Hasil untuk "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"

Fathi Hasan Malkawi

تتناول هذه الورقة مفهوم التجديد في الفكر الإسلامي عن طه جابر العلواني بوصفه واحداً من المفكرين في مدرسة إسلامية المعرفة. وتأتي الورقة في أربعة أقسام: أولها يستشكف مفهوم التجديد وصلته بالحديث النبوي الشريف حول التجديد والمجددين كما يفهمه العلواني، وبعدد من المصطلحات التي تتداخل مع مفهوم التجديد ولا سيما مفهوم المراجعة. ويتحدث القسم الثاني عن رؤية العلواني للتجديد في مجال التعليم والتعليم الديني على وجه الخصوص، ويتناول القسم الثالث علاقة العقلية النقدية للعلواني بجهوده التجديدية، أما القسم الأخير فيختص باهتمام العلواني بقضية المنهج والمنهجية بوصف هذه القضية من أهم ما يلزم حضورها في موضوع التجديد الفكري الإسلامي. وتستنتج الورقة أنَّ العلواني لم يواصل البحث في موضوع أصول الفقه وضرورة التجديد فيه؛ وأنه يميل إلى ترك أصول الفِقْه في الصورة التي تطوَّر فيها لأغراض ذلك العلم، واستنباط مناهج أُخرى للتعامل مع قضايا العلوم الاجتماعية؛ لحاجتها إلى دراسات مُتعمِّقة في الواقع ومشكلاته. ومن ثم أكد العلواني أهمِّية تطوير استعمال البُعْد المنهجي لأصول الفِقْه في العلوم الاجتماعية والعلوم الإنسانية.

