Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

James Price, Guillermo Valenzuela-Venegas, Oskar Vågerö et al.

The large-scale deployment of wind power is central to Europe`s energy transition but faces challenges due to its social and environmental impacts on communities. Here we assess how the tolerance of local stakeholders to such impacts translates across spatial scales to shape the cost and design of the continent`s net-zero electricity system using a soft-linked modelling framework. We find that lower impact tolerance can reduce the role of onshore wind in Europe reaching net-zero by up to 84% relative to a future where wind enjoys higher acceptance, with other low carbon sources needing to be scaled up to compensate. This translates into total European electricity system costs increasing by between 2-14% while some countries see costs escalating by 20% or more. Our results show that the local acceptance of onshore wind is a key structural driver of the system and highlight the system value of policies to promote it.

Recenzje

F. C. Ljungqvist, F. C. Ljungqvist, F. C. Ljungqvist et al.

<p>The association between climate variability and grain harvest yields has been an important component of food security and economy in European history. Yet, inter-regional comparisons of climate–yield relationships have been hampered by locally varying data types and the use of different statistical methods. Using a coherent statistical framework, considering the effects of diverse serial correlations on statistical significance, we assess the temperature and hydroclimate (precipitation and drought) signatures in grain harvest yields across varying environmental settings of early modern (ca. 1500–1800) Europe. An unprecedentedly large network of yield records from northern (Sweden), central (Switzerland), and southern (Spain) Europe are compared with a diverse set of seasonally and annually resolved palaeoclimate reconstructions. Considering the effects of different crop types and time series frequencies, we find within regions consistent climate–harvest yield associations characterized by a significant summer soil moisture signal in Sweden, winter temperature and precipitation signals in Switzerland, and spring and annual mean temperature signals in Spain. The regional-scale climate–harvest associations are weaker than the recently revealed climate signals in early modern grain prices but similar in strength to modern climate–harvest relationships at comparable spatial scales. This is a noteworthy finding considering the uncertainties inherent in both historical harvest and palaeoclimate data.</p>

Gergely Romsics

Susanna Välimäki

This article concerns the life and career of composer Betzy Holmberg Deis (1860–1900), a woman artist of Finnish-Norwegian heritage who pursued an active career in Central Europe in the late 19th Century. Methodologically the research represents feminist music history and biographical research, which highlights women’s agency. The research material consists of original historical material from several archives, mainly in Finland, Norway, Denmark and Germany. In focusing on a women composer who until now has been omitted from scholarly writing on music history, the author aims to contribute new knowledge to the history of Nordic music. Holmberg Deis was successful in her composition studies at the Leipzig Conservatory. Her chamber and orchestral works, including a symphony, were performed during her lifetime in several countries. The orchestral works are lost, but a few of her chamber music compositions have survived. These make an original contribution to the late and neo-romantic Nordic repertoire.

Marta Vaculínová

Ignaz Cornova and his biography of Bohuslav of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein. The varied and contradictory perception of the personality and work of Bohuslav of Lobkowicz and Hassenstein in the early modern period was symbolically crowned in the Enlightenment by Ignaz Cornova’s biography, which is still the most comprehensive work dedicated to Hassenstein. After a brief recapitulation of research and the state of knowledge before Cornova, the study examines his approach to the material and the main substantive and formal features of his biography. Older Latin literature dealing with humanism plays an important role, as do contemporary models from the European literatures of the Enlightenment. Cornova’s work partly follows the traditional chronological approach, but several timeless chapters emerge from it, driven both by an interest in Bohuslav as an individual and by a desire to make a purposeful pedagogical impact on the reader. His aim was to present a rounded and engaging picture of Hassenstein’s life and literary output, based on his surviving works, especially his poems and correspondence, tastefully and without distracting remarks and comments. Ludwig Schubart, for example, with his biography of the German humanist Ulrich von Hutten, could have been a model for him in this respect. Brief mention is also made of the critical reviews of Cornova’s work, which he himself deals with in the preface to Hassenstein’s biography. A separate section is devoted to a comparison of the selection of poems translated by Cornova and his contemporaries Thám, Vinařický and Budík. Although the biography was considered Cornova’s most important work in his lifetime, was cited and received positive feedback, it is not very useful for contemporary research, unlike the works of Josef Truhlář, who was a few decades younger. From a scholarly point of view it falls short of contemporary demands and as a literary work is even more outdated, although (or perhaps because) it reflected the literary trends of the time.

