Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

N. Ramaprabha, J. Balamurugan

IntroductionSocial mobility is among the debated topics by researchers and policymakers today. This paper offers a comprehensive literature review in relation to sustainable social mobility among Indigenous communities.MethodsThis study employed bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, or PRISMA, flowchart. A total of 628 publications between 2001 and 2023 were analyzed using the keywords associated with social sustainability, mobility, and Indigenous communities.ResultsResearch output has increased significantly since 2011. The countries with such outputs are mostly the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States. The most-cited article was titled “Sustainable development: Meaning, history, principles, pillars, and implications for human action: Literature review.”DiscussionThe research reveals emerging trends and gaps in the literature on sustainable social mobility. It mainly focuses on how environmental sustainability, digital technologies, and other methodologies help to understand social mobility. Of course, the study also showed interest in community projects and local knowledge that can support sustainable development and social mobility for Indigenous communities.

Arif Wibowo, Haryono Haryono, Kurniawan Kurniawan et al.

The bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) is an iconic species of freshwater fish commonly found in South-East Asia and of great commercial and patrimonial importance. At present, the genus Notopterus comprises of two distinct species, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) and Notopterus synurus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). On the Indonesian archipelago, genetic diversity and morphology of the bronze featherback were investigated for conservation purposes. The use of DNA-based species delimitation methods, applied to 165 Cytochrome oxidase I sequences of Notopteridae (121 belonging to N. notopterus), evidence a concordance between species and Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU) and the two species of Notopterus are recognized. In N. notopterus, 9 haplotypes are detected among the 121 sequences analyzed, and three are restricted to Sundaland. These three haplotypes had distinct geographic distribution with a haplotype observed in Java, Sumatra and Borneo, another haplotype restricted to South Sumatra and a third haplotype only found in Northern Sumatra. The analyze of 21 morphometric and 9 meristic variables revealed two groups within N. notopterus, which were only supported by subtle differences in measurements with overlapping distributions between groups. The present study supports the validity of Notopterus notopterus in Sundaland and the remarkable genetic continuity among populations across its range distribution.

Luca Ozzano, Sara Fenoglio

<span class='abs_content'>The approach of Community Organizing to building and empowering local communities has become increasingly popular in the last decades, both because of the past involvement in community organizing of popular personalities such as Barack Obama, and because of the crisis of more traditional practices of civil society building. The main promoter of this approach worldwide is today the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), based in Chicago, which was founded in 1940 by Saul D. Alinsky, who has also systematized the main principles of community organizing. Thanks to IAF activity, since the 1990s, the community organizing method has also spread to western Europe, first in the UK and Germany, and later in several other countries. After sketching the history and methodology of the broad-based community organizing approach adopted by the IAF, this paper will try to analyze the community organizing initiatives developed in Western Europe during the last 30 years under the supervision of (or inspired by) the Industrial Areas Foundation network, singling out the main problems and issues at stake in adopting and translating the method outside the US, in different social, political and cultural contexts. The analysis will be based both on semi-structured interviews with several US- and Europe-based organizers and on the participant observation carried out since 2019, during the development of a community organizing initiative in the city of Turin, in northern Italy.</span><br/>

Maria Luce Caputo, Enrico Baldi, Joel Daniel Krüll et al.

IntroductionThere are limited data on sex-related differences in out-of hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) with refractory ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and, in particular, about their relationship with cardiovascular risk profile and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).PurposeAim of this study was to characterize sex-related differences in clinical presentation, cardiovascular risk profile, CAD prevalence, and outcome in OHCA victims presenting with refractory VA.MethodsAll OHCAs with shockable rhythm that occurred between 2015 and 2019 in the province of Pavia (Italy) and in the Canton Ticino (Switzerland) were included.ResultsOut of 680 OHCAs with first shockable rhythm, 216 (33%) had a refractory VA. OHCA patients with refractory VA were younger and more often male. Males with refractory VA had more often a history of CAD (37% vs. 21%, p 0.03). In females, refractory VA were less frequent (M : F ratio 5 : 1) and no significant differences in cardiovascular risk factor prevalence or clinical presentation were observed. Male patients with refractory VA had a significantly lower survival at hospital admission and at 30 days as compared to males without refractory VA (45% vs. 64%, p &lt; 0.001 and 24% vs. 49%, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Whereas in females, no significant survival difference was observed.ConclusionsIn OHCA patients presenting with refractory VA the prognosis was significantly poorer for male patients. The refractoriness of arrhythmic events in the male population was probably due to a more complex cardiovascular profile and in particular due to a pre-existing CAD. In females, OHCA with refractory VA were less frequent and no correlation with a specific cardiovascular risk profile was observed.