Ahmad Ebadi, Mohammad Emdadi Masuleh

In recent scholarly discourse, natural theology’s forefront initiative has been the construction of theistic arguments grounded in empirical observations. A notable focus within this domain is the cumulative argument (CA) approach. The CA posits that individually modest arguments, when synergized, can forge a more compelling collective case. This approach bifurcates into deductive and probabilistic methodologies, both scrutinized through a descriptive-analytical lens across three evaluative tiers: 1) Merits: The CA challenges atheistic and agnostic skepticism, bolstering theistic convictions. 2) Solvable critiques: The CA process is complex and challenging for the general public; it overlooks competing hypotheses, and a mere 50% likelihood assigned to premises fails to substantiate conclusive acceptance. 3) Critiques: The CA blurs distinctions between belief accuracy probability, and rationality degree; it also grapples with assigning definitive values to probability multipliers. This paper culminates with an exploration of the CA’s implementation within Islamic intellectual traditions, illustrating its application in affirming divine existence and underpinning methodologies like suspicious density and prophetic veracity, ultimately aiming to convince counterparts through reasoned dialogue. Although it has some limitations, CA is both rational and defensible when it effectively reinforces core theoretical beliefs and religious practices, including worship and ethics.   Introduction This article aims to analyze and critique the deductive and probabilistic formulations of the cumulative argument in natural theology. Additionally, it explores the historical application of the cumulative argument within Islamic thought. Cumulative Argument: Deductive and Probabilistic Formulation A cumulative argument consists of various yet converging proofs, where the aggregation of evidence brings the claim closer to being proven, even if each individual piece of evidence might not suffice on its own. “Cumulative” in this context means building up evidence sequentially to support the intended claim. In other words, when a conclusion cannot be proven by a single argument or piece of evidence due to its weaknesses, a stronger conclusion can be reached by considering the collective sum of all the evidence. This argument can be presented in both deductive and probabilistic formulations. In a deductive argument, multiple arguments can be presented for a given attribute, resulting in justificatory overdetermination (for theism). When considering a probabilistic argument, Bayes’s theorem is commonly used. By combining numerous pieces of evidence, each providing some support to theism, the goal is to construct a case that significantly bolsters theism more effectively than any single argument could on its own. The cumulative argument can be evaluated on three levels: 1. Advantages and Strengths: Impact on Belief: While a single witness may not establish a belief, their testimony might challenge atheism or ignorance. Stabilizing Effect: The combined weight of cumulative evidence can reinforce believers’ faith. 2. Solvable Critiques: The cumulative argument is often seen as complex and impractical for the general public due to the necessity of collecting and analyzing diverse types of evidence, which requires philosophical training. This creates an accessibility problem, as most religious believers may not have the requisite background to benefit from such arguments. The question arises whether this argument is an effective way to defend theism to a general audience. The answer is that the general public can accept the epistemic justification from cumulative arguments with the support of philosophical experts, similar to how they accept scientific beliefs about phenomena like the existence of electrons. This method is common in the sciences, so it should be applicable to religious beliefs as well. 3. Critiques: a) In the deductive formulation of the cumulative argument, there is a linear relationship between the probability of a belief being correct and its degree of reasonableness. However, this formulation lacks a specific or objective standard for determining the threshold of reasonableness. b) The formulation of probabilities in cumulative reasoning emphasizes the multiplication of probabilities, but it does not assign specific values for this multiplication. This is considered a weakness in this approach. Muslims Contributions Islamic thought is not indifferent to the cumulative argument. Across various sciences, different versions or levels of argument accumulation have been proposed within the Islamic intellectual framework. Muslim thinkers have utilized this model not only in arguments for the existence of God but also in the broader methodology of beliefs. This indicates that contemporary theological debates in the Islamic intellectual space incorporate this pattern. Here are some examples demonstrating the presence and relevance of this pattern in Islamic thought: Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: A group of Islamic jurists employs an accumulation model known as “suspicion density” to deduce jurisprudential issues. This approach involves gathering evidence and aggregating weaker suspicions, which individually lack validity and authority, to reach a higher level of knowledge that meets the criteria for validity and authority. It is not feasible to use reasons whose falsity is evident in the inference process. However, reasons whose falsity has not been established, even if their likelihood is weak, can still be effective in the inference process. Although the inference resulting from suspicion density is not exactly an inductive method, it is based on induction; thus, the two are similar. In both methods, the acquired knowledge is gradually strengthened through repeated observations and accumulating evidence. Consequently, some Islamic jurists have utilized the principles of inductive logic to explain the quality and feasibility of suspicions. Philosophy: Muslim philosophers aim for the epistemological position of truth and certainty, but often recognize that this is difficult to achieve due to human cognitive weaknesses, which vary among individuals. Some people can attain certain knowledge, while others cannot. Given this challenge, an epistemological question arises: What should be done when certainty cannot be reached? Muslim philosophers suggest focusing on the epistemological value of suspicion and persuasive reasons, which are evaluated according to people’s varying perceptive abilities. When certainty is unattainable, persuasive reasons can prevent doubt about the possibility of knowledge. Another key question is whether certainty can arise from multiple doubts. According to Muslim philosophers, doubt holds epistemological validity due to its varying intensity. Accumulating suspicions can eventually lead to certainty and belief in a particular issue. Therefore, cumulative suspicions, when sufficiently aggregated, can achieve a level of validity. Theology: Some Islamic theologians have used the accumulation pattern to substantiate the truth of prophethood claims. Beyond relying on miracles, they have considered other methods, particularly the collection of evidence. These theologians assert that gathering evidence is a rational approach to discovering the truth, commonly used by researchers in social and natural sciences to achieve specific results. Although each piece of evidence may not be sufficient to conclusively prove prophethood, the combination of multiple pieces of evidence diminishes the likelihood of deception regarding the prophet’s divine claim. Conclusion Human epistemology seeks truth and certainty, but this is often hindered by individual perceptual weaknesses. This raises the question of what to do when certainty cannot be attained. Muslim and Western thinkers have developed frameworks focusing on the accumulation pattern and the epistemological value of suspicion and persuasive reasons, considering perceptual differences. In cases where certainty is unachievable, they use the accumulation of suspicion and persuasive reasons to avoid doubting the possibility of knowledge.

David Echeverry, Melisa de Castro, Samuel Azasu

The adaptive reuse of ecclesiastical heritage buildings is becoming increasingly necessary as religious institutions grapple with declining vocations, financial constraints, and changing societal roles. This study examines the adaptive reuse of a 16th-century convent in Miranda de Ebro, Spain, using a validated evaluative model tailored to religious heritage buildings. The adaptive reuse process involves transforming sacred spaces into venues with new functions while preserving their architectural, historical, and cultural significance. In Spain, where the Catholic Church oversees approximately 80% of protected heritage sites, such interventions are both urgent and complex. The study analyzes the economic, social, cultural, and ecclesiastical factors influencing the feasibility and sustainability of reuse efforts. Key benefits of adaptive reuse include environmental sustainability, economic revitalization, and community engagement, but religious buildings present unique challenges due to their spiritual symbolism, legal protection, and institutional governance. Findings indicate that a hybrid civic-cultural function represents the most viable and respectful reuse option for the convent. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to support culturally sensitive reuse and strengthen cooperation between Church and state authorities. This study contributes to the advancement of adaptive reuse methodologies and offers a replicable framework for scholars and practitioners navigating ecclesiastical heritage redevelopment.