Rusty Allison

In this interview, Rusty Allison interviews Dr. John Fahey about his forthcoming book on Przemyśl, a Polish city near the Ukrainian border. In this interview, Dr. Fahey provides insights into how the history of Przemyśl can help us understand the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. He discusses his research and what first drew him to study this complex region. He also reflects on the joys and challenges of doing research and a PhD in European history.

Kamran Ali Khan Niazi, Marta Victoria

Agrivoltaics (APV) is the dual use of land by combining agricultural crop production and photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, we have analyzed three different APV configurations: static with optimal tilt, vertically-mounted bifacial, and single-axis horizontal tracking. A model is developed to calculate the shadowing losses on the PV panels along with the reduced solar irradiation reaching the area under them for different PV capacity densities. First, we investigate the trade-offs using a location in Denmark as a case study and second, we extrapolate the analysis to the rest of Europe. We find that the vertical and single-axis tracking produce more uniform irradiance on the ground, and a capacity density of around 30 W/m2 is suitable for APV systems. Based on our model and a 100 m-resolution land cover database, we calculate the potential for APV in every NUTS-2 region within the European Union (EU). The potential for APV is enormous as the electricity generated by APV systems could produce 28 times the current electricity demand in Europe. Overall, the potential capacity for APV in Europe is 51 TW, which would result in an electricity yield of 71500 TWh/year.

S. Deser

I describe the early, from the nineteen sixties, history of attempts at quantizing General Relativity.

P. Herrera-Lormendez, A. John, H. Douville et al.

Projected changes in summer precipitation deficits partly depend on alterations in synoptic circulations. Here, the automated Jenkinson-Collison (JC) classification is used to assess the ability of twenty-one Global Climate Models (GCMs) to capture the frequency of recurring circulation types (CTs) and their implications for European daily precipitation intensities in summer (JJA). The ability of the GCMs to reproduce the observed present-day climate features is first evaluated. Most GCMs capture the observed links between mean directional flow characteristics of the CTs, and the occurrence of dry days and related dry months. The most robust relationships are found for anticyclonic and easterly CTs which are generally associated with higher than average occurrences of dry conditions. Future changes in summer frequencies of the CTs are estimated in the high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario for the sake of a high signal-to-noise ratio. Our results reveal consistent changes, mainly in the zonal CTs. A robust decrease in frequency of the westerlies and increase in the frequency of easterly CTs favour more continental, dry and warm air masses over Central Europe. These dynamical changes are shown to enhance the projected summer drying over central and southern Europe.

Marcin Danielewski

Michał Brzostowicz

The article presents the transformation of stronghold in Poland in the 12th and 13th centuries. By providing the examples of Kruszwica (Kuyavia) and Ląd (Wielkopolska), attention has been drawn to the fact that, despite the collapse of the strongholds around which gords were once organised, they could continue development and remain political, societal, religious, economic and cultural centres. They allow historians to take a different view of the operations of the then territorial and administrative organisation in Poland as well as the gradual disintegration of the system.

Bogatov Egor, Korenev Artem, Mikhailov Ilya

One of the variants for systematizing the activities of the historian of mathematics is proposed, as well as a scheme for organizing research and search work in the preparation of scientific articles and reports on the history of science.

Ján KOČÍ, Anton KRIŠTÍN

Occurrence and food composition on migration stopover is described in the regionally extinct breeding bird, the Woodchat Shrike in Slovakia. All vagrant birds in the last 20 years were observed in May in agricultural landscape, similarly to most vagrants of the species observed elsewhere in Central Europe. In the food of the individual bird at the migration stopover in western Slovakia there were found mainly the field crickets (Gryllus campestris; 31%) and carabids of the genus Pterostichus (19%) and beetles (Scarabeidae; 18%). Food composition and history of occurrence of the species in Slovakia and central Europe is discussed.

