This article explores social transformation through pedagogy, historical consciousness, social science, and neuroscience. Modern educational systems perpetuate social hierarchies. The meritocratic narrative of neoliberalism is a new form of social Darwinism. Behind this illusion lie the mechanisms of accumulated history, social reproduction, and the inheritance of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capitals. Collective memory is one of these capitals, cultivated by the elites. In contrast, the memory of the vanquished fades into oblivion. Therefore, democratic pedagogy aims to build collective memory and a historical consciousness of equality, inequality, and human rights. This project requires cognitive and methodological tools for both teachers and students. Our proposal is both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, we aim to build a historical awareness and resilience capacities to address the algorithmic colonization. Cooperative pedagogy and neuroscience bring constructive tools. This approach fosters a new rationalism and complex thinking that unifies natural, social, and human sciences into a cohesive pedagogical praxis. We propose to build collective memory and historical awareness among students, pedagogical team, and families. This involves teacher training, an emotional and prosocial climate, cooperative skills, historical research teams, collecting of family memories, and collective synthesis. The project fosters social bonds and skills for democratic sovereignty. Methodologically, the research employs a critical bibliographical review and content analysis from CAIRN, OpenEdition, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, ERICH+, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selected bibliography includes authors from Canada, Chile, England, France, Germany, India, Switzerland, the Philippines, and the United States.
Camille Le Berre, Maxime Degrendel, Marion Houard
et al.
Background: The optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) bloodstream infections (BSI) in intensive care unit (ICU) is not established. We aim to evaluate the frequency and clinical outcomesof a short appropriate antibiotic treatment (≤7 days) (SAT) for ESBL-E BSI acquired in the ICU. We specifically assessed the rate of ESBL-E BSI relapse, and in-ICU mortality. Method: All patients who acquired ESBL-E BSI in three ICU in Northern France between January 2011 and June 2022 were included in a multicenter retrospective cohort study. The factors associated with prescribing short (SAT, ≤7 days) versus long (LAT, >7 days) antibiotic treatment were analyzed. To evaluate the impact of SAT on mortality in the ICU, an estimation was applied using a Cox model with a time-dependent co-variable adjusted by inverse weighting of the propensity score. Results: In total, 379 patients were included. The proportion of patients receiving a SAT was 40% in the entire cohort and 25% in survivors beyond 7 days. In bivariate analysis, the factors associated with prescribing a SAT in survivors were shorter pre-bacteremia ICU stay (<i>p</i> = 0.005), lower proportion of chronic renal failure history (<i>p</i> = 0.034), cancer (<i>p</i> = 0.042), or transplantation (<i>p</i> = 0.025), less frequent exposure to carbapenem within 3 months (<i>p</i> = 0.015). There was a higher proportion of septic shock (<i>p</i> = 0.017) or bacteremia secondary to pneumonia (<i>p</i> = 0.003) in the group of survivors receiving a LAT. After adjustment, no difference in survival was found between the two groups (HR: 1.65, 95%CI: 0.91–3.00, <i>p</i> = 0.10). Conclusion: In our cohort, one quarter of patients with ESBL-E bacteremia acquired in the ICU surviving beyond 7 days were treated with a SAT. SAT did not appear to affect survival. Patients who could benefit from a SAT need to be better identified.
Nathalie K. Jones, Jason J. Wang, Eric L. Nielsen
et al.
