Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Fabrício do Vale Barretto, Larissa Figueirêdo Belo

Objetivo: o presente trabalho pretende examinar a controvérsia sobre a natureza alimentar de determinados créditos trabalhistas para fins de regime de precatório. Método: para tanto, foi utilizada metodologia de pesquisa legislativa, jurisprudencial e bibliográfica nos campos do Direito Constitucional, do Direito Administrativo, do Direito do Trabalho e do Direito Processual Civil. Inicialmente, estuda-se sobre o conceito de créditos de natureza alimentar. Em seguida, analisa-se a forma de interpretação do art. 100, § 1º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, e a relação entre a natureza alimentar e a prestação de serviço na relação de trabalho. Logo depois, realiza-se o cotejo entre as naturezas alimentar e indenizatória, com as análises de exemplos práticos, jurisprudências do Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça e circunstâncias que teoricamente poderiam retirar o caráter alimentar das verbas trabalhistas. Conclusão: como conclusão, expõe-se se há ou não modificação dessa natureza.

Konstantin V. Getman, Oleg Kochukhov, Joe P. Ninan et al.

We explore the empirical power-law relationship between X-ray luminosity (Lx) and total surface magnetic flux (Phi), established across solar magnetic elements, time- and disk-averaged emission from the Sun, older active stars, and pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars. Previous models of large PMS X-ray flares, lacking direct magnetic field measurements, showed discrepancies from this baseline law, which MHD simulations attribute to unusually strong magnetic fields during flares. To test this, we used nearly simultaneous Chandra X-ray and HET-HPF near-infrared observations of four young Orion stars, measuring surface magnetic fields during or just after powerful PMS X-ray flares. We also modeled these PMS X-ray flares, incorporating their measured magnetic field strengths. Our findings reveal magnetic field strengths at the stellar surface typical of non-flaring PMS stars, ruling out the need for abnormally strong fields during flares. Both PMS and solar flares deviate from the Lx-Phi law, with PMS flares exhibiting a more pronounced deviation, primarily due to their much larger active regions on the surface and larger flaring loop volumes above the surface compared to their solar counterparts. These deviations likely stem from the fact that powerful flares are driven by magnetic reconnection, while baseline X-ray emission may involve less efficient mechanisms like Alfven wave heating. Our results also indicate a preference for dipolar magnetic loops in PMS flares, consistent with Zeeman-Doppler imaging of fully convective stars. This requirement for giant dipolar loops aligns with MHD predictions of strong dipoles supported by polar magnetic surface active regions in fast-rotating, fully convective stars.

I.V. Kovalchuk

The article reveals the place and role of customs law in the legal system and describes the relationship between customs law and other branches of Ukrainian law. It is shown that customs law has a mixed legal nature. After all, customs law has characteristics of both the public and private branches of law. On the one hand, customs law has an administrative nature, as it regulates the activities of customs tax collection bodies that implement state customs policy, state policy in the field of combating offenses during the application of legislation on state customs matters. On the other hand, private relationships regulated by customs law, in particular, the implementation of various types of business activities in the customs control zone (opening a duty-free trade store, opening a customs warehouse), the activities of customs brokers, the provision of paid services by revenue authorities, are gaining great importance. It is argued that customs law acquires a special importance for every citizen and at the same time ensures the interests of the entire society in the sphere of movement across the customs borders of our state of material and spiritual values, assets of world and Ukrainian science and culture, results and processes of economic activity, labor and intellectual assets, tourist , communicative and worldview interests. It was emphasized that in the difficult conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war, customs law is of great importance for the state, as it protects its economic interests. Accordingly, the customs law of Ukraine performs the following tasks: normative support of the customs policy and customs affairs of the state; determination of the legal status of subjects of customs relations; establishment of responsibility for violation of customs rules and customs legislation and the procedure for their application; determination of the order of creation, reorganization and liquidation of customs bodies; consolidation of the legal and organizational foundations of the movement of goods and other items across the state border of Ukraine; regulation of the customs control procedure; establishing the procedure for collecting customs duties and other taxes, the procedure for customs clearance of goods, including the declaration of goods and other items; implementation of complex control over currency transactions; ensuring the implementation of measures to protect the interests of consumers of goods and compliance by participants in foreign economic relations with state interests in the foreign market; ensuring the implementation and development of international cooperation in the customs sphere. In general, customs law is a complex branch of law, a system of legal norms that regulate social relations related to the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of Ukraine. In the difficult conditions of the Russian Federation’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the role of Ukrainian customs law has significantly increased, thanks to which effective logistics have been established in Ukraine, through our border in the west and south of the country there is constant export and import of goods necessary for the support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the entire Ukrainian people. The value of customs law is that, thanks to it and other branches of law, all processes of crossing the state border of Ukraine took place safely and according to certain rules, the State Customs Service of Ukraine (State Customs Service) functions in Ukraine, which is of great importance for the economic development of Ukraine. The global tasks of modern customs law consist in high-quality regulation of customs activities, because customs today performs one of the important functions - protection of the country’s economic interests and assistance in ensuring state and public security measures.