Kaushik Satapathy, Dimitrios Psaltis, Feryal Özel et al.

The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of ∼3°–5°. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (∼90°–180°) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u – v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.

Matteo Monaco

Cycling was the sport that most of all enthralled Italians in the early sixties of the twentieth century. Historical figures such as Coppi, Bartali, Strada, Ganna, Galletti, remained in the heart and culture of Italians for more than a century. An important contribution to this tradition was given by the Italian song which, in the post-war period, often treated the bicycle and the his champions both with the will to tell a cross-section of the history of Italy and to celebrate those sportsmen who represented the vices and virtues of the Italians. And so Paolo Conte, with his Diavolo Rosso, tells the feats of cycling pioneers and Giovanni Gerbi, to draw a fresco rural Italy of the early twentieth century; De Gregori with Il bandito e il Campione tells one of the most famous stories of Italy in the twenties, while Alfonsina e la bici the Tete de Bois of that pioneer girl of feminist claims who in 1924 participated in the Giro d’Italia men. The essay wants to show how the story of the bicycle and its champions has spread also through the song and how some messages typical of the world of cycling can be used in music as a paradigm of society and life (Franck-Hi-NRG, Pedala, Offlaga Disco Pax, Tulipani, Ketama 126, Pantani, Elio e le storie tese, Sono Felice, Enrico Ruggeri, Gimondi e il cannibale).

De Luca, Gaia

In many respects, classics may be considered as a language, that was aptly used to legitimate the imperialist exploitation of white people over the so called “Third World countries”. My paper is aimed at understanding whether and to which extent the Greco-Roman Antiquity as such can become a tool for telling a submerged history and for bringing forth its non hegemonic subjects. I will take into consideration a collective experience conducted by a theatre company in the south of Italy during the summer of 2018. Through a workshop involving immigrant people in the city of Palermo, Ali Farah, a Somali-Italian writer, staged an experimental rewriting of Sophocles’ Antigone, which starts from the telling of personal stories of migration through the Mediterranean sea. Grounding my analysis in the comparison between Antigone’s defiance of the power and the crossing of borders, I will underline the revolutionary message that the rewriting of this myth in contemporary Fortress Europe delivers.

Natalia Valerievna Borovkova

The study of Russian stone-cutting art remains an important and urgent task of contemporary Russian art history. It is necessary to take a fresh look at this direction of Russian decorative art and find out whether Russian stone-cutting art is an internal phenomenon, or it is based on European borrowing. This article refers to works of stone-cutting enterprises of the Urals and the Altai, i. e. Yekaterinburg and Loktevsk Manufactories, which worked exclusively at the order of the Cabinet. In the late eighteenth century, there was a system for ordering stone products in Russia. To do this, they formed sets of “samples” of natural ornamental stone from Russian deposits and compiled albums of product projects. When sending an order to the factory, they attached a sketch and indicated the number of the stone which the product was to be made of. A complex analysis of Russian stone-cutting art testifies to the fact that it followed European fashion, traditions, and technology. European specialists were invited to Russia in order to organise stone-cutting production. Also, travellers brought elegant artworks made of decorative stone by European masters. By the late eighteenth century, stone-cutting production had come a much longer way in Western Europe than in Russia. The production of works of art made of stone was carried out in Italy, France, England, Sweden, and other European countries. Russian commissioners wanted to obtain similar items, and the masters imitated and reproduced European originals. When comparing designs of decorative vases, one can see an undoubted influence of European analogues. However, if there is an obvious similarity to their decorative design, Russian masters are characterised by the ability to reveal the unique aesthetic properties of the material. At the first stage, the influence of European masters was not to be argued, but later on, Russian stone-cutting art began to acquire its own unique features, although it developed along the lines of the dominating pan-European stylistic trends.

Diana Battisti

The following article outlines the recent research work of Italian Germanists on Zweig’s relation to Italy as well as the connections between his oeuvre and Italian Literature. My aim is to present some common trends among the most important opinions and results from the essays examined in this field. These are characterised specifically by the reworking of questions such as the relation between art and politics, the vision of history and Zweig’s understanding of peace and pacifism. This understanding also offers interesting inputs for today’s European Union discussion about cultural identity and reshaping international boundaries.

