Esta investigación analiza los factores que inciden en la adopción de ecoetiquetas en hoteles de México y Costa Rica, dos destinos turísticos clave en América Latina. Aunque existe una creciente conciencia ambiental y marcos normativos en vigor, la implementación de prácticas sostenibles en el sector hotelero aún enfrenta obstáculos. El estudio se basó en un cuestionario semiestructurado aplicado a 57 hoteles certificados, y mediante análisis factorial se identificaron dos tipos de factores determinantes: internos y externos. Los factores internos, como la legitimación y los valores de los gestores, reflejan el papel de la cultura organizacional y la ética empresarial. En contraste, los factores externos, presión de clientes, regulación, competencia e inversores, muestran cómo el entorno influye en las decisiones corporativas. Un análisis clúster permitió agrupar los hoteles según la predominancia de estos factores. Algunos establecimientos respondieron principalmente a presiones externas, buscando alinearse con las exigencias del mercado, mientras que otros actuaron por convicciones internas. Este estudio aporta elementos para comprender mejor las motivaciones detrás de la adopción de distintivos ecológicos y subraya la importancia de considerar tanto influencias internas como externas para avanzar en la sostenibilidad del turismo.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
This study aims to analyze the conditions and the influence of population growth, the Human Development Index (HDI), municipal minimum wage, and sectoral economic growth on the open unemployment rate in Jambi City. The author draws upon findings from previous studies regarding the factors that affect the open unemployment rate. The data utilized in this study comprises time series data from 2000 to 2023, sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Jambi Province and Jambi City. The data was analyzed using a multiple linear regression model, supported by quantitative descriptive techniques and a series of relevant statistical tests. The results of this analysis indicate that the open unemployment rate in Jambi City has increased due to population growth not being matched by job creation, an HDI that has yet to effectively absorb the workforce, a high municipal minimum wage not supported by productivity, and a slowdown in the industrial and service sectors. From 2000 to 2023, the service and industrial sectors have proven to be the most influential in reducing unemployment when experiencing positive growth in Jambi City.
A longstanding puzzle in urban science is whether there's an intrinsic match between human populations and the mass of their built environments. Previous findings have revealed various urban properties scaling nonlinearly with population, yet existing models of city built mass are still dominated by per-capita linear thinking. Our analysis of >3,000 cities globally reveals universal sublinear scaling of city mass with population at both the city (\{beta}=0.90) and neighborhood levels (δ=0.75). This means that larger cities and denser neighborhoods achieve economies of scale with less per-capita built mass. Our theoretical framework further shows that city-level scaling emerges naturally from within-city disparities. This multi-scale understanding redefines "over-built" and "under-built" conditions as deviations from expected scaling patterns, implying either excessive environmental impacts or inadequate living standards. Effective urban policy thus requires moving beyond simple per-capita assumptions, adopting scale-adjusted metrics and managing cities as nested, complex systems.
This paper investigates the relationship between smart city initiatives and evolving urbanization trends in the United States. The research addresses the critical issue of rapid urban growth in the U.S. and explores how innovations within the smart city paradigm influence urban development. Utilizing principles from Urban Complexity Theory, this study identifies four key variables relevant to smart cities and their impact on urbanization: smart city technology, government policy, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic factors. A mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, was employed. A web-based survey (n=50) utilizing a five-point Likert scale was conducted among residents of Manhattan, New York, and Capitol Hill, Seattle. Results indicate that the implementation of smart city technologies is significantly associated with shifts in population density, land use diversification, and enhanced infrastructure dynamics. Additionally, residents demonstrated preferences for smart cities based on efficient urban mobility, environmental sustainability, and personal socioeconomic improvements. The findings highlight essential considerations for urban planners, policymakers, and employers. This study concludes that incorporating the identified influential factors into strategic urban planning optimizes city development to better accommodate growing urban populations.
As modern cities increasingly adopt a variety of sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to collect and analyze data about residents, environments, and public services, they are fostering greater interactions among smart city applications, residents, governments, and businesses. This trend makes it essential for regulators to focus on these interactions to manage smart city practices effectively and prevent unethical outcomes. To facilitate ethical analysis for smart city applications, this paper introduces a judgment framework that examines various scenarios where ethical issues may arise. Employing a multi-agent approach, the framework incorporates diverse social entities and applies logic-based ethical rules to identify potential violations. Through a rights-based analysis, we developed a set of 13 ethical principles and rules to guide ethical practices in smart cities. We utilized two specification languages, Prototype Verification System (PVS) and Alloy, to model our multi-agent system. Our analysis suggests that Alloy may be more efficient for formalizing smart cities and conducting ethical rule checks, particularly with the assistance of a human evaluator. Simulations of a real-world smart city application demonstrate that our ethical judgment framework effectively detects unethical outcomes and can be extended for practical use.
