Urban land cover doubled between 1985 and 2015, yet the spatial dynamics of urban form remain under-quantified, despite its importance for sustainability, infrastructure planning, and climate risk. Urban expansion is a non-equilibrium process shaped by interactions between population growth, infrastructure, institutions, and market failures -- rendering static and equilibrium models inadequate. We review key challenges and modeling approaches, focusing on partial differential equation (PDE) frameworks. Borrowed from statistical physics, PDEs capture spatial heterogeneity, anisotropy, stochasticity, and feedbacks between land use and transport networks. Integrating economic and institutional factors remains a major challenge for policy relevance. We propose a research agenda that bridges remote sensing, urban economics, and complexity science to develop dynamic, empirically grounded models of urban expansion.
Abstract Investigation of the patterns of urban (re)development and identification of the laws behind these processes are critically important to understand how cities evolve under different material conditions. Without denying the effect of socio-economic, cultural and historical peculiarities, it could be argued that ‘urban form’ itself is also an important aspect guiding future patterns of redevelopment. This research aims to examine morphological conditions created by plot structures and their impact on the patterns of urban redevelopment in three international case studies: Midtown Manhattan (New York), Central Melbourne (Melbourne) and Eixample (Barcelona). Physical changes that occurred in each selected site during identified analysis periods are mapped and measured by relying on a longitudinal geospatial database generated from various cartographic resources. The relationship between patterns of physical change and selected quantitative urban form descriptions of plots (plot size, accessible plot density, plot frontage, accessible plot frontage and accessible plot size diversity) is analysed in a diachronic manner. The empirical investigation indicates that character of plot configuration plays an important role in guiding long-term physical change. Critical discussion of these morphological parameters will contribute to our understanding of urban redevelopment processes and help to achieve resilient and adaptable urban spaces by providing specific design conditions.
مهرداد کرمی, محمد رضا پورجعفر, مجتبی رفیعیان
et al.
مقالۀ حاضر با تحلیل چندلایهای از ساختار نهادی، سیاستگذاری فضایی و ویژگیهای کالبدی در ارتباط با تغییر کاربری اراضی در شهرستان شمیرانات میپردازد. شهرستان شمیرانات از دو بخش و سه دهستان و چهار شهر تجریش، لواسان، اوشان-فشم-میگون و شمشک تشکیل شده و یکی از پیچیدهترین فضاهای پیراکلانشهری حول تهران را شکل میدهد. هدف اصلی این مطالعه، تحلیل الگوهای فضایی تغییرات کاربری اراضی و تبیین سازوکارهای نهادی، سیاستی و اجتماعی-سیاسی مؤثر بر این تغییرات، از طریق ادغام تحلیلهای کمی مکانی و تحلیل مضمونی تبیینی با جهتگیری انتقادی طی دو دهۀ گذشته (2000–2019) و پیشبینی روندهای آتی تا افق 2038 (دو دورۀ 20 ساله) است. در این راستا، این پژوهش با بهرهگیری از یک رویکرد ترکیبی توالی توضیحی، ابتدا الگوهای فضایی تغییرات کاربری اراضی را با تحلیلهای کمی و مدل مارکوف-سلولهای خودکار شناسایی و سپس با تحلیل مضمونی تبیینی دادههای کیفی، سازوکارهای نهادی و سیاستی مؤثر بر این تغییرات را تبیین میکند. یافتههای مکانی با دادههای کیفی حاصل از مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته، تحلیل اسناد رسمی، مشاهدات میدانی ادغام و در قالب یک چارچوب تحلیلی منسجم بررسی میشوند. نتایج نشان میدهد بخش لواسانات بیشترین تمرکز تغییرات را تجربه کرده است. همچنین رودبار قصران توسعۀ خطی در امتداد محورهای ارتباطی و مناطق گردشگری دارد و شمیران با تراکمپذیری درونزا و محدودیت توسعۀ افقی مواجه است. از منظر نهادی، نبود انسجام میان نهادهای تصمیمگیر، تضاد منافع بین سطوح محلی و ملی و ضعف ابزارهای نظارتی، از عوامل اصلی تسریعکنندۀ تغییر کاربری در منطقه هستند. در پایان با ارائۀ شاخصهای قدرت نهادی و سناریوهای سیاستی، چارچوبی برای همراستاسازی سیاست زمین، حکمرانی فضایی و حفاظت از منابع طبیعی در مقیاس شهرستان ارائه میشود
Urban computing has emerged as a multidisciplinary field that harnesses data-driven technologies to address challenges and improve urban living. Traditional approaches, while beneficial, often face challenges with generalization, scalability, and contextual understanding. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers transformative potential in this domain. This survey explores the intersection of LLMs and urban computing, emphasizing the impact of LLMs in processing and analyzing urban data, enhancing decision-making, and fostering citizen engagement. We provide a concise overview of the evolution and core technologies of LLMs. Additionally, we survey their applications across key urban domains, such as transportation, public safety, and environmental monitoring, summarizing essential tasks and prior works in various urban contexts, while highlighting LLMs' functional roles and implementation patterns. Building on this, we propose potential LLM-based solutions to address unresolved challenges. To facilitate in-depth research, we compile a list of available datasets and tools applicable to diverse urban scenarios. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current approaches and outline future directions for advancing LLMs in urban computing.