Raphael Boldt

A partir de uma abordagem criminológico-crítica que se projeta desde o trabalho pioneiro dos frankfurtianos (Rusche e Kirchheimer), o presente artigo analisa os principais reflexos no campo do controle penal decorrentes do capitalismo de vigilância, reconfiguração produzida pela chamada revolução digital, compreendida como mais uma das etapas da modernidade, consistente, sobretudo, na glorificação das novas tecnologias, ideologia que autoriza a emergência das novas fronteiras e conquistas da técnica moderna.

Antonio Sergio Altieri de Moraes Pitombo

O artigo trata da questão da decretação de prisão cautelar como instrumento de agentes da Justiça Criminal  para influir na autodeterminação do preso quanto à ampla defesa, constrangendo-o a barganhar direitos, por meio de colaboração processual. Discute-se se a teoria do dilema do prisioneiro não se exibe uma forma de tortura psicológica, sob a perspectiva dos tratados internacionais.

Matthew A. Bershady, Kyle B. Westfall, Shravan Shetty et al.

We measure the age-velocity relationship from the lag between ionized gas and stellar tangential speeds in ~500 nearby disk galaxies from MaNGA in SDSS-IV. Selected galaxies are kinematically axisymmetric. Velocity lags are asymmetric drift, seen in the Milky Way's (MW) solar neighborhood and other Local Group galaxies; their amplitude correlates with stellar population age. The trend is qualitatively consistent in rate (d(sigma)/dt) with a simple power-law model where sigma is proportional to t^b that explains the dynamical phase-space stratification in the solar neighborhood. The model is generalized based on disk dynamical times to other radii and other galaxies. We find in-plane radial stratification parameters sigma_(0,r} (dispersion of the youngest populations) in the range of 10-40 km/s and 0.2<b_r<0.5 for MaNGA galaxies. Overall b_r increases with galaxy mass, decreases with radius for galaxies above 10.4 dex (M_solar) in stellar mass, but is ~constant with radius at lower mass. The measurement scatter indicates the stratification model is too simple to capture the complexity seen in the data, unsurprising given the many possible astrophysical processes that may lead to stellar population dynamical stratification. Nonetheless, the data show dynamical stratification is broadly present in the galaxy population, with systematic trends in mass and density. The amplitude of the asymmetric drift signal is larger for the MaNGA sample than the MW, and better represented in the mean by what is observed in the disks of M31 and M33. Either typical disks have higher surface-density or, more likely, are dynamically hotter (hence thicker) than the MW.