Mohammad Hossain Saraei, Shahabadin Hajforoush, Aimal Formolly
Globalization, knowledge economy, information technology advancements, and the rise of learning societies contribute to the concept of a learning city. The study examines the economic indicators of Yazd city, Iran, in the context of learning city development. A descriptive-analytical approach with a survey method and cluster sampling was employed. Data analysis involved Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, single-sample T-test, simple linear regression, and Kendall's W test. The normality test confirmed data normality. The T-test indicated that experts perceived the current state of most variables in Yazd as undesirable. Regression analysis revealed a significant positive association between the economic index and independent variables. Kendall's W test prioritized areas based on economic indicators, with the top 7 and bottom 5 areas identified for focused interventions. The study emphasizes the need to prioritize areas within Yazd based on their economic indicators. This prioritization informs strategies for enhancing social and legal aspects of Yazd's transformation into a learning city. Further research should explore effective methods to cultivate a full-fledged learning environment in the city.
Este estudio examina la huella digital del turismo en cuatro destinos gallegos clave (A Coruña, Lugo, Santiago de Compostela y Vigo) a través del análisis multidimensional de casi 27.000 noticias digitales recopiladas durante el verano de 2023. Empleando técnicas avanzadas de análisis de big data y procesamiento de lenguaje natural, se evalúan el volumen, audiencia, positividad y viralidad de los contenidos turísticos. Los resultados revelan asimetrías significativas entre los destinos en términos de presencia digital y percepción mediática, identificando atributos turísticos distintivos y patrones estacionales marcados. El estudio contribuye al campo del turismo digital proporcionando un marco metodológico replicable para el análisis comparativo de la huella digital de destinos turísticos dentro de una misma región. Los hallazgos tienen implicaciones cruciales para la gestión turística, evidenciando la necesidad de estrategias digitales diferenciadas que optimicen la visibilidad online y potencien las narrativas únicas de cada destino.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
Viktor Bezborodov, Tyll Krueger, Cornelia Pokalyuk
et al.
This study examines the effectiveness of regional lockdown strategies in mitigating pathogen spread across regional units, termed cities hereinafter. We develop simplified models to analyze infection spread across cities within a country during an epidemic wave. Isolation of a city is initiated when infection numbers within the city surpass defined thresholds. We compare two strategies: strategy (P) consists in prescribing thresholds proportionally to city sizes, while the same threshold is used for all cities under strategy (U). Given the heavy-tailed distribution of city sizes, strategy (P) may result in more secondary infections from larger cities than strategy (U). Random graph models are constructed to represent infection spread as a percolation process. In particular, we consider a model in which mobility between cities only depends on city sizes. We assess the relative efficiency of the two strategies by comparing the ratios of the number of individuals under isolation to the total number of infections by the end of the epidemic wave under strategy (P) and (U). Additionally, we derive analytical formulas for disease prevalence and basic reproduction numbers. Our models are calibrated using mobility data from France, Poland and Japan, validated through simulation. The findings indicate that mobility between cities in France and Poland is mainly determined by city sizes. However, a poor fit was observed with Japanese data, highlighting the importance to include other factors like e.g. geography for some countries in modeling. Our analysis suggest similar effectiveness for both strategies in France and Japan, while strategy (U) demonstrates distinct merits in Poland.
Existing operations research (OR) models and tools play indispensable roles in smart-city operations, yet their practical implementation is limited by the complexity of modeling and deficiencies in optimization proficiency. To generate more relevant and accurate solutions to users' requirements, we propose a large language model (LLM)-based agent ("City-LEO") that enhances the efficiency and transparency of city management through conversational interactions. Specifically, to accommodate diverse users' requirements and enhance computational tractability, City-LEO leverages LLM's logical reasoning capabilities on prior knowledge to scope down large-scale optimization problems efficiently. In the human-like decision process, City-LEO also incorporates End-to-end (E2E) model to synergize the prediction and optimization. The E2E framework be conducive to coping with environmental uncertainties and involving more query-relevant features, and then facilitates transparent and interpretable decision-making process. In case study, we employ City-LEO in the operations management of e-bike sharing (EBS) system. The numerical results demonstrate that City-LEO has superior performance when benchmarks against the full-scale optimization problem. With less computational time, City-LEO generates more satisfactory and relevant solutions to the users' requirements, and achieves lower global suboptimality without significantly compromising accuracy. In a broader sense, our proposed agent offers promise to develop LLM-embedded OR tools for smart-city operations management.
