Hasil untuk "History America"

Claudia Varella Fernández

Protagonistas de nuevos mecanismos de suministro de mano de obra barata, la mayoría de los aprendices de oficio en la Cuba del siglo XIX vivió una realidad influida negativamente por la esclavitud, mientras crecía la demanda de fuerza de trabajo en las plantaciones. La servidumbre por contrato fue absorbida por la esclavitud. El hecho de que la esclavitud africana alcanzara en ese siglo su punto álgido en la colonia española interfirió en la visión y las actuaciones de las autoridades de la isla sobre el sistema de aprendizaje de artes y oficios. Este artículo se propone, con fuentes hemerográficas y de archivo, tratar las limitaciones de dicho sistema y cubrir las razones del afán institucional por incentivar, en una aparente inclusión, la participación y acreditación de los artesanos de color en la vida urbana. La investigación concluye que los aprendices esclavizados, cuando eran "negros" o mediaba de algún modo la variable de color, no se distinguían de los aprendices afrodescendientes de condición libre.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Carolina Pradier, Diego Kozlowski, Natsumi S. Shokida et al.

The Latin-American scientific community has achieved significant progress towards gender parity, with nearly equal representation of women and men scientists. Nevertheless, women continue to be underrepresented in scholarly communication. Throughout the 20th century, Latin America established its academic circuit, focusing on research topics of regional significance. Through an analysis of scientific publications, this article explores the relationship between gender inequalities in science and the integration of Latin-American researchers into the regional and global academic circuits between 1993 and 2022. We find that women are more likely to engage in the regional circuit, while men are more active within the global circuit. This trend is attributed to a thematic alignment between women's research interests and issues specific to Latin America. Furthermore, our results reveal that the mechanisms contributing to gender differences in symbolic capital accumulation vary between circuits. Women's work achieves equal or greater recognition compared to men's within the regional circuit, but generally garners less attention in the global circuit. Our findings suggest that policies aimed at strengthening the regional academic circuit would encourage scientists to address locally relevant topics while simultaneously fostering gender equality in science.

Lukáš Likavčan

SETI is not a usual point of departure for environmental humanities. However, this paper argues that theories originating in this field have direct implications for how we think about viable inhabitation of the Earth. To demonstrate SETI's impact on environmental humanities, this paper introduces Fermi paradox as a speculative tool to probe possible trajectories of planetary history, and especially the "Sustainability Solution" proposed by Jacob Haqq-Misra and Seth Baum. This solution suggests that sustainable coupling between extraterrestrial intelligences and their planetary environments is the major factor in the possibility of their successful detection by remote observation. By positing that exponential growth is not a sustainable development pattern, this solution rules out space-faring civilizations colonizing solar systems or galaxies. This paper elaborates on Haqq-Misra's and Baum's arguments, and discusses speculative implications of the Sustainability Solution, thus rethinking three concepts in environmental humanities: technosphere, planetary history, and sustainability. The paper advocates that (1) technosphere is a transitory layer that shall fold back into biosphere; (2) planetary history must be understood in a generic perspective that abstracts from terrestrial particularities; and (3) sustainability is not sufficient vector of viable human inhabitation of the Earth, suggesting instead habitability and genesity as better candidates.

Gabriel Bizama, Alexander Wu, Bernardo Paniagua et al.

This research aims to provide a framework to assess the contribution of digital currencies to promote financial inclusion, based on a diagnosis of the landscape of financial inclusion and domestic and cross-border payments in Latin America and the Caribbean. It also provides insights from central banks in the region on key aspects regarding a possible implementation of central bank digital currencies. Findings show that although digital currencies development is at an early stage, a well-designed system could reduce the cost of domestic and cross-border payments, improve the settlement of transactions to achieve real-time payments, expand the accessibility of central bank money, incorporate programmable payments and achieve system performance demands.