María Cristina Gómez Isaza

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Leilane Serratine Grubba, Huryel Locatelli

A obsolescência programada tem por objetivo aumentar a produção e consumo de bens. Com essa premissa, o artigo visa analisar o crescimento da obsolescência programada e de que forma ela se instalou no sistema de produção e ideal de consumo da população ocidental. Para tanto, discute-se dois prontos principais: como o mercado de consumo obstaculiza o direito ao meio ambiente sadio e equilibrado e de que forma isso vem se agravando ao decorrer do tempo. Questiona-se, ademais, a possibilidade de se imaginar uma economia viável sem a obsolescência programada ou o impacto no meio ambiente. Conclui-se que é possível e viável instituir uma economia sólida e reduzir o impacto no meio ambiente sem a obsolescência programada, seguindo alguns pontos principais tratados no texto, bem como, a conscientização do consumidor. Utilizou-se do método dedutivo e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica.

Miklós Szirbik, Sára Bernáth

A Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság 2023 januárjában „Szabadság és biztonság a digitalizálódó világban” címmel közzétett aktuális stratégiája értelmében a hatóság egyebek között a digitális szolgáltatásokról, valamint a digitális piacokról szóló európai uniós rendeletek alkalmazásából eredő és azokat kiegészítő hazai szabályozási igények vizsgálatát, szabályozási javaslatok előkészítésének szabályozási és szakértői támogatását határozta meg egyik kiemelt feladataként. A Gazdasági Versenyhivatal 2023 márciusában tagságot nyert abban a magas szintű nemzetközi munkacsoportban, amely az Európai Bizottságot segíti a digitális piacokról szóló rendelet szabályainak betartatásában. A jelen tanulmány a Nemzeti Média- és Hírközlési Hatóság, a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal és egyéb érintett hazai döntéshozók, ágazati szereplők stratégiájához és feladatköreik ellátásához oly módon kíván szakmai támogatást nyújtani, hogy részletesen bemutatja a német jogrendszerben körvonalazódó változásokat, gyakorlatokat a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló jogi aktusokkal kapcsolatban. A kutatást a német piac mérete és az ebből fakadó számos jogeset indokolja. Fontos tényező továbbá, hogy a német társadalom hagyományosan érzékeny az adatvédelem, a média és a demokrácia, továbbá a fenntartható gazdaság közötti kapcsolatokra, így a digitális szolgáltatásokról és a digitális piacokról szóló rendeletek végrehajtása során sok impulzusra számíthatunk Németország részéről, amely – a kevés ilyen tagállam egyikeként – már az uniós jogalkotást megelőzve, saját nemzeti jogszabályokban foglalt versenyjogi vagy médiaszabályozási eszközökkel beavatkozott a digitális piacok folyamataiba.

Оганесян С. С., Шамсунов С. Х.

Введение: статья посвящена проблемам, которые стали для пенитенциарной системы актуальными лишь в последние два–три десятилетия, поскольку ни в годы СССР, ни в начальный период становления России в качестве суверенного государства тема профилактики и противодействия экстремизму не вставала так остро. Цель: раскрыть проблемы, возникшие перед уголовно-исполнительной системой России в связи с активизацией экстремистских и террористических проявлений как в нашей стране, так и за ее пределами, а также предложить возможные пути их решения. Назрела потребность в создании комплексной системы подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России, а также научного и организационного сопровождения деятельности, направленной на профилактику и противодействие противоправной деятельности носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений. Результаты: научную и практическую значимость данного исследования мы видим в том, что в нем впервые раскрывается необходимость учета специфики каждого из видов экстремистской и террористической деятельности с точки зрения мотивов, обусловленных ментальной спецификой носителей экстремистских и террористических воззрений, и подготовки специальных кадров из числа сотрудников пенитенциарной системы России для профилактики и противодействия данным крайне деструктивным явлениям. Методы: для решения поставленных исследовательских задач эффективно использовано сочетание логического, системного методов, а также концептуальных видов анализа современного состояния профилактики и противодействия экстремистской деятельности в УИС. Также применялись герменевтические, сравнительные и экзегетические методы исследования источников, которые предопределяют сознание, когнитивные способности и поведение современных экстремистов и террористов. Вывод: авторы констатируют актуальность исследуемой проблемы, ее многоаспектность и предлагают с учетом сформулированных в статье результатов разработку концепции профилактики и противодействия самым разнообразным видам экстремистских и террористических воззрений, которая, в свою очередь, должна найти отражение в концепциях психологической, воспитательной, оперативной и режимной служб и всей системы ФСИН России. Кроме того, не менее важной задачей, которая все еще не решена, представляется введение в учебные планы высших и средних учебных заведений ФСИН России цикла предметов, связанных с профилактикой экстремистских и террористических воззрений с учетом специальности обучаемых.