Sahar Ehsani, Abbas Shahverdi, Manijeh Firouzi
et al.
COVID-19 has changed the lifestyles and patterns of interaction in families. This study aimed to investigate the effect of coronavirus anxiety and death anxiety on the conflict between mothers and children aged 7 to 12 years in the home quarantine due to COVID-19. Thus, 160 mothers and primary school children in Tehran were studied. The results showed that increasing coronavirus anxiety in mothers increases conflict in children, which was represented in their paintings. The psychological symptoms of coronavirus anxiety were related to the position of the child, mother, and father on the child's drawing, and the physical symptoms of coronavirus anxiety disorder were related to the position of the child, mother, and father in the paintings. Also, death anxiety was related to the child's distance from the mother, the child's and the father's position. Furthermore, the mediating role of death anxiety on the relationship between coronavirus anxiety and Mother-Child Conflict was confirmed. Findings of the study were discussed with Parncutt's “Reflective Consciousness Theory” of maternal hypersensitivity at the time of arousal of fundamental anxiety.
Coronavirus Anxiety, Death Anxiety, Mother-Child Conflict, Home Quarantine, COVID-19.
Introduction
The COVID-19 virus has had unprecedented health, social, and economic effects worldwide. These factors have affected women's and children's health more due to their greater vulnerability, women's gender role as caregivers, and increased exposure to the virus (Rudo et al., 2022). Research shows that COVID-19 has had a negative impact on conflicts within the family. Conflict refers to the inability to resolve differences and is often associated with hostility, tension, or aggression. These conflicts were influenced by various factors, such as changing daily schedules during the home quarantine period, reducing resources such as entertainment, and anxiety caused by the uncertainty of the situation. On the other hand, research results have shown that anxiety is one of the consequences of the spread of the COVID-19 virus (Lopes et al., 2020). Corona anxiety means anxiety caused by the possibility of contracting the coronavirus, which is often due to its unknown nature and cognitive ambiguity. This factor endangers the psychological health of family members and increases tensions at home between family members (Rachel et al., 2020). From the perspective of developmental psychology research, one of the factors that influence the relationship between mother and child is the mother's psychological characteristics, including her level of anxiety and worry. The anxiety and pressures that parents experience during various disasters and incidents, including COVID-19, endanger parents' mental health and affect parent-child relationships by influencing parents' potential behavior. On the other hand, following the outbreak of the coronavirus disease, people's anxiety about death has increased. Emotions, fears, and thoughts hidden in normal life experiences that are related to the end of life are referred to as death anxiety. When a person suffers from death anxiety, close relationships, intimacy, and attachment are sacrificed in favor of the feeling of loss. This research investigates the effect of coronavirus anxiety and death anxiety on mother-child conflict during home quarantine due to COVID-19.
Methodology
The current study was a descriptive-correlational one, and its statistical population included all mothers with children aged 7 to 12 years old in District 6 of Tehran in December of the academic year 1399-1400. Participants were selected based on entry and exit criteria using convenience sampling. Due to quarantine conditions, research questionnaires were provided to mothers via social networks and with the cooperation of teachers. Finally, 160 samples (80 mothers and 80 children) were examined based on Morgan's table and research criteria. Before the implementation of the research, the mothers were informed of the objectives of the research. They were assured that their information would remain confidential and would only be analyzed collectively. They were also informed that they could leave the research whenever they wanted. SPSS software was used for analysis.
Findings
The most frequent age groups were mothers aged 30 to 40 years old and children in first to third grade. First, the demographic information, average, and standard deviation of the data were examined, and then the data were examined using the path analysis method. Beta standardized regression coefficients were also used to interpret the results. The results of the research showed that anxiety Corona is effective on the conflict between mother and child. The psychological component of Corona anxiety was significant with a beta of 0.490 for the subscale of distance from the mother, a beta of 0.095 for the subscale of the mother's position, and a beta of 0.380 for the subscale of the father's position. Additionally, the physical component of Corona anxiety was significant with a beta of 0.267 for the subscale of the child's position, a beta of 0.114 for the subscale of the mother's position, and a beta of 0.177 for the subscale of the father's position. Furthermore, the results of the research showed that death anxiety in the mother is related to the conflict between the mother and the child, and the distance from the mother, the position of the child, and the position of the father indicate an increase in the conflict between the mother and the child. Finally, the mediating role of death anxiety and Corona anxiety was investigated and the results indicated that death anxiety plays a mediating role in the path of Corona anxiety on mother-child conflict.
