Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

Liu Wencai, He Yadong, Tao Kexu et al.

To improve the separation efficiency of the multi-channel gas-liquid cyclone separator， the RNG <italic>k</italic>-<italic>ε</italic> and DPM models in ANSYS Fluent software were used to conduct numerical simulation on the gas-liquid distribution characteristics in it. The influence of structural parameters （number of channels， baffle height， channel width distribution）， droplet size and flow parameters on its separation performance and pressure drop were studied. Meanwhile， the reliability of numerical simulation was verified by comparing with test data. The study results show that droplets scarcely enter the channel close to the central core pipe in the separator， and channels 2 and 3 serve as the main separation sites in the separator. On the basis of the baffle height designed at a spiral ascent angle of 15° for the airflow， further increasing the baffle height has little effect on the separator's efficiency and pressure drop. The separation efficiency of T6 distribution mode that increases the width of the outermost channel and reduces the width of the inner side channel is the highest. As the number of channels increases， the separation efficiency of the separator for small sizes of droplets increases and the pressure drop decreases. The study results provide a theoretical basis for the design and structural improvement of multi-channel gas-liquid cyclone separators.

CAO Hui, ZHANG Guoqing, XU Li, LI Zhexiang, WANG Haicheng, ZHAO Changyang, FEI Ying

In recent years, basement gas reservoirs in Qaidam Basin have demonstrated significant potential for exploration and development. The Kun 2 block in Kunteyi gasfield, as an ultra-deep basement gas reservoir, poses significant challenges for reservoir prediction and favorable area selection due to its complex internal geology, strong heterogeneity, and dual-porosity characteristics of fractures and dissolution pores. By integrating geological, logging, seismic, and production data, this study developed an innovative integrated method combining “well-seismic integration, static-dynamic fusion, and multi-attribute synergy” to systematically characterize reservoir characteristics and predict natural gas accumulation zones, aiming to reveal the spatial distribution of ultra-deep basement reservoirs and provide guidance for the optimization of well placement. The results showed that: (1) The basement reservoirs in the Kun 2 block primarily consisted of granitic gneiss, with storage spaces characterized by a dual-porosity system of fractures and dissolution pores. The fractures exhibited a network-like development and were distributed in NE-SW trending bands in the plane view. Lateral heterogeneity was significant. The fracture densities ranged from 3 to 10 m-1, the average fracture porosity was about 0.015%, and the matrix porosity ranged from 1.8% to 6.8%. Overall, this demonstrated tight and low-permeability characteristics. (2) The development of dissolution pores was fault-controlled, primarily distributed along Kun 1, North Kun 2, and North Kun 101 faults. These faults formed fracture-pore coupled reservoirs. The interval 100-300 m below the top of the basement was a concentrated development zone, with the maximum reservoir thickness reaching up to 200 m. (3) The innovative integration of maximum likelihood attributes and structure tensor-acoustic impedance inversion technologies achieved high-precision characterization of the spatial distribution of fractures and dissolution pores. The prediction of maximum likelihood attributes revealed that high-angle fractures were mainly located on the upthrown side of faults, exhibiting an 85% consistency rate with imaging logging results. Additionally, the structure tensor-acoustic impedance inversion revealed that zones of dissolution pore development aligned closely with fault orientations, thereby validating the controlling mechanism of fault activity on dissolution process. (4) Based on reservoir classification and evaluation criteria, along with seismic prediction and dynamic production data, this study proposed a reservoir development model of “fault-controlled fractures, fracture-controlled pores” for the first time, indicating structurally high positions on upthrown side as the core zones of natural gas accumulation. Five favorable areas for natural gas accumulation were selected, including four on the upthrown side and one on the downthrown side. Among them, the NE-SW strip zones on both sides of the North Kun 2 Fault were identified as the optimal target areas.