Minghao Xia, Sijie Gao

Tolman proposed that the proper temper $T$ of a static self-gravitating fluid in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the relation $χT=constant$, where $χ$ is the redshift factor of the spacetime. The Tolman law has been proven for radiation in stationary spacetimes and for perfect fluids in stationary, asymototically flat and axisymmetric spacetimes. It is unclear whether the proof can be extended to more general cases. In this paper, we prove that under some reasonable conditions, the Tolman law always holds for a perfect fluid in a stationary spacetime. The key assumption in our proof is that the particle number density $n$ can not be determined by the energy density $ρ$ and pressure $p$ via the equations of state. This is true for many known fluids with the equation of state $p=p(ρ)$. Then, by requiring that the total entropy of the fluid is an extremum for the variation of $n$ with a fixed metric, we prove the Tolman law. In our proof, only the conservations of stress energy and the total particle number are used, and no field equations are involved. Our work suggests that the Tolman law holds for a generic perfect fluid in a stationary spacetime, even beyond general relativity.

Vicente Bagnoli

O objetivo do artigo é investigar a concorrência nos mercados digitais e o papel da política de concorrência nas economias em desenvolvimento para um crescimento inclusivo e prosperidade compartilhada com ferramentas inovadoras para uma melhor aplicação da lei. Sua metodologia analisa relatórios e pesquisas internacionais. As economias em desenvolvimento devem fortalecer sua capacidade de desenhar políticas de concorrência nos mercados digitais de acordo com suas particularidades sociais e econômicas de desenvolvimento, observando o que as economias desenvolvidas vêm fazendo em seu próprio mercado. A UE tem conduzido a política de concorrência nos mercados digitais, e o Digital Markets Act e o Digital Services Act são mais duas iniciativas capazes de facilitar as economias em desenvolvimento na concepção de sua própria regulamentação nos mercados digitais. O resultado do artigo indica que não existe um formato único e, como conclusão, a experiência e os bons padrões devem ser avaliados e ajustados.

Frederik Blicher Jepsen

Maiquel Ângelo Dezordi Wermuth, Luana Marina dos Santos

O artigo tem por objetivo central dissertar acerca da necessidade da contribuição da sociedade civil para a construção do “público”, desenvolvendo a capacidade do agir coletivamente e em respeito às diferenças sociais. O texto encontra-se articulado em três seções – as quais representam, respectivamente, os seus objetivos específicos: na primeira, busca-se fazer uma análise acerca de como os indivíduos atribuem poder aos seus corpos, utilizando-os como instrumento de resistência, a fim de transformar a violência que os sustenta como estímulo de luta contra o poder; na segunda seção, procura-se fazer uma abordagem acerca dos manifestos contemporâneos isolados de forma global; na terceira seção, o texto abarca, diretamente, o direito à moradia e as ocupações rio-grandenses voltadas a dissipar a cultura local. O método de pesquisa empregado é o dedutivo e exploratório. A técnica de pesquisa envolveu levantamento bibliográfico e entrevistas com pessoas diretamente implicadas no problema pesquisado.