Human mobility, a pivotal aspect of urban dynamics, displays a profound and multifaceted relationship with urban sustainability. Despite considerable efforts analyzing mobility patterns over decades, the ranking dynamics of urban mobility has received limited attention. This study aims to contribute to the field by investigating changes in rank and size of hourly inflows to various locations across 60 Chinese cities throughout the day. We find that the rank-size distribution of hourly inflows over the course of the day is stable across cities. To uncover the microdynamics beneath the stable aggregate distribution amidst shifting location inflows, we analyzed consecutive-hour inflow size and ranking variations. Our findings reveal a dichotomy: locations with higher daily average inflow display a clear monotonic trend, with more pronounced increases or decreases in consecutive-hour inflow. In contrast, ranking variations exhibit a non-monotonic pattern, distinguished by the stability of not only the top and bottom rankings but also those in moderately-inflowed locations. Finally, we compare ranking dynamics across cities using a ranking metric, the rank turnover. The results advance our understanding of urban mobility dynamics, providing a basis for applications in urban planning and traffic engineering.
As a famous town located in the west of Beijing with a long history of thousands of years, Changxindian is currently facing a host of difficulties such as backward industrial economic development, a chaotic living environment, and a sharp decline in urban vitality. In addition, public cultural space, serving as an important place for residents to conduct leisure activities, is indispensable in improving residents’ quality of life, stimulating urban vitality, and other aspects. In this regard, by combining the protection and renewal of the old town with the redevelopment of the public cultural space, this research deeply investigates the problems exposed by the constructed public cultural space within the old town, the characteristics of spatial evolution as well as relevant influencing factors through field research and statistical analysis. Meanwhile, combined with residents’ vision and master plan, this research puts forward corresponding promotion strategies and recommendations for diverse types of public cultural spaces, with a view to providing a valuable decision-making basis for further exploring how to effectively utilize the existing urban cultural resources in old towns and to mend and promote urban public cultural spaces with regional characteristics..
Urban land use plans (ULUPs) contribute to the efficient use of resources for sustainable urban development. However, the metered contribution of Bahir Dar’s ULUPs to the efficient use of resources has not yet been known. Bahir Dar is the capital of the Amhara Region and a scenic city on the southern shore of Lake Tana, Ethiopia’s largest lake and the source of the Blue Nile. It attracts many visitors from inside and outside the country. This study evaluates the effectiveness of ULUPs in Bahir Dar to achieve efficient use of resources such as water, energy, and food. Thus, the study developed criteria to assess the effectiveness of ULUPs based on the global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results show that its ULUPs were not resource efficient in terms of food production, water quality and yield, and transport energy usage.