Farshad Mostakhdeminhosseini, Yousef Rafiei

Abstract To avoid or mitigate the unwanted water and gas content, inflow control devices (ICDs) are designed and installed in the well to disturb the water and gas breakthrough which are trying to overtake the oil inflow, water and gas coning and sand production. Smart wells with permanent downhole valves such as ICDs are used to balance production and injection in wells. A paramount issue regarding using downhole control devices is determining the required cross-sectional area of them for control of the imposed pressure drop across the device to stabilize the fluid flow. Current methods for calculating the opening size of the ICDs are mainly based on sensitivity analysis of the ICD flow area or optimization algorithms coupled with simulation models. Although these approaches are quite effective in oil field cases, they tend to be time-consuming and require demanding system models. This paper presents a fast analytical method to determine the ICD flow area validated by a genetic algorithm (GA). Analytically, a closed-form expression is introduced by manipulating Darcy’s law applicable to multi-layer injection wells with different layer properties to balance the injection profile in the reservoir pay zone, based on equalizing injected front velocity in layers with different permeability. Considering various scenarios of analytical technique, GA optimization, and sensitivity analysis scenarios for ICD cross-sectional area determination, results for oil recovery, water production, water breakthrough time, and net present value (NPV) are discussed and compared. NPV values obtained by both analytical and GA approaches are virtually identical and greater than those of other scenarios. Compared to the base field case, the analytical method improved the oil recovery by almost 1%, reduced water production by almost 91%, and synchronized the water breakthrough time of high- and low-permeability layers (from a ratio of 1.76–1.06). The proposed analytical solution proved to be capable of providing desirable results with only one reservoir simulation run in contrast to GA and sensitivity analysis scenarios which require iterative simulation runs. The proposed analytical solution outperformed the GA as it is less computationally demanding in addition to its success in case of lowering water production for the field data. The findings of this study can help for a better understanding of the situation where water injection into the oil reservoir is problematic as the layers present different permeabilities which can induce problems such as early water breakthrough from the more permeable layer and hinder the success of the water injection process. Using ICDs and a faster and more accurate approach to calculate its cross-sectional area such as the analytical method that was used in this study can greatly increase the success rate of water injection in case of oil recovery and lower the amount of the produced water.

LI Rui

<b>[Objective]</b> In-line inspection of oil and gas pipelines, as a critical component of pipeline integrity management, plays a pivotal role in providing a scientific basis for preventing and undertaking appropriate maintenance measures against pipeline accidents. <b>[Methods]</b> To provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future trends in in-line inspection techniques for oil and gas pipelines, this study conducted an industrial review including two key aspects: the current development status in inspection techniques and data analysis methods. In the first aspect, an investigation was made on the testing principles of various types of typical techniques, including singleprinciple testing techniques, composite testing techniques, and novel testing techniques. Additionally, the technical levels and industrial applications of in-line testing devices were examined. A comparative analysis between China and foreign countries was conducted with a specific focus on the development progress and application levels of similar techniques. The second aspect centered on the widely used magnetic flux leakage testing, presenting a methodology review based on the data analysis approaches, including defect recognition,classification, and inversion. <b>[Results]</b> In-line inspection techniques of oil and gas pipelines have witnessed widespread industrial applications. In foreign countries, several techniques, such as magnetic flux leakage testing(MFLT), ultrasonic testing(UT), and eddy current testing(ECT), have been extensively standardized and serialized. China entered this field at a later stage and still lags behind international advancements. However, China has made progress in successfully implementing MFLT and ECT techniques in diverse oil and gas pipelines by leveraging the expertise. To expand the scope of applications and overcome limitations associated with traditional in-line inspection techniques, there has been the development of composite inspection techniques that combine the strengths of various inspection techniques.Consequently, the industry is endeavoring to explore the feasibility of emerging techniques, particularly those targeting the inspection of pipeline axial stress and pipe performance. <b>[Conclusion]</b> Notable advancements have been achieved in the development of in-line inspection techniques for oil and gas pipelines. However, several challenges persist, requiring enhancement and further research, primarily including the detection capabilities of tiny defects and the methods for detecting additional stress. In addition, there is an urgent demand to focus on intelligent analysis methods for processing the vast amounts of testing data collected during in-line inspections, to provide technical support for the further development of in-line inspection techniques.

