The purpose of this paper is to identify hybrid timber skeuomorph on the first empirical work of the Chinese Classical Style architecture carried out by a native Taiwanese architect, Chung-Yueh Li. The proportions, the composition and forms and numbers of tou-kung were therefore analyzed to compare the timber skeuomorph of the Ling-xiao Bao-dien of the Chih-nan Temple, other temple designs of Zu-Nan Hsieh, and early projects in the Chinese Classical Style architecture. The basis of the analysis was the research results on tou-kung published by the Society for Research in Chinese Architecture. The findings showed that the hybridized timber skeuomorph of the Ling-xiao Bao-dien of the Chih-nan Temple could be found both in the physical project and also in its design processes. The hybridity of the project showed the integration of northern tou-kung in the entire arrangement and the form of individual style with southern tou-kung in the proportions. This reflected the hybridity of the design processes: Li dominated the entire arrangement and forms of the project, whilst Hsieh was responsible for the proportions and forms of tou-kung. Study of this hybridization could further reveal the differences, dynamics and diversity of timber skeuomorphy.
Brian McFarlane (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of British Film, 5th edition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021), pp. 968, ISBN: 978-1526159267, £133.20
I concorsi dell’Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon scandiscono la vita della stessa istituzione a partire dal 1837. La documentazione presente in archivio e le opere lasciate dai concorrenti rappresentano, nonostante le lacune e la qualità discontinua, un nucleo significativo e sostanzialmente inedito del patrimonio accademico. Recentemente l’accademia ha inventariato e catalogato il patrimonio documentale e grafico della sezione di architettura: questo studio, seguendo e provando a implementare i criteri metodologici già utilizzati, si focalizza sulla parte documentale dell’area scultura.
Tondok Bakaru Village in Mamasa Regency was designated as a Desa Sadar Wisata in 2019, as an effort to increase the local economy. The purpose of this study to determine the perceptions and motivations of stakeholders towards the development of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism. The phenomenological approach is used to analyze correlations between the proposed development with the economic development, ecology, and socio-culture. Study results are classified based on class intervals listed on the assessment graphs completed with associated descriptions. Notable findings here are as follows. Stakeholder's perception of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism development is on a ‘very agreeable’ scale. This is due to a ‘high desire’ scale expressed by stakeholders to have active roles in the development of ecotourism in Mamasa. Stakeholder motivation towards economic development is also on a ‘high scale’. Many stakeholders also express that it is necessary to improve tourism infrastructures, provide support for orchid cultivation-related business, development of networks for food provision, and other supporting facilities. Aspiration for the development of ecology-based tourism is also on a rather ‘high’ scale, as the concept of Tondok Bakaru ecotourism has not been well-conceived that indeed has disrupted the hydrological system, land conservation, and preservation of flora and fauna. Moreover, aspiration for socio-cultural development is on a ‘very high’ scale. This is influenced by a great concern on the gradual extinction of Tondok Bakaru Village’s socio-cultural assets.
Keywords: ecology; economy; ecotourism; stakeholder; socio-culture
Abstrak
Desa Tondok Bakaru di Kabupaten Mamasa ditetapkan menjadi Desa Sadar Wisata pada tahun 2019 sebagai upaya peningkatan daya tahan ekonomi lokal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi dan motivasi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru. Pendekatan fenomenologi digunakan untuk menganalisis persepsi dan motivasi terhadap pengembangan ekowisata yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi, ekologi dan sosial budaya di Tondok Bakaru. Hasil analisis dikelaskan berdasarkan interval kelas pada grafik penilaian dan pemaknaannya diuraikan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Persepsi terhadap pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru berada pada skala sangat setuju karena didasari oleh adanya keinginan yang tinggi dari pemangku kepentingan untuk berperan aktif pada pengembangan ekowisata di Kabupaten Mamasa. Motivasi pemangku kepentingan terhadap pengembangan ekonomi berada pada skala tinggi. Terbatasnya penunjang ekonomi ekowisata sehingga perlu dilakukan pembenahan infrastruktur, pengadaan inkubasi kelompok usaha budidaya tanaman anggrek, makanan dan penyewaan fasilitas penunjang. Motivasi pada pengembangan ekologi ekowisata pada skala agak tinggi karena konsep pengembangan ekowisata Tondok Bakaru belum tertata dengan baik yang memungkinkan terganggunya sistem hidrologi, konservasi lahan dan pelestarian flora fauna. Motivasi pada pengembangan sosial budaya berada pada skala sangat tinggi karena dipengaruhi oleh keprihatinan pada asset sosial budaya yang saat ini terancam punah.