L. Francisco Letelier Troncoso, Juan Pablo Paredes, Victor Fernández González et al.

Este artículo compara dos procesos comunitarios vecinales que han tenido lugar en una ciudad intermedia de la zona central de Chile. El primero de ellos tuvo lugar antes del estallido social de 2019 y el segundo se originó a partir de este. En ambos casos se observan articulaciones y vínculos que, por un lado, traspasan los límites político-administrativos establecidos por la forma dominante de concebir lo vecinal y, por otro complejizan las agendas comunitarias. Sin embargo, existe entre ellos diferencias importantes. En el primero, pre estallido, se aprecia un proceso estado-céntrico: los esfuerzos de la articulación se orientan a la búsqueda de respuesta del estado. En el segundo, originado a partir del estallido, el proceso es más bien socio-céntrico: los esfuerzos apuntan a fortalecer las propias redes comunitarias y su autonomía. Este proceso, socio-céntrico, reticular y performático, da pistas para pensar lo vecinal. Si bien las experiencias que habíamos estudiado antes muestran un incremento del poder de las organizaciones para intermediar, este sigue estando sujeto a las formas estatales de gestionar lo social. En cambio, aquí aparece lo comunitario como esfera autónoma: no existe para dirigirse al estado, sino que para reproducirse a sí mismo.  

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Peter Galison, Juliusz Doboszewski, Jamee Elder et al.

This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Adriana Guadalupe Alonso Rivera

This research attempts to present a journey through the different methods New-Spain art historiography has approached the corporate portraiture phenomenon inscribed in the female monastic context, displaying a general overview of the issues that tend to take place when addressing the series of calculated or conventional strategies formulated expressly for this set of representations. Thus, it goes beyond totalitarian genders such portraitures have agglutinated, such as “crowned nuns” or “religious painting of the 18th century”. In addition to it, the article questions prejudices around an alleged pictorial quality in function of the mimetic potential and the decorative features of these representations, encouraging new research axes evidencing their own variables, behaviors, and relations from particular theoretical, formal, corporate, and experiential approaches.

I. Belyaev, G. Carboni, N. Harnew et al.

In this paper we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a b-physics experiment, dedicated to CP violation studies and measurements of very rare b decays, however the tremendous potential for c-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary pp interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and CP violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of b and c quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10-9. In addition, world knowledge of b and c spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states.

Ana Maria Marques, Ana Carolina do Nascimento Albuquerque

Este artigo parte do diagnóstico de invisibilidade das mulheres nos livros didáticos de História e aborda a importância de considerar a interseccionalidade de raça e classe nas análises de gênero. Analisa a trajetória de pesquisas sobre livros didáticos, os avanços identificados por meio do PNLD 2018, as indicações do Guia dos Livros Didáticos e duas coleções didáticas: História, Sociedade & Cidadania e História das cavernas ao terceiro milênio. Apesar do crescimento dos estudos de gênero, a pesquisa aponta para uma ausência de mulheres e ainda mais do protagonismo delas.

Jorge Rolland

Memory making in schools evidences complex elaborations produced by their agents, as well as an equally heavy link with the contexts in which it is developed. Grasping this complexity is a challenge for those who study this subject. Through the analysis ofcompositionswritten by two groups of students in a public and a private high school from the city center of La Plata, I propose a survey on the mediations between youth people and recent past, and on their social representations. The definition of categories and the qualitative as well as quantitative study of their links in the interpretative and justifying dimensions show us,on the one hand, the persistence of school culture and a nationalistic and formally liberal frame of reference. On the other hand, identifications, appropriations, certain political attitudes and inventiveties with social memories are witnessed. Finally, a contrast between public and private schools is also attested.Thus, I explore memory making on the grounds in which it is elaborated and not only in relation to the values researchers have for the sake of democratization, which in turn constitute a necessary but not a sufficient condition.

Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.

Arthur Genthon

Interest in Brownian motion was shared by different communities: this phenomenon was first observed by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827, then theorised by physicists in the 1900s, and eventually modelled by mathematicians from the 1920s, while still evolving as a physical theory. Consequently, Brownian motion now refers to the natural phenomenon but also to the theories accounting for it. There is no published work telling its entire history from its discovery until today, but rather partial histories either from 1827 to Perrin's experiments in the late 1900s, from a physicist's point of view; or from the 1920s from a mathematician's point of view. In this article, we tackle the period straddling the two `half-histories' just mentioned, in order to highlight continuity, to investigate the domain-shift from physics to mathematics, and to survey the enhancements of later physical theories. We study the works of Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin, Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck from 1905 to 1934 as well as experimental results, using the concept of Brownian velocity as a leading thread. We show how Brownian motion became a research topic for the mathematician Wiener in the 1920s, why his model was an idealization of physical experiments, what Ornstein and Uhlenbeck added to Einstein's results, and how Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck developed in parallel contradictory theories concerning Brownian velocity.