Agostino Sotgia

Starting from a systematic survey of the "combustion structures" for ceramics attested in the Italian peninsula during the Bronze Age (2200-950 BC) and the Iron Age (950-725 BC), this Paper will propose the reconstruction of different kiln types, paying attention also to the production areas where they have been identified- The main goal is to more accurately characterize this type of evidence, underlining similarities, differences and common aspects even among different sites during the chronological period under examination. The typology presented here turns out to be an original extension of those proposed so far and is made up of five types of furnaces: Open Firing (1); Pit Firing (2); Two pits Kiln with horizontal (3.1) or vertical structure (3.2); Single deep pit with vertical structure without perforated floor (4.1) or with perforated floor (4.2); and Fixed in stonework (5) The chrono-typological articulation of kilns not only reflects technical developments, namely the shift from simple kilns during earlier periods to more complex structures in later times, but it is also related to the organization of production during the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The simplest types turn out to be the older ones, however, they are never wholly abandoned, and they are documented alongside the more recent types (even within the same sites), probably as a response to the need for producing different ceramic classes. The installation of such more complex kiln types is therefore put in relation to more specialized forms of craftsmanship, as evidenced by the presence of proper production areas in various sites. The work presented here, therefore, allows a more precise definition of both the ceramic cooking structures and the production areas. Thanks to an original and detailed type of evidence, which compares these archaeological data with ethno-archaeological and experimental studies, we can better understand a specific class of data, that of the "combustion structures", so much present in the investigated contexts.

Renato Spicciarelli, Aldo Marchetto

Lago Piccolo and Lago Grande di Monticchio lie in the collapsed caldera of the volcanic structure of Mt. Vulture (Basilicata, Italy). In over two centuries, a number of studies on their water and on their submerged and riparian vegetation, were carried out, demonstrating an interesting biodiversity. The entire lake area, which is impacted by strong tourist pressure, is part of the "Monte Vulture" Special Area of Conservation (SAC IT9210210). The aim of this paper is to review the literature studies on these lakes, in order to identify the more suitable limnological parameters to infer the history of the trophic status of the two lakes. For this reason, we assess the current ecological status of the two lakes on the basis of physical, chemical and biological analyses deriving from two recent surveys carried out in 2005-2007 and in 2015, and compare these data with sparse, but relevant, historical records, in order to assess how human impacts affected both these lakes and to understand the differences in their present trophic status. Because of its peculiar water chemistry, Lago Piccolo is resulted in good and stable ecological conditions. On the contrary, water transparency of Lago Grande came out very low in summer, while total phosphorus and nitrogen concentration are proved high, leading to the persistence of critical environmental conditions in this lake, with high algal biomass and durable algal blooms in late summer, dominated by cyanobacteria. Finally, in absence of standard protocols and seasonal samplings, the macrophyte maximum growing depth should be considered the more reliable indicator of trophic status among those available for these specific lakes, being relatively independent from sampling methods and seasonal pattern.

Paul Emmons, Bernd Kulawik, Paul Ranogajec et al.

Emmons, P. A review of Jordan Kauffman, Drawing on Architecture: The Object of Lines, 1970-1990. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.   Kulawik, B. A review of: Kaspar Zollikofer, Die Cappella Gregoriana. Der erste Innenraum von Neu-Sankt-Peter in Rom und seine Genese. Basel: Schwabe, 2016.   Ranogajec, P. A review of: Eric Mumford, Designing the Modern City: Urbanism since 1850, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2018.   Ronnes, H. A review of: Merlijn Hurx, Architecture as Profession: The Origins of Architectural Practice in the Low Countries in the Fifteenth Century, Turnhout: Brepols.   Leach, A. A review of: Zevi’s Architects: History and Counter-History of Italian Architecture, 1944-2000, curated by Pippo Ciorra and Jean-Louis Cohen, Museo nazionale delle arti del XXI secolo (MAXXI), Rome, Italy, 25 April to 16 September 16 2018.

Summaira Riaz, Gabriella De Lorenzis, Dianne Velasco et al.