Kata kunci: ekologi, ekonomi; ekowisata; eemangku kepentingan; eosial budaya
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
In Swedish oral tradition, as well as in one example of Dalecarlian folk painting from the late 18th century, an invocation of twelve (occasionally fourteen) angels standing around the bed is evident from at least the 17th century. This invocation, while having taken on several different functions, has predominantly been used as a bedtime prayer but has also been sung during wakes in the home. It parallels numerous European angel prayers, the most famous of which is probably the German version Abends wenn ich schlafen geh, and can be traced to 14th-century ars moriendi practices. The prayer bears a striking resemblance to the Jewish Ashkenazic bedtime invocation of the four angels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel, and the two prayers may either be the result of a genetic relationship through borrowing and appropriation or are the result of a shared Judæo-Christian oral prayer repertoire in mediaeval Europe. While the Christian angelic invocation, apart from its (most probably later) use as a bedtime prayer, focuses on death, the Jewish angelic invocation focusses on Divine mystical presence. The conservative development of angelic pictorial representation in mediaeval prayer practices through the early modern period points to the roots of certain 18th and 19th century folk art motifs and themes, and a shared Jewish and Christian heritage behind them.
معماری خانههای بومی در بسیاری از شهرهای حاشیۀ کویر ـ مبتنی بر ملاحظات اقلیمی، کارکردی و فرهنگی ـ در ترکیبی از فضاهای باز، نیمهباز و بسته شکل گرفته است. هر کدام از این فضاها نیز به نوبۀ خود و متناسب با شرایطی که ذکر شد (و به ویژه خصوصیات اقلیمی و تنظیم شرایط محیطی) در انواع و گونههای مختلفی پدید آمدهاند. در این میان، فضاهای نیمهباز عمدتاً به مثابۀ حلقۀ واسط و عرصههای مابین فضاهای باز و بسته، دارای جایگاه ویژه و قابل مطالعهای هستند. نگاهی به خانههای بومی شهر نایین ـ به عنوان یکی از شهرهای واقع در اقلیم گرم و خشک حاشیۀ کویر ـ نیز نشان از آن دارد که در معماری این خانهها توجه ویژهای به شکلگیری فضاهای نیمهباز شده و انواع مختلفی از این فضاها را پدید آورده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف گونهشناسی فضاهای نیمهباز در خانههای صفوی و قاجار شهر نایین به انجام رسیده و سعی در شناسایی مؤلفهها و ویژگیهای معماری این فضاها و تبیین نسبت آنها با دیگر فضاهای مرتبط داشته است. شیوۀ پژوهش این مقاله مبتنی بر روش تحقیق توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و مقایسۀ تطبیقی بوده و دادههای مورد نیاز خود را از طریق مشاهدات میدانی، رجوع به منابع کتابخانهای، مستندات تاریخی و همچنین مراجعه به منابع شفاهی گردآوری نموده است. به منظور تحدید دامنۀ تحقیق، پژوهش حاضر صرفاً بر خانههای متعلق به دورههای صفوی و قاجار شهر نائین متمرکز گردیده است. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر آنست که عموماً در خانههای بومی صفوی و قاجاری نایین، فضاهای نیمهباز ـ علیرغم دارا بودن نسبتهای متنوعی از کل مساحت بنا ـ به طور متوسط با مساحتی در حدود 6% از کل فضاها در ترکیب با فضاهای باز و بستۀ خانهها به کار گرفته شدهاند. در همین رابطه، سه گونۀ فضای نیمهباز شامل «ایوان»، «ایوانچه» و «تالار» قابل شناسایی است که هر کدام از آنها به لحاظ شکل، نحوۀ مکانیابی و عملکرد دارای ویژگیهای مختص خویش بودهاند.
Статья посвящена интерпретации образов города Феодосии в творчестве Константина Федоровича Богаевского – представителя «Киммерийской школы живописи». Приводятся итоги исследования вех творческой биографии художника, выстроенные в хронологическом порядке, учитывая особенности изменений стилистической манеры и решаемые им эстетические задачи. Охарактеризованы параметры и круг мастеров «Киммерийской школы живописи». Выбрав главной темой своего творчества в самом начале пути загадочную страну Киммерию, художник претворял ее в больших панорамных живописных произведениях и малоформатных рисунках и акварелях, отмеченных высоким мастерством и глубокой мифопоэтикой. Рассказывается о мастерской живописца, ставшей местом притяжения для многих гостей, представлявших творческую интеллигенцию Москвы и Ленинграда. Освещается вклад уроженца Феодосии и почитателя творчества К.Ф. Богаевского – И.М. Саркизова-Серазини в просвещение родного города среди модных курортов начала ХХ века, а также судьба его необычайной коллекции.
Abstract Spectral images were captured of paper samples varnished with two water-soluble materials: gum arabic and egg white. The samples were submitted to degradation processes that partially or totally eliminated the varnish from the substrate (water immersion and ageing). The spectral information was used to obtain average color data and to characterize the spatial and color inhomogeneity across pixels, showing that the pixel spectral data are critical for an accurate characterization of the degradation process of the varnishes. Since the varnishes typically become yellower with ageing, this study introduces two novel and simple-to-compute yellowness indices based on the spectral information, which are validated against a standard colorimetric index (ASTM-E313 2015). The potential uses of spectral information are demonstrated with several pieces of a real antique map sample by comparing the spectral information measured before and after cleaning the sample. To sum up, the main contributions of this study are the characterization of the spatial homogeneity through pixel-based spectral and color information and the proposal of spectral-based yellowing indices for two critical applications (ageing process follow-up and effect of cleaning), as demonstrated with synthetic and historical samples of varnished paper respectively.