Claudio Miranda Correa

Expediente. Revista Maracanan, Rio de Janeiro, n. 22, set.-dez. 2019.

Åsa Arping

”The Miss Austen of Sweden”. Fredrika Bremer in the 1840s America and Historiographical Revaluation How did Fredrika Bremer’s (1801–1865) depictions of Scandinavian family life become so immensely popular in the United States in the 1840s, and what did this transatlantic success have to do with gender, translation, media history, and nation building? In an attempt to trace the prerequisites for the intense yet rather short lived American ”Bremer-mania”, this article focuses on the period 1842 to 1844 – a task greatly facilitated by the last decades’ substantial digitizing of book collections and historical press material. The investigation shows that Bremer’s breakthrough occurred in a very specific situation in American social-, cultural-, and media history, and that her novels filled certain needs in the ongoing postcolonial struggle to foil British cultural hegemony. In this process, Bremer’s depictions of young women fighting for freedom offered a transfer identity, a position that for obvious reasons was provisional and temporary. As publishers started to invest in local writers, the boom for Scandinavian fiction soon decreased, and has left few traces in the history of the 19th century American novel. Fredrika Bremer’s American career is yet another example of how translated literature and international dissemination is  inadequately reflected in national literary historiography. However, considering the last decades’ growing focus on transcultural dissemination, it is eligible that future research pays more attention to the diversity of literary flows and circulations.

Alexander V. Kir'yanov

The data on molecular phylogeny of the Colias complex of South America (SA), obtained via barcoding a mitochondrial part of genome, are reported. Barcoding was trialed employing the Barcoding of Life Database platform and comprised 93 specimens of SA Colias sp. plus 2 outgroup specimens (C. philodice guatemalena from North America). It is established that Colias sp. from SA form a single monophyletic clade, characterized by notable interspecific mutational divergences (3.5-4.5%) and moderate intraspecific ones (0.3-0.9%). It also reveals the occurrence of 3 well-established (notably diverged genetically) species (C. dimera, C. vauthierii, and C. alticola, the latter re-raised to sp. level), plus a complex of 3 'emerging' species (C. lesbia, C. euxanthe, and C. flaveola) which are weakly differentiated genetically. Furthermore, it disregards the sp. status of taxa weberbaueri, mossi, nigerrima, erika, blameyi, and mendozina, as certain evidences are being brought to consider them ssp. of a clinal type of super-sp. C. flaveola s. lat. Importantly, the clade formed by SA Colias is found to be sister to the one comprising Colias sp. occurring outside the region (in Eurasia, North America, and Africa). A direct comparison of the results obtained for SA Colias with those for worldwide Colias (GenBank data) leads to the conclusion that these are largely divergent autochtonous subcomplexes, being in fact subgenera s. lat. of genus Colias. The first subgenus comprising all SA Colias sp. and named Aucolias (Austral Colias, or of southern hemisphere stem) is sister to the second one (comprising all Colias sp. from the Old and New Worlds), for which the name Colias (Colias) s. str. is preserved.

Damien Minenna, Frédéric André, Yves Elskens et al.

The traveling-wave tube is a critical subsystem for satellite data transmission. Its role in the history of wireless communications and in the space conquest is significant, but largely ignored, even though the device remains widely used nowadays. This paper present, albeit non-exhaustively, circumstances and contexts that led to its invention, and its part in the worldwide (in particular in Europe) expansion of TV broadcasting via microwave radio-relays and satellites. We also discuss its actual contribution to space applications and its conception. The originality of this paper comes from the wide period covered (from first slow-wave structures in 1889 to present space projects) and from connection points made between this device and commercial exploitations. The appendix deals with an intuitive pedagogical description of the wave-particle interaction.

Lupércio Antônio Pereira

O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma reflexão sobre a maneira como a questão da escravidão/abolição aparece na obra de Machado de Assis. Num primeiro momento, far-se-se-á uma catalogação e uma exposição ilustrativa dos registros encontrados sobre este tema nos romances, contos e crônicas machadianos. Num segundo momento, far-se-á o apontamento de algumas hipóteses explicativas para o relativo distanciamento de Machado em relação à escravidão e ao movimento abolicionista.