Sally Ashton, Elena Aydos

The Murray-Darling Basin, in south-eastern Australia, comprises 14 per cent of Australia’s geography. This paper examines some of the historical and contemporary discourses that have been deployed in the last 120 years in managing the complex challenges of the Basin. Differently to prior Indigenous practices, prevailing environmental discourses in this period have highlighted the disconnect between humans and their environment. Whilst Ecologically Sustainable Development underpins the objects of the Water Act 2007 (Cth), it is evident that, in fact, it is an economic rationalism discourse that has been deployed to regulate environmental outcomes through the marketisation of water rights.

Michael Bar-Sinai, Michal Tadjer, Mor Vilozni

This paper discusses an internet-based system for enabling people to self-assess their legal rights in a given situation, and a development methodology for such systems. The assessment process is based on a formal model of the relevant jurisprudence, exposed to the user through an interview. The model consists of a multi-dimensional space whose dimensions represent orthogonal jurisprudence aspects, and a decision graph that guides the user through that space. Self-assessment systems can revolutionize the way legal aid organizations help their clients, as they allow these organizations to deliver personalized help at internet scales. The proposed approach is validated through an implementation of a model for workers' rights when their employment ends. This model, describing Israeli law and developed in cooperation with a worker rights NGO, was ratified by external experts as accurate enough to be useful in real cases.

Yuliesky Amador Echevarria

Al hacer un estudio de la Historia de Cuba, encontramos que la enseñanza del Derecho ha estado presente en los distintos centros educacionales de carácter universitario. Cuando hablamos del proceso de formación de los juristas, partimos del criterio que se estructura en torno a la cuestión de qué función estos deben cumplir en la sociedad. Una interrogante que indudablemente nos hace reflexionar en torno a la funcionalidad de estos y su papel determinante. Al ocurrir el proceso de nacionalización de la enseñanza superior posterior al Triunfo revolucionario, comienza a configurarse un nuevo programa de estudios en todos los niveles teniendo como fundamento las nuevas estrategias trazadas por el gobierno que comenzaba a instaurarse y tratando de erradicar las deficiencias que se habían venido acumulando y presentando en períodos anteriores donde se enseñó casi de forma general mediante la clase magistral o conferencia del profesor, que podía terminar con la respuesta a preguntas formuladas durante o al terminar ésta y el nivel de exigencia de conocimientos era catalogado como desigual.