We present confirmation of HD 143811 AB b, a substellar companion to spectroscopic binary HD 143811 AB through direct imaging with the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) and Keck NIRC2. HD 143811 AB was observed as a part of the GPI Exoplanet Survey in 2016 and 2019 and is a member of the Sco-Cen star formation region. The exoplanet is detected ∼430 mas from the host star by GPI. With two GPI epochs and one from Keck/NIRC2 in 2022, we confirm through common proper motion analysis that the object is bound to its host star. We derive an orbit with a semimajor axis of $6{4}_{-14}^{+32}$ au and eccentricity ${0.23}_{-0.16}^{+0.24}$ . Spectral analysis of the GPI H -band spectrum and NIRC2 L′ photometry provides additional proof that this object is a substellar companion. We compare the spectrum of HD 143811 AB b to PHOENIX stellar models and Exo-Radioactive-Convective Equilibrium Model (REM) exoplanet atmosphere models and find that Exo-REM models provide the best fits to the data. From the Exo-REM models, we derive an effective temperature of $104{2}_{-132}^{+178}$ K for the planet and translate the derived luminosity of the planet to a mass of 5.6 ± 1.1 M _Jup assuming hot-start evolutionary models. HD 143811 AB b is the first directly imaged planet around a binary that is not on an ultrawide orbit. Future characterization of this object will shed light on the formation of planets around binary star systems.
The author was encouraged to write this review by numerous enquiries from researchers all over the world, who needed a ready-to-use algorithm for the inversion of confluent Vandermonde matrices which works in quadratic time for any values of the parameters allowed by the definition, including the case of large root multiplicities of the characteristic polynomial. Article gives the history of the title special matrix since 1891 and surveys algorithms for solving linear systems with the title class matrix and inverting it. In particular, it presents, also by example, a numerical algorithm which does not use symbolic computations and is ready to be implemented in a general-purpose programming language or in a specific mathematical package.
This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"
Arif Wibowo, Haryono Haryono, Kurniawan Kurniawan
et al.
The bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) is an iconic species of freshwater fish commonly found in South-East Asia and of great commercial and patrimonial importance. At present, the genus Notopterus comprises of two distinct species, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) and Notopterus synurus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). On the Indonesian archipelago, genetic diversity and morphology of the bronze featherback were investigated for conservation purposes. The use of DNA-based species delimitation methods, applied to 165 Cytochrome oxidase I sequences of Notopteridae (121 belonging to N. notopterus), evidence a concordance between species and Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit (MOTU) and the two species of Notopterus are recognized. In N. notopterus, 9 haplotypes are detected among the 121 sequences analyzed, and three are restricted to Sundaland. These three haplotypes had distinct geographic distribution with a haplotype observed in Java, Sumatra and Borneo, another haplotype restricted to South Sumatra and a third haplotype only found in Northern Sumatra. The analyze of 21 morphometric and 9 meristic variables revealed two groups within N. notopterus, which were only supported by subtle differences in measurements with overlapping distributions between groups. The present study supports the validity of Notopterus notopterus in Sundaland and the remarkable genetic continuity among populations across its range distribution.
Kaushik Satapathy, Dimitrios Psaltis, Feryal Özel
et al.
The black hole images obtained with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) are expected to be variable at the dynamical timescale near their horizons. For the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, this timescale (5–61 days) is comparable to the 6 day extent of the 2017 EHT observations. Closure phases along baseline triangles are robust interferometric observables that are sensitive to the expected structural changes of the images but are free of station-based atmospheric and instrumental errors. We explored the day-to-day variability in closure-phase measurements on all six linearly independent nontrivial baseline triangles that can be formed from the 2017 observations. We showed that three triangles exhibit very low day-to-day variability, with a dispersion of ∼3°–5°. The only triangles that exhibit substantially higher variability (∼90°–180°) are the ones with baselines that cross the visibility amplitude minima on the u – v plane, as expected from theoretical modeling. We used two sets of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations to explore the dependence of the predicted variability on various black hole and accretion-flow parameters. We found that changing the magnetic field configuration, electron temperature model, or black hole spin has a marginal effect on the model consistency with the observed level of variability. On the other hand, the most discriminating image characteristic of models is the fractional width of the bright ring of emission. Models that best reproduce the observed small level of variability are characterized by thin ring-like images with structures dominated by gravitational lensing effects and thus least affected by turbulence in the accreting plasmas.