José San José Prisco

La promulgación de la nueva Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Sacerdotalis: «El don de la vocación presbiteral» hace necesaria una revisión y actualización del sentido de las normas del Código de Derecho Canónico que se refieren a la formación sacerdotal. Este breve artículo trata de destacar esas novedades que vienen a aclarar o completar los cánones, pero, al mismo tiempo, destacar algunos interrogantes que plantea la lectura de la Ratio, apuntando algunas soluciones y dejando para una reflexión ulterior otras.

Isilda Leitão, Carlos Fernandes

In this article, a preliminary exploratory study is undertaken to cover a lesser researched topic in the tourism literature concerning the conceptualisation of heritage-based routes. A route of less-known heritage that crosses a territory with varied cultures is proposed. It is intended that the route contributes to the practice of creating itineraries for tourists. The route extends from Central Europe to the Iberian Peninsula and is related to historical and mythical legacies of Elisabeth of Hungary (1207-1231); Landgrave of Thuringia and; Isabel (Elisabeth), Princess of Aragon (1270?-1336) and Queen of Portugal. In this research, we opt for a qualitative approach, using both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Documentary sources, namely cultural-historical-mythical, field observation undertaken over several years and visual material collected. Results led to defining a common theme, as they share the miracle that earned them immortality – the miracle of the roses. Secondly, heritage elements were obtained and information on their history was collected to highlight specificities of the territories and identify the cultural path and points along the route.

Arzu Hacıyeva

Birinci Dünya müharibəsi və onun nəticələri Almaniyada yalnız siyasi və sosial istiqamətlərdə deyil, həmçinin din sahəsində də böhrana səbəb olmuşdu. Teoloq F.Qoqarten 1920-ci ildə qələmə aldığı məqaləsinin baş­lığına çıxardığı “zamanlar arasında” ifadəsi ilə sözügedən mənəvi-ruhani böhranı səciyyələndirmişdi. “Zamanlar arasında” anlayışı Allahın dərk olunmasında yaranmış böhrandan məyusluğu, eyni zamanda, bu şəraitdən çıxmağa ümidi ehtiva edirdi. Çıxış yolu isə ilahi sözün təfsirini Allah və insan arasında dialoq məcrasına yönəldən dialektik, yaxud böh­ran teologiyası oldu. Dialektik teologiya liberal teologiyaya reaksiya ola­raq yaranmışdı. Bununla da o, protestant teologiyasında yeni qeyri-orto­doksal meyillərin yaranmasına təkan vermiş, teoloji hermenevtikanı on­toloji müstəviyə keçirib onun inkişafını yeni səmtə yönəltmişdir. Məqalədə bu nəzəriyyənin məşhur nümayəndələri, – protestant filo­soflar, – Karl Bart, Rudolf Bultman, Herhard Ebelinq və digərlərinin her­menevtik konsepsiyalarının özəllikləri təhlil edilir. K.Bart vəhyin dərk olunmasını imanın gücü və İlahi ruhun köməyi ilə Bibliyanın daxili sözünü eşitmək kimi başa düşürdüsə, Bultman onu keçici tarixi şərtlərin öy­rənilməsi və tənqid olunması vasitəsilə ekzistensial təfsirdə görür, bu yolla Əhdi-Ətiqi miflərdən təmizləməyə çalışırdı. Ebelinq isə ümu­miyyətlə, bütün ilahiyyatın anlayışlar sistemini dəyişib təzələməyə çağı­rırdı. Donald G.Bloş xristoloji hermenevtikanın tərəfdarı kimi çıxış edir, Bib­liyanı, ilk növbədə, İsa Məsihin xaçı işığında anlamağın mümkün oldu­ğunu göstərirdi. Müəllifin fikrincə, bütün bu konseptləri birləşdirən əsas cəhət ilahi sözün aktuallaşdırılması, onu yeni təfsirlər vasitəsilə müasir dilə çevirib, anlaşıqlı etmək səyləridir ki, proses bu gün də davam edir.