Result
The findings of the research confirmed the strong relationship between anxiety of Corona and death anxiety in mothers. In other words, it seems that Covid-19 is associated with death for these participants and evokes death anxiety. This is consistent with Parankat's (2019) reflexive awareness theory, which states that both Corona anxiety and death anxiety trigger an overprotective behavioral system to protect the child. Furthermore, the results showed that the increase in Corona anxiety in mothers caused an increase in conflict in children. According to the findings of Valery et al.'s research (2018), the presence of anxiety symptoms in parents causes them to control and master the situation more, which aims to prevent their children from facing threatening situations, and this can cause more conflicts and disputes with their children. Additionally, the research found that Corona anxiety in mothers predicted the relationship between mothers and children and children's aggression. The quality of the mother-child relationship is a factor that can predict anxiety and mood disorders in children, and increasing it in the relationship between parents and children can reduce anxiety in children (Franz and McKinney, 2018). Moreover, this research showed that death anxiety plays a mediating role in the relationship between Corona anxiety and mother-child conflict. Death anxiety occurs due to various media announcements of death statistics as well as complications of the Corona disease and can cause conflict in the relationship between mother and child.
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Smart cities operate on computational predictive frameworks that collect, aggregate, and utilize data from large-scale sensor networks. However, these frameworks are prone to multiple sources of data and algorithmic bias, which often lead to unfair prediction results. In this work, we first demonstrate that bias persists at a micro-level both temporally and spatially by studying real city data from Chattanooga, TN. To alleviate the issue of such bias, we introduce Fairguard, a micro-level temporal logic-based approach for fair smart city policy adjustment and generation in complex temporal-spatial domains. The Fairguard framework consists of two phases: first, we develop a static generator that is able to reduce data bias based on temporal logic conditions by minimizing correlations between selected attributes. Then, to ensure fairness in predictive algorithms, we design a dynamic component to regulate prediction results and generate future fair predictions by harnessing logic rules. Evaluations show that logic-enabled static Fairguard can effectively reduce the biased correlations while dynamic Fairguard can guarantee fairness on protected groups at run-time with minimal impact on overall performance.
An increasing number of monitoring systems have been developed in smart cities to ensure that real-time operations of a city satisfy safety and performance requirements. However, many existing city requirements are written in English with missing, inaccurate, or ambiguous information. There is a high demand for assisting city policy makers in converting human-specified requirements to machine-understandable formal specifications for monitoring systems. To tackle this limitation, we build CitySpec, the first intelligent assistant system for requirement specification in smart cities. To create CitySpec, we first collect over 1,500 real-world city requirements across different domains from over 100 cities and extract city-specific knowledge to generate a dataset of city vocabulary with 3,061 words. We also build a translation model and enhance it through requirement synthesis and develop a novel online learning framework with validation under uncertainty. The evaluation results on real-world city requirements show that CitySpec increases the sentence-level accuracy of requirement specification from 59.02% to 86.64%, and has strong adaptability to a new city and a new domain (e.g., F1 score for requirements in Seattle increases from 77.6% to 93.75% with online learning).
The concept of creating digital twins, connected digital models of physical systems, is gaining increasing attention for modeling and simulation of whole cities. The basis for building a digital twin of a city is the generation of a 3D city model, often represented as a mesh. Creating and updating such models is a tedious process that requires manual work and considerable effort, especially in the modeling of building geometries. In the current paper, we present a novel algorithm and implementation for automatic, efficient, and robust mesh generation for large-scale city modeling and simulation. The algorithm relies on standard, publicly available data, in particular 2D cadastral maps (building footprints) and 3D point clouds obtained from aerial scanning. The algorithm generates LoD1.2 city models in the form of both triangular surface meshes, suitable for visualisation, and high-quality tetrahedral volume meshes, suitable for simulation. Our tests demonstrate good performance and scaling and indicate good avenues for further optimization based on parallelisation. The long-term goal is a generic digital twin of cities volume mesh generator that provides (nearly) real-time mesh manipulation in LoD2.x.