Oheo K. Haris

TELAAH YURIDIS PENERAPAN SANKSI DI BAWAH MINIMUM KHUSUS PADA PERKARA PIDANA KHUSUS     Oheo K.Haris The School of Law, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pengadilan Negeri di lingkungan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta yang meliputi Pengadilan Negeri Sleman, kota Yogyakarta dan Bantul. Pengadilan tersebut dipilih dengan pertimbangan terdapat beberapa perkara yang menyangkut tindak pidana khusus. Tujuan penelitian : (1) untuk mengetahui apakah hakim boleh menjatuhkan sanksi di bawah standar minimum khusus pada perkara pidana khusus dan (2) untuk mengetahui apa dasar yuridis pemikiran hakim dalam menjatuhkan sanksi pidana di bawah minimum khusus pada perkara pidana khusus. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan rancangan penelitian hukum. Sampling meliputi subjek sampling yang ditentukan secara purposive. Bahan hukum terdiri dari: bahan hukum primer dan sekunder yang dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan : (1) Peranan hakim dalam penerapan sanksi minimum dalam tindak pidana khusus pada proses peradilan pidana sangat besar, yaitu sebagai pemberi putusan akhir, hakim berpedoman pada peraturan perundang-undangan. Dengan demikian, maka penulis berpendapat bahwa hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan sanksi di bawah standar minimum. Dengan alasan bahwa negara Indonesia menganut Sistem Kontinental yakni hakim (sebagai pedoman pemidanaan) terikat oleh undangundang (aliran konservatif). Hal tersebut, sebagai realisasi asas the binding persuasive of precedent. Selain itu, konteks sanksi minimum yang terdapat dalam rumusan pasal terhadap tindak pidana khusus, secara terang dan jelas, terdapat pernyataan sanksi pidana yang memuat ketentuan maksimal dan minimal, sehingga tidak memerlukan penafsiran lanjutan. (2) Selain mengacu Pasal 103 KUHP dan 284 ayat (1) dan (2) KUHAP, dasar yuridis penerapan sanksi, hakim mengacu pada peraturan perundangundangan tindak pidana khusus yang mengatur ketentuan minimum khusus. Selain kedua pasal di atas, yurisprudensi dapat digunakan sebagai dasar yuridis dalam penjatuhan sanksi, dengan catatan, tetap mengacu ketentuan minimum sekurang-kurangya sama atau di atas minimum. Katakunci : Penerapan Sanksi dan Pidana Khusus           THE JURIDIS STUDY OF SANCTION APPLICATIONS UNDER SPECIAL MINIMUM ON SPECIAL CREDIT CODES   Oheo K.Haris The School of Law, University of Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia   This research was carried out in the District Court in the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region covering the District Court of Sleman, the city of Yogyakarta and Bantul. The court was chosen with consideration of several matters involving special crimes. The objectives of the study are: (1) to determine whether a judge may impose sanctions below minimum standards specifically on special criminal cases and (2) to find out what the judicial mind's juridical grounds in imposing criminal sanctions are below a special minimum on special criminal cases. To achieve these objectives, the research was conducted by using the research design law. Sampling includes the subject of sampling which is determined purposively. Legal material consists of: primary and secondary legal materials, they were collected through interviews and documentation. The analysis was done qualitatively. The results of the research show: (1) the judge had a big role in the application of minimum sanction in a special criminal act in the criminal justice process, namely as the final decision maker, the judge is guided by the legislation. Thus, the researcher argues that the judge should not impose sanctions below minimum standards. For that reason, the Indonesian state embraces the Continental System ie the judge (as a guideline of punishment) is bound by the law (conservative school). That is, as the realization of the binding persuasive principle precedent. In addition, the context of minimum sanctions contained in the formulation of the article on specific criminal acts, clearly contain statement of criminal sanctions containing the provisions of the maximum and minimum, so it does not require further interpretation. (2) In addition to referring to Article 103 of the Criminal Code and 284 paragraphs (1) and (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code, the juridical basis for the application of sanctions, judges refer to special criminal law legislation governing special minimum provisions. In addition to the above two chapters, jurisprudence may be used as a juridical basis in the imposition of sanctions, with a note, still referring to the minimum requirement of at least equal to or above the minimum.   Keywords: Application of Special Penalties and Crimes

Naritaka Oshita

We pointed out that the generalized second law of thermodynamics on a de Sitter universe whose energy density stochastically fluctuates due to quantum fluctuations is seemingly violated. We have shown that even in such a case, the generalized second law is unviolated by taking cosmological decoherence into account. It has been well known that the decoherence is necessary to give a reasonable reason why our universe looks classical. Our proposal can support the importance of decoherence from another aspect, i.e. the generalized second law of thermodynamics.

W. Barreto, H. P. de Oliveira, B. Rodriguez-Mueller

We implement a spatially fixed mesh refinement under spherical symmetry for the characteristic formulation of General Relativity. The Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition lets us deploy an adaptive resolution in (retarded-like) time, even for the nonlinear regime. As test cases, we replicate the main features of the gravitational critical behavior and the spacetime structure at null infinity using the Bondi mass and the News function. Additionally, we obtain the global energy conservation for an extreme situation, i.e. in the threshold of the black hole formation. In principle, the calibrated code can be used in conjunction with an ADM 3+1 code to confirm the critical behavior recently reported in the gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field in an asymptotic anti-de Sitter spacetime. For the scenarios studied, the fixed mesh refinement offers improved runtime and results comparable to code without mesh refinement.