Abstract Background The mountainous region between the Caucasus and China is considered to be the center of domestication for grapevine. Despite the importance of Central Asia in the history of grape growing, information about the extent and distribution of grape genetic variation in this region is limited in comparison to wild and cultivated grapevines from around the Mediterranean basin. The principal goal of this work was to survey the genetic diversity and relationships among wild and cultivated grape germplasm from the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean basin collectively to understand gene flow, possible domestication events and adaptive introgression. Results A total of 1378 wild and cultivated grapevines collected around the Mediterranean basin and from Central Asia were tested with a set of 20 nuclear SSR markers. Genetic data were analyzed (Cluster analysis, Principal Coordinate Analysis and STRUCTURE) to identify groups, and the results were validated by Nei’s genetic distance, pairwise FST analysis and assignment tests. All of these analyses identified three genetic groups: G1, wild accessions from Croatia, France, Italy and Spain; G2, wild accessions from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; and G3, cultivars from Spain, France, Italy, Georgia, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan, which included a small group of wild accessions from Georgia and Croatia. Wild accessions from Georgia clustered with cultivated grape from the same area (proles pontica), but also with Western Europe (proles occidentalis), supporting Georgia as the ancient center of grapevine domestication. In addition, cluster analysis indicated that Western European wild grapes grouped with cultivated grapes from the same area, suggesting that the cultivated proles occidentalis contributed more to the early development of wine grapes than the wild vines from Eastern Europe. Conclusions The analysis of genetic relationships among the tested genotypes provided evidence of genetic relationships between wild and cultivated accessions in the Mediterranean basin and Central Asia. The genetic structure indicated a considerable amount of gene flow, which limited the differentiation between the two subspecies. The results also indicated that grapes with mixed ancestry occur in the regions where wild grapevines were domesticated.

C. Fiore, M. Eisenhut, E. Ragazzi et al.

Liquorice root has been used in Europe since prehistoric times, and is well documented in written form starting with the ancient Greeks. In this review we compare the independent development of medical uses of this botanical drug in several ancient cultures, attempting to show the rationality of specific indications across different ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds. Identical specific indications in different cultures highlight universally reproducible therapeutic effects that are beyond those of a mere placebo. In the first part of the review, historical sources dealing with liquorice (Scythian, Greek, Roman, and from the Middle Ages in Germany, Italy, Spain, England) have been considered. In the second part, the historical records of diseases treated with liquorice have been presented. Finally, a comparison between traditional use in and outside Europe, with the most important recent scientific studies concerning its use, is presented.

Serena Alessi

Recensione di: Simone Brioni, The Somali Within. Language, Race and Belonging in ‘Minor’ Italian Literature, Oxford, Legenda, 2015, 188 pp., ISBN: 9781909662643, £ 55,00.

Ivanović Miodrag R.

The fact that Kosovo and Metohija is rich with archeological remains of numerous and different cultures flourishing and developing within, also numerous medieval monasteries, natural and cultural potentials , history and tradition, point to the possibility that this region could become attractive in future for the tourism and cultural tourism needs. This hypothesis is proved in practice by tourist super powers in Europe and the world, Italy, France, Russia, the USA, Canada, which today levy immense income from cultural tourism, whose constitutive part comprises Cultural landscapes as well. Two such subject areas in Kosovo and Metohija - Gazimestan and Hoča are chosen for the study; by a detailed analysis a conclusion will be drawn whether these areas have potentials to be nominated for the World cultural list as Cultural landscapes in Kosovo and Metohija. The research is multidisciplinary; this paper presents an initial study of cultural landscapes in this region and examines possibility of its culture and tourist presentation. A well organized, conceived and timely placement of cultural landscapes opens a new segment in the cultural tourism offer. This research will prove the importance of promoting cultural landscape and its revival through cultural heritage, as well as its incorporating into modern tourist offer.

A. Benedetto, F. Tosti, L. B. Ciampoli et al.

Iara Meloni

Il saggio traccia un primo quadro delle zone libere partigiane sorte in provincia di Piacenza nel corso dell&rsquo;estate-autunno 1944, analizzandone sia l&rsquo;importanza strategico-militare che le realizzazioni in campo politico-amministrativo. In particolare si &egrave; evidenziato il ruolo di controllo e coordinamento portato avanti dal Commissariato Civile per i Comuni liberati e liberandi dalle formazioni partigiane istituito nell&rsquo;ottobre 1944 dal Comitato di Liberazione provinciale di Piacenza con l&rsquo;intento di supervisionare le attivit&agrave; delle giunte dei Comuni liberati.

Barbara H. Rosenwein