On 24 July 1920 the first and only king in the modern history of Syria, Faysal I, was dethroned and exiled by the invading army of colonial France. Although later rewarded with the job of king of Iraq, Faysal I never lost his appetite for the crown of Damascus, and nor did any of his brothers, nephews, and other royals from the Hashemite family. Much has been written about Faysal’s era in Syria, which began in October 1918 and lasted until July 1920. Few historians, however, have paid attention to the monarchial current that emerged thereafter in Syria, as ambitious politicians and retired officers tried to restore the Hashemite Crown both during the years of the French Mandate (1920-1946) and well into the independence of Syria. They went for the ballots and, when that failed, they tried to stage a coup that would restore the royalists to power, often with material support from one of Faysal’s many relatives. This paper looks at the post-Faysal monarchial project in Syria, which triggered the emergence of two political parties, and at least two coup attempts during the years 1946-1958. None succeeded, and the monarchial dream was abandoned in July 1958 with the toppling of the monarchy in neighboring Iraq, ruled at the time by Faysal’s grandson, King Faysal II.
Nuclear-related sciences and technology have a long and rich history within the Czechoslovakia. Even though the Czech Republic and Slovakia have been separated since 1993, wide cooperation on different levels including education and research still exists. In order to support cooperation and good relations between Czech and Slovak students in nuclear engineering and related disciplines, the Department of Nuclear Reactors organizes annually a student conference on nuclear engineering - Šimáně. Students mainly from Czech and Slovakian nuclear institutes are invited to present their research and share their knowledge. Participants from other foreign institutes are welcomed as well.
The conference is named after professor Šimáně, who graduated at the Dr. Edvard Beneš Technical University in Brno. During his early career, he had the opportunity to work with Fréderic Joliot-Curie at College de France. Later, he significantly contributed to the foundation of the nuclear science, industry and education in the Czechoslovakia. He became the first employee of the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Czechoslovakian Academy of Science, later he became the first director of the Nuclear Research Institute in Řež. Professor Šimáně was well established even on the international level. He was a director at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna or a division director at the International Agency for Atomic Energy. His work was also significantly connected with Faculty of Nuclear Sciences, CTU in Prague where he acted as Dean from 1967 to 1972.
The main objective of the conference is to provide an opportunity for BSc., MSc. and Ph.D. students of nuclear-oriented study programmes to publish and present their scientific results achieved during their university studies. Furthermore, it should give the participants experience in the field of presenting their own research, writing scientific papers and also broaden their knowledge throughout the related fields and to remind them rich Czechoslovakian history in nuclear fields by inviting experienced experts.
The organizing committee would like to thank all participants for their contributions and also to the CTU in Prague for funding this student conference. The committee also hopes that the work achieved and presented will fulfill the heritage of professor Čestmír Šimáně in current as well as future conferences.
Date: June 21 - 22, 2022
Venue: Prague, Czech Republic
URL: http://simane.fjfi.cvut.cz
Organized by:
Department of Nuclear Reactors, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague
Guest editor:
Martin Ševeček
Scientific committee:
Martin Ševeček
Martin Cesnek
Ondřej Novák
Pavel Suk
Local organizing committee:
Adam Kecek
Vojtěch Caha
Guarantor of the peer review process:
Milan Štefánik
Guarantor of language editing:
Ondřej Novák
Josiane Warszawski, Laurence Meyer, Jeanna-Eve Franck
et al.