Tekst predstavlja originalnu recenziju knjige “STANJE ŠUMA I ŠUMSKIH ZEMLJIŠTA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, prema drugoj inventuri šuma na velikim površinama (2006 – 2009)”, koju je uradila grupa naučnih radnika Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu: Lojo A., Balić B., Musić J., Višnjić Ć., Vojniković S., Treštić T., Čabaravdić A., Gurda S., Delić S., Imbrahimspahić A., u saradnji sa konsultantom Svjetske banke Hočevar M. Recenziju je uradio Miloš Koprivica 17.06.2015. na osnovu Odluke broj 01/6- 1008/15 koju je donijelo Naučno-nastavno vijeće Šumarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu dana 06. 05. 2015. godine, čime je isti imenovan za recenzenta.
This paper gives a key definition, for a new approach to dessins and algebraic numbers. The distant goal is to construct from each dessin $D$ an algebraic number $η_D$, in a systematic and useful way. The algebra of balanced dessins is generated by formal sums $ψ_D$ of dessins, intended to be intermediate between $D$ and $η_D$.
C. San-Antonio-Gómez, J. S. Fernández-Sánchez, F. Manzano-Agugliaro
El objetivo que planteamos es analizar cómo Tomás López representó en su Atlas Geográfico de España (AGE) de 1804, la arquitectura, el urbanismo y las obras públicas civiles y militares, un análisis hasta el momento inédito. Para ello se han caracterizado los diferentes símbolos cartográficos que aparecen en los mapas, que constituyen los parámetros de referencia del análisis y transmiten información fidedigna de la forma y significado de lo representado. Para esas tipologías se han encontrado ciento trece símbolos diferentes, lo que da idea de la minuciosidad y riqueza de la información contenida en los mapas. Dieciocho de ellos, son equivalentes con otros tantos símbolos cartográficos de Chevalier, maestro de D’Anville, de quien Tomás López fue discípulo en París. También hay una similitud entre cuatro símbolos del AGE con sus correspondientes signos de las Ordenanzas del Real Cuerpo de Ingenieros de 1803.
The twistor space of a Riemannian 4-manifold carries two almost complex structures, $J_+$ and $J_-$, and a natural closed 2-form $ω$. This article studies limits of manifolds for which $ω$ tames either $J_+$ or $J_-$. This amounts to a curvature inequality involving self-dual Weyl curvature and Ricci curvature, and which is satisfied, for example, by all anti-self-dual Einstein manifolds with non-zero scalar curvature. We prove that if a sequence of manifolds satisfying the curvature inequality converges to a hyperkähler limit X (in the $C^2$ pointed topology) then X cannot contain a holomorphic 2-sphere (for any of its hyperkähler complex structures). In particular, this rules out the formation of bubbles modelled on ALE gravitational instantons in such families of metrics.
Se analiza la emergencia de un nuevo paradigma que determina roles diferenciados y contrapuestos a los esquemas clásicos vigentes en los gobiernos locales, particularmente en las regiones metropolitanas, desarrollados como resultado de tendencias globales. Tales cambios, provenientes de la economía, la mercantilización de los bienes públicos y la liberalización e integración de los mercados, afectan los diseños institucionales tradicionales, que les otorgan competencias delimitadas y subordinadas a los gobiernos locales en el marco de un modelo soberanista centrado en el Estado-Nación. Con la globalización, este esquema ha cambiado y hoy los gobiernos locales asumen en las grandes ciudades nuevas competencias, las cuales corresponden a la emergencia de nodos metropolitanos que se articulan con los mercados globales y con dinámicas de reconfiguración de flujos económicos, políticos, sociales y demográficos. Este proceso ocurre en términos de redes de ciudades y de integración de regiones con esquemas asimétricos de concentración de recursos y poder, modificando el mapa del desarrollo territorial.
Architecture, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
We put forward a new view of relativity theory that makes the existence of a flow of time compatible with the four-dimensional block universe. To this end, we apply the creation-discovery view elaborated for quantum mechanics to relativity theory and in such a way that time and space become creations instead of discoveries and an underlying non-temporal and non-spatial reality comes into existence. We study the nature of this underlying non-temporal and non-spatial reality and reinterpret many aspects of the theory within this new view. We show that data of relativistic measurements are sufficient to derive the three-dimensionality of physical space. The nature of light and massive entities is reconsidered, and an analogy with human cognition is worked out.
We analyze the meaning of the violation of the marginal probability law for situations of correlation measurements where entanglement is identified. We show that for quantum theory applied to the cognitive realm such a violation does not lead to the type of problems commonly believed to occur in situations of quantum theory applied to the physical realm. We briefly situate our quantum approach for modeling concepts and their combinations with respect to the notions of 'extension' and 'intension' in theories of meaning, and in existing concept theories.