Areti Kotsi, Evangelos Mitsakis, Dimitris Tzanis

Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) are technologies that enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with the road infrastructure. These innovative technologies enable road users and traffic managers to share useful information, assisting the coordination of their actions. During the last years various initiatives providing policy rules for C-ITS deployment and a large number of projects demonstrating C-ITS implementation have taken place in Europe and USA. However, the identification of the status of C-ITS deployment remains ambiguous at binational level. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the European and US milestones, that have been reached so far in the field of C-ITS, by identifying and reporting the policy framework, as well as the projects concerning C-ITS deployment in Europe and USA.

M. B. Hastings

This is a personal history of the Hastings-Michalakis proof of quantum Hall conductance quantization.

Andrzej Buko

The elite cemetery in Bodzia (from the late 10th to the early 11th centuries) hosts the deceased of foreign and local origin who had a strong sense of ideological and ethno-cultural bonds. According to the results of the author’s latest research, a large tomb D162 played a pivotal role in the cemetery. It was originally built as a grave – a mausoleum with an entrance from the east. Over time, more graves with enclosures were added to the existing tomb on the eastern side, imitating architecture of a primary grave. The successive burials in which remains of foreigners were identified represented the structural first degree elements of the cemetery. In line with the results of isotopic labelling, the group of people buried in this row is associated with newcomers from the Baltic (Scandinavian) zone. In search of the sources of the idea and, further on, the model of the cemetery, attention was directed at the symbols and the structural elements of royal courts and rural aristocratic mansions, especially rectangular plots of land with enclosures as known from Denmark. In the light of newer research, the most symbolic representations include the topography and structural elements identified around the royal kurgans in Jelling.

Mikhail Klupt

The paper highlights the drivers of contemporary fertility history in developed countries “forgotten” by theory: fundamental changes in the world system after the Second World War and in the late 1980s and early 1990s; competing ideas of the “right” family and family and demographic policy; centre-peripheral relations and their impact on the resource capabilities of such policy. Statistical analysis shows that the periods during which countries’ positions by total fertility rates remained stable were disrupted by intervals in which significant changes in these positions occurred. Twice, due to the Second World War and the disintegration of the Soviet bloc, such intervals coincided with fundamental shifts in the world system. In addition, such intervals occurred in Western countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the negative association between women’s participation in the labour force and fertility became positive, and then in the 2000s in Russia, countries of Eastern and Central Europe and the former Yugoslavia during fertility “recovery”. Contemporary fertility changes in the developed world are directed by “gravitational fields” of four attractors. Three of them are institutional traps created by low living standards, or contradictions between the “new” economy and “old” family relations, or, in varying proportions, both. The fourth attractor is an ideal condition in which generous family policy and men’s participation in the home maintain fertility at the replacement level. Currently, France and the Scandinavian countries come closest to this. The question of whether the developed semi-peripheral countries will be able to approach this condition, or, due to resource constraints, it will remain a privilege accessible only to the core countries, remains open.

Lenka Kovačiková, Olga Trojánková, Petr Meduna et al.

Soubory zvířecích kostí a zubů datované do 8. až 14. století byly shromážděny při archeologických výzkumech na několika místech Prahy (Pražský hrad, Malá Strana a Staré Město). Získaný osteologický materiál představuje odpad vznikající převážně při úpravě a konzumaci masa. Jeho detailní vyhodnocení se zaměřením na druhové složení, úmrtní věk a pohlaví zvířat přináší bližší informace nejen o složení stravy a kvalitě masa, ale i využívání dalších živočišných produktů. Porovnáním více souborů na prostorové a časové úrovni jsme se pokusili lépe porozumět trendům v hospodaření se zvířaty a spotřebě jejich produktů v prostoru středověké Prahy.