赵丹月1，李璐2，陈林2，刘天中2ZHAO Danyue1, LI Lu2, CHEN Lin2, LIU Tianzhong2

为开发亚油酸生产新资源，对筛选获得的一株丝状微藻克里藻，考察培养基氮浓度、培养基磷浓度、光强、培养温度和环境pH对其生长、氮消耗、油脂含量和油脂脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：培养基氮浓度对克里藻生长没有明显影响，但高氮不利于油脂和不饱和脂肪酸的合成；培养基磷浓度过低会抑制细胞生长，过高对细胞有毒害作用；适当提高光强有利于细胞生长，但对细胞内油脂含量影响不大，低光强培养有利于亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的合成；培养温度对克里藻生长与油脂积累影响不大，低温培养有利于亚油酸的合成；环境pH对细胞生长、油脂积累和亚油酸合成影响明显，pH 6.0~7.5的弱酸-中性条件下细胞生长最快，油脂含量更高；控制初始氮浓度3~6 mmol/L、磷浓度0.115~0.230 mmol/L、光强100~300 μmol/（m2·s)、培养温度15~30 ℃、环境pH 7.5左右，克里藻细胞可积累42%左右的油脂，油脂中亚油酸含量在65%~75%。综上，丝状微藻克里藻是一种有潜力的亚油酸生产新资源。In order to develop new resources for the production of linoleic acid, with a filamentous microalgae Klebsormidium sp. isolated as object, the effect of nitrogen concentration, phosphorus concentration in medium, and light intensity, temperature and environmental pH on the growth, nitrogen consumption, oil content and fatty acid composition of Klebsormidium sp. were investigated. The results showed that nitrogen concentration in the medium did not affect the growth of Klebsormidium sp. , but high nitrogen concentration was detrimental to the synthesis of oil and unsaturated fatty acids. Low phosphorus concentration in the medium inhibited cell growth, while high phosphorus concentration had a toxic effect on cells. Appropriately increasing light intensity was beneficial to cell growth, but had little effect on oil accumulation. More unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid was synthesized under lower light intensity cultivation. Temperature had little effect on the growth and oil accumulation of Klebsormidium sp. , but low temperature was beneficial to the synthesis of linoleic acid. The growth, oil accumulation and linoleic acid content of Klebsormidium sp. were significantly affected by the environmental pH. Cells grew the fastest and had higher oil content in weakly acidic-neutral environments with pH 6.0-7.5. Under the conditions of nitrogen concentration 3-6 mmol/L, phosphorus concentration 0.115-0.230 mmol/L, light intensity 100-300 μmol/(m2·s), temperature 15-30 ℃, environmental pH 7.5, the maximum oil content reached about 42%, of which linoleic acid accounted for 65%-75%. In summary, filamentous microalgae Klebsormidium sp. is a promising new resource for linoleic acid production.

ZHANG Lisha, ZOU Pinguo, ZHU Miaomiao et al.

In order to solve the problems of low success rate and large interpretation error of two-flow rate well test in low permeability reservoir, this paper starts from the testing principle and interpretation principle of two-flow rate well test technology in low permeability reservoir. Based on the geological characteristics and production characteristics of low permeability reservoir, the field test, bottom hole pressure conversion and formation parameter calculation are emphatically analyzed, the main problems and influencing factors in two-flow rate well test, bottom hole pressure conversion and formation parameter calculation in low permeability reservoir are analyzed in detail. This paper puts forward the improvement measures and carries out a lot of practices on the spot, the field practice shows that the improved measures can effectively improve the test success rate and interpretation coincidence rate of the two-flow rate well test in low permeability reservoirs, and contribute to the popularization and application of this technology, to provide more reliable data support for oilfield production and measure adjustment.

Presa-Lombardi Joaquín, García Florencia, Gutierrez-Barrutia Maria Belen et al.