فضاهای زیستی در هر منطقه، تحت تأثیر خاستگاههای فرهنگی، محیطی، اجتماعی، تاریخی و سیاسی آن منطقه شکل گرفته است. شهر پاوه در شمال استان کرمانشاه دارای خانههای ارزشمند تاریخی است که اکثراً بهصورت پلکانی و با توجه به توپوگرافی و شیب زمینساخته شدهاند. این تحقیق باهدف شناخت عناصر کالبدی و فضایی در خانههای سنتی پاوه انجام گرفت. با بررسی این عناصر عواملی که در شکلگیری فرم و عناصر کالبدی و فضایی خانههای سنتی شهر پاوه مؤثرند، شناسایی شدند. روش این پژوهش از طریق مطالعه شرایط موجود و شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و ابزار مصاحبه و نیز بررسی اسناد و مدارک؛ مشاهده و نقشهبرداری میباشد. جامعه هدف به شکل هدفمند و با روش نمونهگیری گلوله برفی انتخاب شدهاند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان میدهد که فضاهای داخلی خانههای سنتی پاوه دارای چند کاربری مختلف میباشد که دالان، مطبخ، انبار، اتاق، راهپله در یک طبقه یا بهصورت دوطبقه در خانهها وجود دارد، همچنین ویژگیهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی، مذهبی، اقتصادی شامل استفاده از مصالح بومآورد، سلسلهمراتب فضایی، تفکیک درست فضاها، ساخت خانهها در بالا یا کنار یکدیگر و توجه به نکات اقلیمی ازجمله جهتگیری صحیح، کرسیچینی، ابعاد مناسب بازشوها مهمترین عوامل در شکلگیری کالبد و سازمان فضایی خانه در پاوه است.
در دهههای اخیر، استقرار و استفاده از دوچرخه در بسیاری از شهرهای جهان رواج داشته ولی بااینوجود استفاده از آن در شهرهای ایران محدود میباشد. هدف از پژوهش؛ بررسی میزان مقبولیت عمومی استفاده از دوچرخه در شهر کوچک آققلا میباشد. رویکرد پژوهش، کمّی توأم با منطق استدلال قیاسی و ماهیت آن پیمایشی است. بهمنظور جمعآوری دادهها از یک پرسشنامه محقق ساخته و حجم نمونه 400 نفری استفاده گردیده که در تدوین آن از دو مدل «یوتات» و نظریه «رفتار برنامهریزیشده» استفادهشده است. برایناساس، یافتههای پژوهش نشانگر مقبولیت اندک و نکات ضعف محسوسی در شهر آققلا در ابعاد اجتماعی استفاده از دوچرخه و عدمتأیید معناداری ضرایب همبستگی متغیرهایی همانند «نگرش»، «هنجارهای تأکیدی» و حتی «سودمندی درک شده» با متغیر رفتار هست. در این زمینه، عدم باور به دوچرخه بهعنوان یک وسیله سفر مشاهده میشود و نگرش ورزش به دوچرخه بیشتر نمایان میباشد. نتایج آزمون رگرسیون خطی چندگانه پژوهش نیز نشانگر معناداری کل مدل و وجود رابطه مابین متغیرهای اجتماعی- روانشناختی پژوهش و نیز معناداری سه متغیر اثرگذار «آگاهی» (292/0+)، «هنجارهای توصیفی» (243/0+) و «تأثیرپذیری فردی» (312/0-) و ضریب تعیین تعدیلشده دارای مقدار 23% از تغییرات تبدیلپذیری در متغیر وابسته است. در پایان، نیز یافتههای آماری پژوهش بازخوانی و تفسیر گردیدهاند.
AbstractThis chapter aims to describe what happened in the field of urban redevelopment in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2015. The patterns of governance in this period can be divided into 3 phases; different phases have quite distinct characteristics of social cooperative modes and various state-market-communities relations. It comprises 3 phases with different patterns of governance: first, the Primitive Market Phase (1990–1998); second, the Pure Government Phase (1998–2006); and third, the Multiple Players Phase (2006–2015). These phases are strongly connected to periods of control by the mayors of Guangzhou, especially in the first two phases. However, the modes of governance were not changed immediately after the changes of mayors; every new leader needs time to adapt a new position, control new resources, modify existing policy and build up new agendas. There are always delays between the announcement of new mayors and establishment of a new mode of governance. This research prefers to identify phases based on the period of leadership of mayors because this method is simple and clear, and emphasises the importance of leaders in governance. In every phase, modes of social interactions and the state-market-communities relations will be expressed.
دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در شهرها منجر به تعادل در ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیستمحیطی و غیره میگردد و زمینهساز یکچشم انداز مطلوب در آینده میگردد. بهبود شرایط زیستپذیری در شهرهای نفتخیزی مانند مسجدسلیمان و پیرامون آن علاوه برافزایش جذابیت آنها، بستر مناسبی برای ارتقای کیفت زندگی و مکان پایدار میگردد. بنابراین ضرورت و اهمیت بحث ساختاری زیستپذیری در شهرها و پیرامون آن کاملاً نمایان است. هدف از این پژوهش، تحلیل ساختاری زیستپذیری در شهر مسجدسلیمان و فضای پیرامون آن میباشد. این پژوهش از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت اکتشافی میباشد. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش 20 نفر از صاحبنظران شهری، شهر سازان و مدیران شهری بهصورت نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخابشدهاند. جهت تجزیهوتحلیل متغیرها از میک مک استفاده شد. نتایج منعکسکننده این مطلب است که 2970 رابطه از کل روابط بین متغیرها دارای ارزش اثرات متقاطع بودهاند. از مجموع روابط 2970، حدود 55 رابطه بدون تأثیر؛ 1195 رابطه دارای تأثیرگذاری کم؛ 1169 رابطه دارای تأثیرگذاری متوسط و درنهایت 606 رابطه دارای تأثیرگذاری قوی و بالا بوده است. از سوی دیگر نتایج نشان میدهد که پایداری زیستپذیری در شهر مسجدسلیمان و فضای پیرامونی آن بسیار نامناسب است.
Informal settlement is a global problem practised by all social classes. However, the extent and the context of the problem are serious in developing countries. The objective of this study was to identify the determinant factors for the escalation of informal settlements and their consequences in Butajira town, central Ethiopia. A mixed research approach with a sequential explanatory design was employed. Both qualitative and quantitative data were systematically collected and analysed using softwares like ArcGIS 10.3, ENVI 5.3, and SPSS. Primary data was collected through a household questionnaire survey from 221 samples and thirteen key informant interviews. Secondary data was also generated from different governmental reports, previous studies, and books. Employing a multiple linear logistic regression analysis, the empirical findings revealed that the informality was determined by a combination of factors such as monthly income, previous residence, mode accession of the respondent’s current holding, and brokers’ agitation as they were found to be statistically significant in determining the informality at a 95% confidence interval. It is found that informal settlements are expanded alarmingly in the study areas at the expense of the nearby agricultural fields. The effects are witnessed in the town resulting disorganised infrastructures and a spontaneous network of villages. The Municipality is engaged in preventive measures like demolitions and punishments but it did not bring any meaningful solutions. The researchers recommend the ‘punitive approach of marginality theory’ that insists on the forceful relocations of the informal settlers, but with the provision of adequate services
This study considers climate impacts and environmental challenges (flooding and sea-level rise) in one of the coastal informal settlements in Lagos, Nigeria. A mix of methods was used to generate data. First, 14 residents, selected through purposive sampling, were interviewed. A survey (sample size = 300) of residents was conducted as a follow-up to the interviews. To elicit information on spatio-temporal dimensions, GIS-based mapping showed change in land use/cover from 1990 to 2020 and simulates impacts with 0.5 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 2 m sea level rise scenarios. The results illuminate negative corollaries at the intersection of informal urbanisation and climate change in coastal settings. Flood-related impacts on the built and natural environment were significant. Climate adaption and resilience will need to involve restoring the decimated natural ecosystem and integration of indigenous systems in the study area and similar low-income coastal urban communities.
Mahsa Ghane, Ali Rahmani Firuzjah, Ali Asgar Abbasi Asfajir
Quality of life (QOL) is a fundamental concept in social sciences that focuses on both objective and subjective dimensions. The quality of relationships, community, and shared experiences greatly influences people's success, satisfaction, and overall well-being. In Kermanshah, Iran, city crossings have caused physical changes and social resolutions. This research examines the relationship between social capital and QOL in Kermanshah. The study surveyed residents in regions 1, 2, and 4 using questionnaires distributed throughout these areas. Inferential analysis was conducted using SPSS software to measure the relationship between social capital variables (structural, normative, cognitive dimensions) and QOL (objective, subjective dimensions). All variables were significantly correlated within a 95% confidence interval (positive correlation), while primary variables showed insignificant correlation (GIVE A NUMBER INSTEAD OF SAYING AVERAGE LIKE CORRELATION OF 0.5?). AMOS software was used for structural equation modeling to explain the impact of independent variables on dependent variables and associated changes. Results indicate that cognitive social capital has the greatest contribution to changes in QOL.