We consider the line planning problem in public transport in the Parametric City, an idealized model that captures typical scenarios by a (small) number of parameters. The Parametric City is rotation symmetric, but optimal line plans are not always symmetric. This raises the question to quantify the symmetry gap between the best symmetric and the overall best solution. For our analysis, we formulate the line planning problem as a mixed integer linear program, that can be solved in polynomial time if the solutions are forced to be symmetric. The symmetry gap is provably small when a specific Parametric City parameter is fixed, and we give an approximation algorithm for line planning in the Parametric City in this case. While the symmetry gap can be arbitrarily large in general, we show that symmetric line plans are a good choice in most practical situations.
The objective of this article is to know and evaluate the impacts that can improve or affect the host community, as well as identify areas of opportunity in terms of managing the tourist destination. To achieve the above, the methodology proposed by Doxey was applied, specifically by measuring it through the Irridex index, seeking to avoid residents having friction towards tourists in the future. It is concluded that by assessing the perception of residents, it can generate knowledge, as in the insular destination of Cozumel, locating the stage in which the population is located, which could help in the generation of public policies.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
Romain Pinel, Romano Gino Segrado Pavón, Alejandro Collantes Chávez-Costa
Tourist service providers (TSPs) of diving are widely benefited by the tourist attraction capacity of the “Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel” (PNAC), in the Mexican Caribbean, but the values, beliefs and norms about the conservation of the natural space are diverse, which makes it difficult to achieve a sustainable management of ecosystem services in the face of chronic tourist pressure. The objective of this research was to explore the relationships between the TSP´s values, beliefs and norms towards the conservation of the PNAC and the environmental impacts of tourism. The method of data collection was qualitative, with a triangulation that included an interview script to a sample of providers of diving tourism services and administrative collaborators of the PNAC, a focus group workshop for diagnostic with tourism service providers of diving and participant observation of diving. It was established that providers' intentions are predetermined by systems of external influences, regulated by more influential social peer groups. The results are useful for designing public conservation policies and good environmental practices for tourism development and ecosystem uses in the PNAC.
Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services, The city as an economic factor. City promotion
The problem of air pollution threatens public health. Air quality forecasting can provide the air quality index hours or even days later, which can help the public to prevent air pollution in advance. Previous works focus on citywide air quality forecasting and cannot solve nationwide city forecasting problem, whose difficulties lie in capturing the latent dependencies between geographically distant but highly correlated cities. In this paper, we propose the group-aware graph neural network (GAGNN), a hierarchical model for nationwide city air quality forecasting. The model constructs a city graph and a city group graph to model the spatial and latent dependencies between cities, respectively. GAGNN introduces differentiable grouping network to discover the latent dependencies among cities and generate city groups. Based on the generated city groups, a group correlation encoding module is introduced to learn the correlations between them, which can effectively capture the dependencies between city groups. After the graph construction, GAGNN implements message passing mechanism to model the dependencies between cities and city groups. The evaluation experiments on Chinese city air quality dataset indicate that our GAGNN outperforms existing forecasting models.
Next-generation missions designed to detect biosignatures on exoplanets will also be capable of placing constraints on technosignatures (evidence for technological life) on these same worlds. Here, I estimate the detectability of nightside city lights on habitable, Earth-like, exoplanets around nearby stars using direct-imaging observations from the proposed LUVOIR and HabEx observatories, assuming these lights come from high-pressure sodium lamps. I consider how the detectability scales with urbanization fraction: from Earth's value of 0.05%, up to the limiting case of an ecumenopolis -- or planet-wide city. Though an Earth analog would not be detectable by LUVOIR or HabEx, planets around M-dwarfs close to the Sun would show detectable signals at $3\,σ$ from city lights, using 300 hours of observing time, for urbanization levels of 0.4% to 3%, while city lights on planets around nearby Sun-like stars would be detectable at urbanization levels of $\gtrsim10\%$. The known planet Proxima b is a particularly compelling target for LUVOIR A observations, which would be able to detect city lights twelve times that of Earth in 300 hours, an urbanization level that is expected to occur on Earth around the mid-22nd-century. An ecumenopolis, or planet-wide city, would be detectable around roughly 30 to 50 nearby stars by both LUVOIR and HabEx, and a survey of these systems would place a $1\,σ$ upper limit of $\lesssim2\%$ to $\lesssim4\%$, and a $3\,σ$ upper limit $\lesssim10\%$ to $\lesssim15\%$, on the frequency of ecumenopolis planets in the Solar neighborhood assuming no detections.