Current trends in the snack bar market emphasize the incorporation of alternative protein sources while simultaneously addressing the criteria of being both “high in fiber” and “high in protein”. Hemp seed, the seed of non-psychoactive Cannabis Sativa L, stands out as a significant source of protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and unsaturated fats. This study aims to explore the nutritional potential of hemp seed to develop a functional food that responds to the needs of such a market highly demanding of plant-based alternatives. Along with seeds protein nutritional quality analysis and lipid profile characterization, three snack bar samples containing hemp seed as a functional ingredient were formulated, according to nutritional claims regulations. Two products with 20% hemp met sensory acceptability criteria. This study suggests hemp seed as a potential functional food ingredient to meet the demand for plant-based alternatives, offering quality protein, digestive benefits due to its high fiber content and an optimal omega 6 to omega 3 ratio. However, there appears to be an upper limit for hemp seed in product formulations due to sensory issues. This study showed that adding more than 40% to a snack bar significantly reduced consumer acceptability and purchase intent.

Changgui Jia, Bo Xiao, Lijun You et al.

Through the stimulation method of large-scale hydraulic fracturing, the spontaneous imbibition capacity of the water phase in the shale reservoir has great influence on the effect of stimulation. Generally, the lacustrine shale has the characteristics of high clay minerals content, strong expansibility, development of nanopores and micro-pores, and underdevelopment of fractures, which leads to the unclear behavior of spontaneous imbibition of aqueous phase. The lacustrine shale of Da'anzhai Member and marine shale of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin were selected to prepare both the shale matrix sample and fractured shale sample, and the spontaneous imbibition experiment of simulated formation water was carried out. By means of an XRD test, SEM observation, nuclear magnetic resonance test and linear expansion rate test, the mineral composition, the structure of pores and fractures, the capacity of hydration and expansion of both lacustrine and marine shale are compared and analyzed. The results show that the average spontaneous imbibition rate of lacustrine shale is 60.8% higher than that of marine shale within the initial 12 hours of imbibition. The lacustrine shale has faster imbibition rate than the marine shale in the initial stage of spontaneous imbibition. However, the lacustrine shale has underdeveloped pores and fractures, as well as poor connectivity of pores. Besides, the strong hydration and expansion of clay minerals can easily lead to dispersion and migration of clay minerals on the fracture surface, which will plug up the seepage channels, resulting in poor capacity of spontaneous imbibition. The spontaneous imbibition rate in the middle and late stage of Lacustrine shale is obviously lower than that of the marine shale. The overall spontaneous imbibition rate ability of the lacustrine shale is less than that of the marine shale. According to the characteristics of water imbibition of lacustrine shale, considering the dual effects of hydration expansion of clay minerals on the effective reconstructed volume, the microfractures can be initiated and extended by fully utilizing the hydration of shale. Acidification treatment, oxidation treatment or high temperature treatment can be used to expand pore space, enhance water phase imbibition capacity and improve multi-scale mass transfer capacity of the lacustrine shale.

Oluwasanmi Olabode, Pelumi Adewunmi, Odera Uzodinma et al.

Gas cap blow down strategy is normally deployed for Ultra-thin oil rim reservoirs with huge gas caps due to extremely high gas oil ratios from wells in such reservoirs. The current state leads to loss of production from the oil reserves due to high initial reservoir pressure thus, reducing its net present value. Data on important factors essential to the productivity of oil rim reservoirs are used to build a heterogeneous ultra-thin reservoir with a time step of 10,000 days using the Eclipse software and its embedded correlations. The reservoir is subjected to a gas cap blowdown via a gas well, then an oil well is initiated into the model at onset and after time periods of 2000 days, 4000 days, 6000 days and 8000 days to estimate the oil recovery. It is expected that due to the large nature of the gas cap, pressure decline will be drastic and leading to a low oil recovery, hence the injection of water and gas at different rates at the periods indicated. The results indicate an oil recovery of 4.3% during gas cap blow down and 10.34% at 6000 days. Peak oil recoveries of 12.64% and 10.80% are estimated under 30,000 Mscf/day at 4000 days and 1000 stb/day at 6000 days respectively. This shows an incremental oil recovery of 8.34% and 6.5% over that recorded during gas cap blow down. The results also indicate that the gas production at those periods was not greatly affected with an estimated increment of 257 Bscf recorded during 30,000 Mscf/day at 4000 days. All secondary injection schemes at the respective time steps had positive impact on the overall oil recoveries. It is recommended that extra production and injection wells be drilled, enhanced oil recovery options and injection patterns be considered to further increase oil recovery.