<h4>Background</h4>We aimed to study whether social patterns of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection changed in France throughout the year 2020, in light to the easing of social contact restrictions.<h4>Methods</h4>A population-based cohort of individuals aged 15 years or over was randomly selected from the national tax register to collect socio-economic data, migration history, and living conditions in May and November 2020. Home self-sampling on dried blood was proposed to a 10% random subsample in May and to all in November. A positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG result against the virus spike protein (ELISA-S) was the primary outcome. The design, including sampling and post-stratification weights, was taken into account in univariate and multivariate analyses.<h4>Results</h4>Of the 134,391 participants in May, 107,759 completed the second questionnaire in November, and respectively 12,114 and 63,524 were tested. The national ELISA-S seroprevalence was 4.5% [95%CI: 4.0%-5.1%] in May and 6.2% [5.9%-6.6%] in November. It increased markedly in 18-24-year-old population from 4.8% to 10.0%, and among second-generation immigrants from outside Europe from 5.9% to 14.4%. This group remained strongly associated with seropositivity in November, after controlling for any contextual or individual variables, with an adjusted OR of 2.1 [1.7-2.7], compared to the majority population. In both periods, seroprevalence remained higher in healthcare professions than in other occupations.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The risk of Covid-19 infection increased among young people and second-generation migrants between the first and second epidemic waves, in a context of less strict social restrictions, which seems to have reinforced territorialized socialization among peers.
Anna Flaus-Furmaniuk, Adrian Fianu, Victorine Lenclume
et al.
Abstract Background Diabetes self-management education is exposed to attrition from services and structured ambulatory care. However, knowledge about factors related to attrition in educational programs remains limited. The context of social vulnerability due to low income may interfere. The aim of this study was to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, psychometric, and lifestyle factors associated with attrition from the ERMIES multicentre randomized parallel controlled trial (RCT) that was interrupted due to the combination of both slow inclusion and high attrition. Methods The ERMIES trial was performed from 2011 to 2016 on Reunion Island, which is characterized by a multicultural population and high social vulnerability. The original objective of the RCT was to test the efficacy of a2-year structured group self-management education in improving blood glucose in adult patients with nonrecent, insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes. One hundred participants were randomized to intensive educational intervention maintained over two years (n = 51) versus only initial education (n = 49). Randomization was stratified on two factors: centres (five strata) and antidiabetic treatment (two strata: insulin-treated or not). Sociodemographic, clinical, health-care access and pathway, psychometric and lifestyle characteristics data were collected at baseline and used to assess determinants of attrition in a particular social context and vulnerability. Attrition and retention rates were measured at each visit during the study. Multiple correspondence analysis and Cox regression were performed to identify variables associated with attrition. Results The global attrition rate was 26% during the study, with no significant difference between the two arms of randomization (9 dropouts out of 51 patients in the intervention group and 17 out of 49 in the control group). Male gender, multiperson household, low household incomes (< 800 euros), probable depression and history of hospitalization or medical leave at inclusion were associated with a higher risk of attrition from the study in multivariate regression. Conclusions Social context, vulnerability, and health care history were related to attrition in this 2-year longitudinal comparative study of structured care. Considering these potential determinants and biases is of importance in scaling up interventions aimed at the optimization of long-term care in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trial registration ID_RCB number: 2011-A00046-35, Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT01425866 (Registration date: 30/08/2011). Source of funding: Ministry of Health, France.
Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology
The study of Russian stone-cutting art remains an important and urgent task of contemporary Russian art history. It is necessary to take a fresh look at this direction of Russian decorative art and find out whether Russian stone-cutting art is an internal phenomenon, or it is based on European borrowing.
This article refers to works of stone-cutting enterprises of the Urals and the Altai, i. e. Yekaterinburg and Loktevsk Manufactories, which worked exclusively at the order of the Cabinet. In the late eighteenth century, there was a system for ordering stone products in Russia. To do this, they formed sets of “samples” of natural ornamental stone from Russian deposits and compiled albums of product projects. When sending an order to the factory, they attached a sketch and indicated the number of the stone which the product was to be made of.
A complex analysis of Russian stone-cutting art testifies to the fact that it followed European fashion, traditions, and technology. European specialists were invited to Russia in order to organise stone-cutting production. Also, travellers brought elegant artworks made of decorative stone by European masters.
By the late eighteenth century, stone-cutting production had come a much longer way in Western Europe than in Russia. The production of works of art made of stone was carried out in Italy, France, England, Sweden, and other European countries. Russian commissioners wanted to obtain similar items, and the masters imitated and reproduced European originals.
