie Anhänge und Schreibstil, die Humboldt nutzte, um die umfangreichen Informationen zu ordnen und dem Leser so neben den Big Data seiner Erkenntnisse auch passende Suchfunktionen zur Verfügung zu stellen, die eine gezielte Nutzung überhaupt ermöglichen.
Abstract
In the early stages of his scientific career, Alexander von Humboldt took an interest in experiments in galvanism. He publicised the results in a two-volume work under the title Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser (Experiments on the Stimulated Muscle and Nerve Fibre) in 1797 and 1798. In this treatise, he presented himself as competent experimenter and member of the scientific community, but also demonstrated that he was capable of researching new and complex phenomena. These volumes also provide insight into his early attempts to facilitate the readers’ access to the extensive information he had compiled.
This article analyses some aspects of Humboldt’s efforts to arrange his vast numbers of observations and theories, for example by means of appendices and narrative style, which he used not only to present the resulting big data collected during his research, but also to make it possible for the reader to organise and utilise this data.
Resumen
A temprana edad Alexander von Humboldt se dedicó a galvanismo. En 1797 y 1798 publicó los resultados en dos amplios volúmenes llamados Experiencias acerca del galvanismo, y en general sobre la irritacion de las fibras musculares i nerviosas (Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser). Así se presentó como experimentador inteligente y se estableció en la comunidad científica porque no sólo demostró ser capaz de dedicarse a un fenómeno tan nuevo y complejo sino también es evidente que en este tratado temprano tuvo la intención de poner al alcance de los lectores todas las informaciones coleccionadas.
Este artículo analiza algunos aspectos como los apéndices y la forma de escribir que Humboldt empleó para ordenar sus numerosas observaciones y teorías. Aparte de eso, usó estos elementos para que el lector pueda organizar y utilizar sus datos por sí solo.
En los años 90, frente a las reformas de mercado, las organizaciones sindicales más poderosas de Argentina adoptaron la estrategia llamada “sindicalismo empresarial”, que consistió en la participación activa en aquellas reformas. Las interpretaciones dominantes del fenómeno entendieron que se trataba de una respuesta que expresaba una continuidad con prácticas adaptativas y pragmáticas propias de la burocracia sindical. En este trabajo, en cambio, consideramos que esas lecturas son reduccionistas y proponemos abordar el sindicalismo empresarial desde una perspectiva que examine la problemática de cómo una organización gremial se reproduce materialmente en distintas etapas históricas. Para avanzar en esta propuesta estudiamos el caso del sindicato Luz y Fuerza Capital Federal (LYF CF) que fue paradigmático en el impulso de la estrategia empresarial.
1789-, Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class
El Comité Editorial de la Revista Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, en reunión del 21 de marzo de 2018, tras examinar las pruebas presentadas y recabar la información de todos los afectados, ha determinado DESAUTORIZAR este artículo por contener irregularidades que socavan la originalidad exigida en los trabajos publicados, y por incumplir el Código Ético y de Buenas Prácticas de nuestra publicación que se encuentra disponible en esta página web.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)