Yang Ge, Qingping Li, Xin Lv et al.

To facilitate the recovery of natural gas hydrate (NGH) deposits in the South China Sea, we have designed and developed the world's largest publicly reported experimental simulator for NGH recovery. This system can also be used to perform CO2 capture and sequestration experiments and to simulate NGH recovery using CH4/CO2 replacement. This system was used to prepare a shallow gas and hydrate reservoir, to simulate NGH recovery via depressurization with a horizontal well. A set of experimental procedures and data analysis methods were prepared for this system. By analyzing the measurements taken by each probe, we determined the temperature, pressure, and acoustic parameter trends that accompany NGH recovery. The results demonstrate that the temperature fields, pressure fields, acoustic characteristics, and electrical impedances of an NGH recovery experiment can be precisely monitored in real time using the aforementioned experimental system. Furthermore, fluid production rates can be calculated at a high level of precision. It was concluded that (1) the optimal production pressure differential ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 MPa, and the wellbore will clog if the pressure differential reaches 1.2 MPa; and (2) during NGH decomposition, strong heterogeneities will arise in the surrounding temperature and pressure fields, which will affect the shallow gas stratum.

Caineng ZOU, Feng MA, Songqi PAN et al.

Energy is the basis of human development and the impetus of society progress. There are three sources of energy: energy of celestial body outside the Earth, the Earth energy and energy of interaction between the Earth and other celestial bodies. Meanwhile, there are three scales of co-evolution: the evolution of the Sun-Earth-Moon system on an ultra-long time scale has provided energy sources and extra-terrestrial environmental conditions for the formation of the Earth system; the evolution of the Earth system on a long time scale has provided the material preconditions such as energy resources and suitable sphere environment for life birth and the human development; on a short time scale, the development of human civilization makes the human circle break through the Earth system, expanding the extraterrestrial civilization. With the co-evolution, there are three processes in the carbon cycle: inorganic carbon cycle, short-term organic carbon cycle and long-term organic carbon cycle, which records human immoderate utilization of fossil energy and global sphere reforming activities, breaking the natural balance and closed-loop path of the carbon cycle of the Earth, causing the increase of greenhouse gases and global climate change, affecting human happiness and development. The energy transition is inevitable, and carbon neutrality must be realized. Building the green energy community is a fundamental measure to create the new energy system under carbon neutrality target. China is speeding up its energy revolution and developing a powerful energy nation. It is necessary to secure the cornerstone of the supply of fossil energy and forge a strong growing pole for green and sustainable development of new energy. China energy production and consumption structure will make a revolutionary transformation from the type of fossil energy domination to the type of new energy domination, depending on a high-level self-reliance of science and technology and a high-quality green energy system of cleaning, low-carbon, safety, efficiency and independence. Energy development has three major trends: low-carbon fossil energy, large-scale new energy and intelligent energy system, relying on the green innovation, contributing the green energy and constructing the green homeland.

Bing LIU, Ni ZHANG, Xiao TAN et al.

Many transnational oil and gas pipelines were constructed by the countries along the Belt and Road, but differentstandards of oil and gas pipelines were followed in different countries, resulting in various problems in design, construction andoperation of transnational oil and gas pipelines. Based on the oil and gas pipeline projects of the countries along the Belt andRoad, 5 standard cooperation modes, including joint development for international standard, mutual standard recognition, jointstandard development for the country pipeline laying, reference of applicable standards and implementation as a de facto standard, were proposed, the characteristics of each standard cooperation was analyzed, the standard status of oil and gas pipelines ofvarious countries were investigated, and the method and steps for implementation of standardization cooperation strategy weredeveloped. The standardization cooperation of oil and gas pipelines along the Belt and Road is an important support for oil and gascooperation and strategic channel construction, and it is recommended to adopt different cooperation modes according to the actualconditions of each pipeline thereof and the different cooperation requirements of various countries.