Mehran Najafi, Abdolrasoul Kashfi

Avicenna has aimed to establisha harmonized philosophical system that incorporates logic, epistemology, metaphysics, natural philosophy, and other types of knowledge. Although he has not directly written anything about the metaphysical foundations of science, we believe that there are some implications in his philosophy that could be considered astruthmakers of scientific propositions. As natural law is significantly correlated to “experiment”, we will first discuss the epistemological aspect of experiments in Avicennian philosophy. He believes that the observation of a repeated event could lead us to a causal relationship due to the fact that accidental events are neither permanent nor frequent. Following that, the logical approach which corresponds to this epistemology will be introduced. As Avicenna’s logic does not directly consider such an approach, we are to derive it from apparently disconnected chapters and then formulate them. It will be indicated that Avicenna has been aware of the differences between propositions that merely refer to existent instances and ones that consider the nature of instances. The latter obviously could refer to both existent instances and hypothetical instances. Finally, we present some points in his metaphysics that could establisha metaphysical basis for propositions concerning natural law. In addition, we will indicate that Avicenna’s system is able to justify the counterfactual conditionals that relate to laws of nature.

Zahra Sadeghimanesh, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Alavi, Mohammad Kazem Elmi Sola

In the thought of Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi and Linda Zagzebski, two famous philosophers from two different eras and civilizations, we come across some components that lead us to a common approach. The value of knowledge, according to both philosophers, is a result of the value of processes, without which philosophy is doomed to fail. The three common necessities in the philosophy of Suhrawardi and Zagzebski are: (1) The necessity of internal elevation, which upholds the qualitative and internal process of knowledge by trying to strengthen the human will. (2) The necessity of unifying wisdom. According to this necessity, a person thinks about the unity of human opinion and experience by trusting in his/her thought and other intellectual traditions. Moreover, to reach self-cultivation and also to understand and elevate wisdom, a person requires personal intuition and creativity in each era. (3) The necessity of narrative, which makes the development of philosophical intentions dependent on the genius in thinking, the genius in creating motivation, and also the return to intellectual and moral patterns. With a new look at the factors of knowledge promotion, this research has addressed some epistemologically neglected topics that the spiritual and epistemological life of philosophy depends on it.

Dr. Umme Laila

This research article examines the concept of the balance of power in the early Islamic state of Medina, focusing particularly on the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah as a landmark event in the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) strategic and diplomatic approach. Contrary to the perception that the Treaty was a tactical retreat, this paper argues that it was a masterstroke of political wisdom, serving as a vital tool in recalibrating power dynamics between the Muslims and the Quraish of Makkah. Through the Treaty, the Prophet ﷺ effectively neutralized the immediate threat of war, gained moral high ground and created conditions for socio-political consolidation within the nascent Islamic state. The paper analyzes the Treaty through the lens of classical Islamic sources and contemporary theories of international relations, demonstrating how the Prophet’s acceptance of seemingly unequal terms eventually shifted the regional balance of power in favor of Medina. The research also explores how the clauses of the Treaty, such as the temporary ceasefire, the right of tribal alliances and the apparent diplomatic compromises, offered long-term strategic advantages. These included increased internal stability, expanded outreach for Islamic teachings and eventual dominance over the Quraish without direct confrontation. Moreover, the study highlights the ethical and psychological dimensions of the Prophet’s diplomacy which emphasized patience, long-term vision and moral superiority. Within two years of the Treaty, Islam had spread rapidly and Makkah was eventually conquered without resistance confirming the Treaty’s far-reaching impact. The article concludes by recommending that contemporary Muslim states revisit the Prophetic model of diplomacy and power management in addressing global political challenges. This critical analysis not only sheds light on the nuanced nature of early Islamic diplomacy but also contributes to the understanding of how non-military tools can be used effectively in achieving strategic geopolitical outcomes.

Rufino Meana Peón

Deden Effendi, Aden Rosadi, Yoyok Prasetyo et al.

The study discusses the preparation of halal tourism regulations in Indonesia. The aim is to illustrate the importance of halal tourism regulations and how this may strengthen the Indonesian economy. This study is a qualitative one, using academic books and articles in addition to a review of law and regulations as the analysis method. It demonstrates that halal tourism requires principal regulations to be used as guidelines for halal tourism implementation. These can be used both by halal tourism business operators and tourists as halal tourism consumers. Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee and Government Regulation Number 31 of 2019 regarding the implementation of Law Number 33 of 2014 Concerning Guaranteed Halal Products are considered inadequate as legal support for the halal tourism industry in Indonesia.

Aam Rusydiana, Fatin Hasib, Solihah Rahayu

This study reviews research on the theme of Islamic-based hotels in reputable journals. It uses bibliometric analysis of a selected 67 articles related to Islamic hotels published by national and international journals. The entire sample of journal publications have been published in the ten years from 2011 to 2020. The results show that in researching Islamic hotels, case studies are dominated by Malaysia, following by Indonesia. Network visualisation shows that the development of Islamic hotel research is divided into 4 clusters. Furthermore, based on the concept of Imam Shatibi’s higher objective (Raysuni, 2005), the indicators for Islamic-based hotels can be divided into 6 goals, and a total of 44 indicators. A further finding is that qualitative research (58%) is still more prevalent than the quantitative approach (42%).