When comparing designs of decorative vases, one can see an undoubted influence of European analogues. However, if there is an obvious similarity to their decorative design, Russian masters are characterised by the ability to reveal the unique aesthetic properties of the material. At the first stage, the influence of European masters was not to be argued, but later on, Russian stone-cutting art began to acquire its own unique features, although it developed along the lines of the dominating pan-European stylistic trends.
History (General) and history of Europe, Language and Literature
The SIR evolutionary model predicts too sharp a decrease of the fractions of people infected with COVID-19 in France after the start of the national lockdown, compared to what is observed. I fit the daily hospital data: arrivals in regular and critical care units, releases and deaths, using extended SEIR models. These involve ratios of evolutionary timescales to branching fractions, assumed uniform throughout a country, and the basic reproduction number, $R_0$, before and during the national lockdown, for each region of France. The joint-region Bayesian analysis allows precise evaluations of the time/fraction ratios and pre-hospitalized fractions. The hospital data are well fit by the models, except the arrivals in critical care, which decrease faster than predicted, indicating better treatment over time. Averaged over France, the analysis yields $R_0$= 3.4$\pm$0.1 before the lockdown and 0.65$\pm$0.04 (90% c.l.) during the lockdown, with small regional variations. On 11 May 2020, the Infection Fatality Rate in France was 4 $\pm$1% (90% c.l.), while the Feverish vastly outnumber the Asymptomatic, contrary to the early phases. Without the lockdown nor social distancing, over 2 million deaths from COVID-19 would have occurred throughout France, while a lockdown that would have been enforced 10 days earlier would have led to less than 1000 deaths. The fraction of immunized people reached a plateau below 1% throughout France (3% in Paris) by late April 2020 (95% c.l.), suggesting a lack of herd immunity. The widespread availability of face masks on 11 May, when the lockdown was partially lifted, should keep $R_0$ below unity if at least 46% of the population wear them outside their home. Otherwise, without enhanced other social distancing, a second wave is inevitable and cause the number of deaths to triple between early May and October (if $R_0$=1.2) or even late June (if $R_0$=2).
This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.
We investigate inequalities in access to permanent positions in professional astronomy in France, focusing on the hiring stage. We use results from a national survey conducted on behalf of the French society of astronomy and astrophysics (SF2A) aimed at young astronomers holding a PhD obtained in France, and answered by over 300 researchers. We find that women are nearly two times less likely than men to be selected by the (national or local) committees attributing permanent positions ($p=0.06$). We also find that applicants who did their undergraduate studies in an elite school ("Grande École"), where women are largely under-represented, rather than in a university, are nearly three times more likely to succeed in obtaining a position ($p=0.0026$). Our analysis suggests the existence of two biases in committees attributing permanent positions in astronomy in France: a gender bias, and a form of elitism. These biases against women in their professional life impacts their personal life as our survey shows that a larger fraction of them declare that having children can have a negative effect on their careers. They are half as many as men having children in the sample. National committees (such as the CNRS) have acknowledged this issue for several years now, hence one can hope that changes will be seen in the next decade.
Rémi Prudhomme, Adriana De Palma, Patrice Dumas
et al.
World agriculture needs to find the right balance to cope with the trilemma between feeding a growing population, reducing its impact on biodiversity and minimizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this paper, we evaluate a broad range of scenarios that achieve 4.3 GtCO _2,eq /year GHG mitigation in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use (AFOLU) sector by 2100. Scenarios include varying mixes of three GHG mitigation policies: second-generation biofuel production, dietary change and reforestation of pasture. We find that focusing mitigation on a single policy can lead to positive results for a single indicator of food security or biodiversity conservation, but with significant negative side effects on others. A balanced portfolio of all three mitigation policies, while not optimal for any single criterion, minimizes trade-offs by avoiding large negative effects on food security and biodiversity conservation. At the regional scale, the trade-off seen globally between biodiversity and food security is nuanced by different regional contexts.