M. Gibson, Pat Newsham

H. Mangold, D. Malins

Siavash Ashoori, Mehdi Sharifi, Mohammad Masoumi et al.

Asphaltene precipitation and deposition are drastic issues in the petroleum industry. Monitoring the asphaltene stability in crude oil is still a serious problem and has been subject of many studies. To investigate crude oil stability by saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) analysis seven types of crudes with different components were used. The applied methods for SARA quantification are IP-143 and ASTM D893-69 and the colloidal instability index (CII) is computed from the SARA values as well. In comparison between CII results, the values of oil compositions demonstrated that the stability of asphaltenes in crude oils is a phenomenon that is related to all these components and it cannot be associated only with one of them, individually.

Lei Zhen, Liao Heng, Dong Feifei et al.

In order to study the dynamic response of the long-distance suspended pipeline under the action of seismic load, the general finite element software ABAQUS has been used to conduct numerical simulation. The stress and deformation characteristics of the suspended pipeline under the distribution have been analyzed. The effects of the parameters, like the suspension length, the soil parameters, the pipe size and the pipe wall thickness, on the dynamic response of the suspended pipe have been investigated. The results show that the pipe wall thickness, the suspension length, the soil parameters and the pipe diameter have a great influence on the seismic response of the buried pipeline, and the pipe diameter has the greatest influence. In a certain diameter range, the peak stress and displacement gradually decrease with the pipe diameter. But the peak stress would increase with the pipe diameter when the critical value is reached. The study results could provide references for the design, safety maintenance and scientific management of long distance suspended pipeline.

Masoumeh Tajmiri, Seyed Mousa Mousavi, Mohammad Reza Ehsani et al.

Efforts to enhance oil recovery through wettability alteration by nanoparticles have been attracted in recent years. However, many basic questions have been ambiguous up until now. Nanoparticles penetrate into pore volume of porous media, stick on the core surface, and by creating homogeneous water-wet area, cause to alter wettability. This work introduces the new concept of adding ZnO nanoparticles by an experimental work on wettability alteration and oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition mechanism. Laboratory tests were conducted in two experimental steps on four cylindrical core samples (three sandstones and one carbonate) taken from a real Iranian heavy oil reservoir in Amott cell. In the first step, the core samples were saturated by crude oil. Next, the core samples were flooded with nanoparticles and saturated by crude oil for about two weeks. Then, the core samples were immersed in distilled water and the amount of recovery was monitored during 30 days for both steps. The experimental results showed that oil recovery for three sandstone cores changed from 20.74, 4.3, and 3.5% of original oil in place (OOIP) in the absence of nanoparticles to 36.2, 17.57, and 20.68% of OOIP when nanoparticles were added respectively. Moreover, for the carbonate core, the recovery changed from zero to 8.89% of OOIP by adding nanoparticles. By the investigation of relative permeability curves, it was found that by adding ZnO nanoparticles, the crossover-point of curves shifted to the right for both sandstone and carbonate cores, which meant wettability was altered to water- wet. This study, for the first time, illustrated the remarkable role of ZnO nanoparticles in wettability alteration toward more water-wet for both sandstone and carbonate cores and enhancing oil recovery.

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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt">连续管作业时会出现压扁、折弯和局部破损等问题，在现场需要安全快速切断连续管损坏部位，并实施管管对接焊修复工程。为此，研制了便携式和全位置连续管校直机、旋转锥套式胀圆器、管口开坡口机以及6个自由度对中机构等成套修复设备。在采油井口连续管作业现场，运用这些修复设备和试验制定的修复工艺，在很短时间内就可以高质量地修复损坏的连续管。修复后连续管接头的疲劳循环次数达到母材管的61%。应用连续管快速修复技术可大大提高连续管井下作业效率，保证作业的安全性。</span>