Elizabeth Pritchard

Ezz al-Din Muamish

 يتناول هذا البحث بالدراسة والنقد "فكر الاستغراب"؛ وهو حركة علمية جديدة  ظهرت في عالمنا العربي والإسلامي في مجال معرفي متداخل، واستُعملتْ في مقاربته مناهج متعددة وبخلفيات متنوعة، وصلت إلى حد التناقض والتصادم؛ بقصد استكشاف الآخر الغربي ومعرفته معرفةً شاملة؛ باستيعاب مضامين حضارته ومكوّنات بنيته وسيرورة تاريخه. وحاولت الدراسة الإجابة عن منشأ الاختلاف ومجالات التداول وتطور مناهج المقاربة وصلاحيتها، والتحقيق في مزاعم التأسيس العلمي، كما استقصت التجارب الاستغرابية في بيئات وحضارات أخرى، بقصد المقارنة وتوسيع مجال الرؤية والاستشراف، والوصول إلى أحكام موضوعية تسهم في تثمين هذا الحراك واستثماره في فِقْه التعامل مع الآخر وتعزيز مسار الحوار الحضاري وَفق منطلقات معرفية متينة وأصيلة. 

Paul O’Callaghan

The study attempts to clarify whether the label ‘conservative’ describes the identity of a Christian believer more accurately than that of ‘liberal’. After sketching the anthropological dynamic of the conservative and liberal tempers, the author proposes that both elements are to be found in true Christian identity, though each and every Christian needs to integrate them, overcoming the sinfulness that blocks this integration: the Christian receives in faith from God in Christ through the Church a divine treasure of word and grace, and should ‘conserve’ it not out of a spirit of sterile, traditionalist nostalgia but with a deep sense of gratitude; yet that divine treasure needs to be freely interiorised under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, and communicated in hope to future generations of believers; free interiorising and generous communication involve a ‘liberal’ spirit. In this way, it should be possible to overcome the all-too-frequent, simplistic antagonism between the labels of conservatism and liberalism applied to Christians. The personal synthesis between conservatism and liberalism that Christians carry out involves three polarities: between nature and freedom, between the work of Christ and that of the Holy Spirit, and between faith and hope.

Turgay Şirin

This study attempts to put forth the relationship between Carl Gustav Jung’s concept of the archetype and Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi’s concept of Ayani-sabita. In this context, the nature of the concepts of Muhyiddin Ibn ‘Arabi’s Ayani-sabita and Jung’s concept of the archetype are examined, as well as the similarities and differences between each of the two concepts, by researching the issues of the relationship of these concepts with existence and humans. Attention is attempted to be drawn in the study’s results to the topics that the concept of Ayani-sabita, which is often unrecognized in the literature on psychology, can contribute to contemporary psychology, arriving at the conclusion that this concept may be one that can contribute to the science of psychology just as Jung’s archetype concept.

Ralf van Bühren, Silvia De Ascaniis, Lorenzo Cantoni

Akif HAYTA

Bu araştırmanın amacı nesne ilişkileri perspektifinden Tanrı imgesinin gelişimini tartışmaktır. Tanrı imgesinin psikanalitik yorumu konusunda Freud ile başlayan literatür, bu gün ço geniş bir alana yayılmış durumdadır. Nesne ilişkileri, dürtülerden uzaklaşıp birincil önemde olan nesnelere doğru yaklaşma vurgusunu içeren yeni bir aşamayı bildirir. Nesne ilişkileri perspektifine göre, kişinin Tanrı ile ilşkisini anlama noktasında birbirinde farklı teorisyenler büyük katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu makalede Klein, Winnicott, Rizzuto, Spero ve bunlardan yararlanan diğer yazarların çalışmaları ayrıntılı bir şekilde tartışılmış ve değerlendirmeye çalışılmıştır. Farklı dinlerin farklı Tanrı temsillerine sahip olduğu yönündeki bulgular, nesne ilişkileri teorisini desteklemektedir. Bu araştırma, çeşitli dinlerin nasıl farklı Tanrı tasavvurları ortaya çıkardığını, dolayısıyla Tanrı tasavvurlarının her bir topluluk tarafından nasıl farklı biçimde kullanıldığını göstermeye gayret edecektir.