Abstract The present study aims to measure the social happiness of Isfahan women based on their socioeconomic status. Research is based on a quantitative approach and the data gathering tool is a two-part questionnaire consisting of demographic information and social happiness scale. For measuring social happiness, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used. The research sample is 395 citizens aged 15 to 65 years in 15 Isfahan urban areas in 2019-2020, which were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. The results indicate that the level of social happiness in women is significantly below the average (p < 0.05). The results of the analysis of variance show that mean differences of some social happiness factors such as satisfaction with life, sociability/empathy, positive outlook, well-being, and self-esteem are significant based on socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Furthermore, social satisfaction varies between the classes such that the lower average is related to the lower class, and the upper class is correlated with the highest. Moreover, among the classes, social happiness varies such that the lowest average is linked to the lower class, and the upper class is related to the highest average. Overall, we find that the socioeconomic status and age of women in Isfahan have the power to predict social happiness. Keywords Social Happiness, Women, Socio-Economic Status, Isfahan Introduction Social happiness is considered as one of the significant components of social welfare and development in recent decades and social happiness has found a special place in the literature of development and social and welfare policies (Moradi & Hezarjaribi, 2019: 40). It is a noticeable index to evaluate the performance of the social and cultural system. To put it another way, happiness as a crucial social variable is an index of the development and progress of societies. The principal productive forces of societies are people, and women, who shape one-half of society's population, play a special role in enhancing society's capabilities. Recent and new studies on social research focus on women's happiness, both mentally and physically. One of the new research areas in social studies is to promote vitality and provide solutions to improve women’s happiness. Due to the necessity of this important variable in advancing social goals, it becomes more prominent progressively (Anbari & Haghi, 2013: 22). Research Objectives 1-What is the level of social happiness in different classes (upper, middle, and lower) among female citizens of Isfahan city? 2- Does the level of social vitality of Isfahan female citizens differ based on their socio-economic status? 3- What is the role of demographic characteristics (age, social class, and privilege of the place of residence) in predicting the social happiness of Isfahan female citizens? Method Research in terms of type is quantitative (descriptive, survey). The data gathering tool is a two-part questionnaire consisting of demographic information and social happiness factors. For measuring social happiness, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Hills and Argyle (2002), was used with seven elements. The study sample consisted of 395 people aged 15 to 65 years in 15 Isfahan urban areas 2019-2020, using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Social happiness was examined in the lower, middle, and upper classes. Class stratification was carried out based on the socio-economic status index which is consistent with Max Weber's stratification theory. Findings and Results The results indicate that the mean of the social happiness variable and all its dimensions were significantly lower than the hypothetical mean. This means that the level of social happiness and its dimensions are lower than average among women living in Isfahan. It is noteworthy that the highest average factor of social happiness and its dimensions are allocated to the upper class (with an average of 2.9), then the middle class (2.81), and finally the lower class (with an average of 2.66), respectively. According to the socio-economic bases, the mean difference in social happiness and life satisfaction dimensions, empathy, positive outlook, well-being, and self-esteem were significant however the lowest average is related to the low socio-economic base, followed by the highest position in the middle economic base and finally the high socio-economic base. Also, the relationship between socio-economic status and social happiness was reported to be positive and significant. Accordingly, with the increase of women's socio-economic status, social happiness increases by 0.211 units. Statistical analyzes showed that age has a significant and negative relationship with social happiness. Consequently, social happiness decreases by -0.142 units when the age increases, and finally, the education variable is removed from the model due to the inability to predict social happiness. Discussion and conclusion According to the results of the present study, it seems that providing opportunities for women's happiness by enhancing their mental and social skills is important and noteworthy. Furthermore, grounding for developing equal and lively presence of women in society in the form of cultural, social, political, and financial partnerships is important and noteworthy. And yet this is achievable by bridging class gaps and providing for the promotion of the socio-economic bases of the society by breaking down patriarchal, discriminatory, and gender-based structures. It seems that the gap between the realities and the real demands of women can be reduced by notifying women of their citizenship rights and their rights towards each other, and informing and obliging governmental and non-governmental organizations to observe equal citizenship rights of this group. This can, in turn, increase their happiness in society. References Afshani, S.A. (2013). 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