We outline the Minimalistic Measurement Scheme (MMS) compatible with regular unitary evolution of a closed quantum system. Within this approach, a part of the system becomes informationally isolated (restricted) which leads to a natural emergence of the classical domain. This measurement scenario is a simpler alternative to environment-induced decoherence. In its basic version, MMS involves two ancilla qubits, $A$ and $X$, entangled with each other and with the System $S$. Informational or thermodynamic cost of measurement is represented by $X$-qubit being isolated, i.e. becoming unavailable for future interactions with the rest of the system. Conditional upon this isolation, $A$-qubit, that plays the role of an Apparatus, becomes classical and records the outcome of the measurement. The procedure may be used to perform von Neumann-style projective measurements or generalized ones, that corresponds to Positive-Operator Value Measure (POVM). By repeating the same generalized measurement multiple times with different $A$- and $X$-qubits, one asymptotically approaches the wave function collapse in the basis determined by the premeasurement process. We present a simple result for the total information extracted after $N$ such weak measurements. Building upon MMS, we propose a construction that maps a history of a quantum system onto a set of $A$-qubits. It resembles the Consistent History (CH) formulation of Quantum Mechanics (QM), but is distinct from it, and is built entirely within the conventional QM. In particular, consistency postulate of CH formalism is not automatically satisfied, but rather is an emerging property. Namely, each measurement event corresponds to the branching of mutually exclusive classical realities whose probabilities are additive. In a general case, however, the superposition between different histories is determined by the history density matrix.
Cindy Kundlacz, Grégory Caignard, Corinne Sailleau
et al.
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious animal disease transmitted by midges of the <i>Culicoides</i> genus. The etiological agent is the BT virus (BTV) that induces a variety of clinical signs in wild or domestic ruminants. BT is included in the notifiable diseases list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its health impact on domestic ruminants. A total of 27 BTV serotypes have been described and additional serotypes have recently been identified. Since the 2000s, the distribution of BTV has changed in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, with continuous BTV incursions involving various BTV serotypes and strains. These BTV strains, depending on their origin, have emerged and spread through various routes in the Mediterranean Basin and/or in Europe. Consequently, control measures have been put in place in France to eradicate the virus or circumscribe its spread. These measures mainly consist of assessing virus movements and the vaccination of domestic ruminants. Many vaccination campaigns were first carried out in Europe using attenuated vaccines and, in a second period, using exclusively inactivated vaccines. This review focuses on the history of the various BTV strain incursions in France since the 2000s, describing strain characteristics, their origins, and the different routes of spread in Europe and/or in the Mediterranean Basin. The control measures implemented to address this disease are also discussed. Finally, we explain the circumstances leading to the change in the BTV status of France from BTV-free in 2000 to an enzootic status since 2018.
Gene duplication is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated. Although numerous methods have been developed to differentiate the ortholog and paralogs, very few differentiate the "Parent-Daughter" relationship among paralogous pairs. As coined by the Mira et al, we refer the "Parent" copy as the paralogous copy that stays at the original genomic position of the "original copy" before the duplication event, while the "Daughter" copy occupies a new genomic locus. Here we present a novel method which combines the phylogenetic reconstruction of duplications at different evolutionary periods and the synteny evidence collected from the preserved homologous gene orders. We reconstructed for the first time a deep evolutionary history of "Parent-Daughter" relationships among genes that were descendants from 2 rounds of whole genome duplications (2R WGDs) at early vertebrates and were further duplicated in later ceancestors like early Mammalia and early Primates. Our analysis reveals that the "Parent" copy has significantly fewer accumulated mutations compared with the "Daughter" copy since their divergence after the duplication event. More strikingly, we found that the "Parent" copy in a duplication event continues to be the "Parent" of the younger successive duplication events which lead to "grand-daughters".