In the city of Messina, the multiplicity of vulnerable situations is a distinctive feature and is representative of the pervasiveness of the risk conditions present in the Italian territory. The critical residential tissues are part of an extended geography in which, to the conditions of seismic and hydro geomorphological vulnerability, are added additional criticalities including altered natural resources, abandoned infrastructure, brownfields, quarries, and unregulated landfills, etc. Despite this, for Messina, there is still no urban planning tool capable of interpreting in an integrated way the risks present, which instead continue to be addressed on an emergency basis and individually, without considering the interactions that are generated and of further damage. For these reasons, Messina was chosen as a prototypical case study, at the national level, to start an experimentation aimed at developing an urban planning tool capable of a new integrated approach to risk interpretation and management. In this process, a decisive role was aimed at building an updated knowledge of the territory through the identification of widespread critical conditions using multiple GIS tools and thanks to the interaction of some analytical-specialist readings from different sources. The results of this process are represented in a system of maps that are strongly integrated with each other and constitute a working document for the interdisciplinary group drafting the General Urban Plan.
The nature of tenure ‘contracts’ that exist within the low-income settlements involves more than title deeds. Accordingly, ‘tenure security’ manifests itself beyond legal or de jure construction as it also involves de facto forms of tenure and dweller’s perception of security. The perceived tenure security is in turn a function of people’s lived experiences which shape the trust they may grant to the future effectiveness of land tenure arrangements. Contextual and historical factors, ranging from political patronage to market pressure to policy provisions, govern the perception of tenure security which usually gets overlooked in policy formulations. With a focus on Mumbai and Jaipur in India, this paper aims to generate and examine the viability of a list of indicators that influence perceptions of land and housing tenure security. The intention is to engender a method towards housing solutions beyond the unidirectional aim of titling and in favour of incremental approaches.
Increasing demand for energy due to population growth and global warming has led to numerous environmental issues such as deforestation, destruction of the ozone layer, drought, storms, and floods. These have encouraged researchers to seek new ways to use clean, renewable energies. The construction of Zero Energy buildings in Iran cities can be a significant step forward in economic development and pollution reduction in metropolitan areas. This study aims to identify and prioritize suitable cities in Iran to build Zero Energy buildings. For this purpose, the fuzzy Delphi and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods have been used. The cities that are suitable for the construction of zero-energy buildings were selected through interviews with individuals who are experts in the fields of architecture, urban planning, and energy management and who are familiar with the construction of Zero Energy buildings, as well as considering the results of previous research and the characteristics of different cities. Then, with the fuzzy Delphi method, the necessary indicators for the priority of the selected cities were determined, and their weight was determined. After that, the cities were prioritized using MADM methods. The results showed that Yasuj, Shiraz, Tabriz, and Arak are suitable cities to build Zero Energy buildings in Iran.
For seven decades, theorists and practitioners have been exploring management that has led to confusing results and conclusions. In this study we are trying to prove that there is a need for better link between the needs and challenges of individual leaders and the practices of big corporations trying to select, support, measure, motivate and develop a very large number of leaders around the world. We are looking for a solution that would be understood through an increased workload, speed and the globalizing complexity of organizational life by placing additional requirements for researchers. Our main thought is that most researchers are interested in individuals while they completely ignore the corporate context.
Revealing the hidden patterns shaping the urban environment is essential to understand its dynamics and to make cities smarter. Recent studies have demonstrated that learning the representations of urban regions can be an effective strategy to uncover the intrinsic characteristics of urban areas. However, existing studies lack in incorporating diversity in urban data sources. In this work, we propose heterogeneous urban graph attention network (HUGAT), which incorporates heterogeneity of diverse urban datasets. In HUGAT, heterogeneous urban graph (HUG) incorporates both the geo-spatial and temporal people movement variations in a single graph structure. Given a HUG, a set of meta-paths are designed to capture the rich urban semantics as composite relations between nodes. Region embedding is carried out using heterogeneous graph attention network (HAN). HUGAT is designed to consider multiple learning objectives of city's geo-spatial and mobility variations simultaneously. In our extensive experiments on NYC data, HUGAT outperformed all the state-of-the-art models. Moreover, it demonstrated a robust generalization capability across the various prediction tasks of crime, average personal income, and bike flow as well as the spatial clustering task.