Hasil untuk "Explosives and pyrotechnics"

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DOAJ Open Access 2026
Investigation of the initiatory reactivity of polynitro -amines and -arenes via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Jhonatan Rodriguez-Pereira, Svatopluk Zeman

The initiation reactivity of a wide range of polynitro compounds has been assessed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These compounds include nitramines (ε-CL20, β-CL20, BCHMX, TTAZ), six β-CL20/BCHMX coagglomerates (CACs) and eight highly thermostable “genuine” polynitroarenes (HNBP, ONT, NONA, DODECA, TENN, BTX, TPT and TACOT Z), all of which exhibit primary homolysis of the trigger bond. The binding energies (Ebind) of N 1s and O 1s electrons have been analyzed in relation to the enthalpy of formation, impact and electric-spark sensitivity, detonation velocity and crystal density. Higher Ebind values in both elements correlate with increasing enthalpy of formation and impact sensitivity. Electric spark sensitivity is directly proportional to O 1s Ebind. Detonation velocity increases with Ebind; however, β-CL20/BCHMX composites and the O 1s Ebind values of polynitro-polyazarenes (TACOT Z-BTX-TPT) show inverse trends. The relationship of N 1s Ebind with the longest X–NO2 bond (X = C or N) in the molecule reflects nitro-group interactions with the rest of the molecule, whereas O 1s Ebind is shaped by crystal packing. Relationships between Ebind and crystal density have also been found and discussed. Additional correlations between N 1s Ebind values and FTIR symmetric N–O stretching support the identification cocrystals in CACs. These findings highlight XPS as a valuable tool for probing initiation reactivity and intermolecular behavior in energetic materials.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2026
The polyurethane elastomer-based PBX with excellent cyclic manufacturing performance

Guancheng Shen, Chunyan Chen, Kun Li et al.

Plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) have been subjected to intensive research worldwide due to their superior energy release efficiency and insensitivity characteristics. However, thermoset PBXs face several challenges, including long curing times, significant batch-to-batch variation, and difficulties in recycling residual materials. To address these issues, the interface interactions between thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and solid components, compatibility with plasticizers, and compatibility with energetic components (such as HMX and Al) were analyzed, leading to the development of a PBX with TPU as the binder. Further characterization of the microstructure and macroscopic mechanical properties of the thermoplastic PBXs revealed that their post-molding charge structure is dense, exhibiting mechanical properties comparable to those of thermosetting PBXs. More importantly, during five consecutive repeated manufacturing processes, the composition and mechanical property consistency of the thermoplastic PBXs were highly consistent, with the maximum deviation in mechanical properties being only 5.6%. Thermoplastic PBXs demonstrate excellent reproducibility and recyclability, offering unique advantages in residual material recovery and circular utilization.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2026
Dynamic response mechanism and cumulative damage effect of Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy under repeated impact loading

Jialin CHEN, Shutao LI, Ming AN et al.

To investigate the evolution of phase structure, dislocation distribution, energy absorption capacity, and impact accumulation effect of high-entropy alloys (HEA) under shock loading, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to systematically analyze the dynamic response behavior of Al0.3CoCrFeNi HEA plate subjected to single and secondary impact load. The results show that under the first impact, the phase structure evolution and energy absorption mode of the plastic region of Al0.3CoCrFeNi HEA plate exhibits significant velocity dependence. As the velocity increases, the proportion of face-centered cubic structure shows a three-stage downward trend, while the disordered structure increases accordingly. Under low velocity impact (0.5-1.0 km/s), energy is mainly absorbed by dislocation network; at medium velocity impact (1.0-2.0 km/s), both dislocations and disordered atoms contribute; under high velocity impact (2.0-3.0 km/s), disordered atoms dominate energy absorption. Within the velocity range of 0.5-0.8 km/s of the rigid sphere, the dislocation line length increases linearly with the impact velocity. However, at higher impact velocities, the dislocation line length decreases due to the limitation of the plate thickness. The stress analysis shows that when the impact velocity increases, both the maximum stress and the boundary stress of the plastic zone exhibit nonlinear variations characterized by a quadratic relationship. Under the secondary impact, the Al0.3CoCrFeNi HEA plate forms a damage zone resembling a trapezoidal shape after impact. The radius of the pit within this damage zone exhibits a quadratic relationship with the impact velocity. Additionally, the minimum affected area resulting from the secondary impact also demonstrates a quadratic relationship with the impact velocity. Regarding impact resistance, as the initial impact velocity increases, the residual velocity following the secondary impact also rises, indicating a reduction in the resistance capability of HEA. At a distance of 10 nm from the impact center, the ballistic limit velocity decreases nonlinearly with increasing initial impact velocity. However, an increase in the secondary impact velocity mitigates the effects induced by the initial impact.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2026
Implementation of metallic material constitutive models based on artificial neural networks in explicit finite element analysis

Zhengdong KANG, Shaozhe WANG, Buyun SU et al.

Machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to the prediction of material behavior and have demonstrated clear advantages over conventional constitutive modeling approaches. The objective of this study was to develop an accurate and computationally efficient data-driven constitutive description for metallic materials under coupled temperature and strain-rate loading conditions. A CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy was selected as the representative material system.Compression experiments were performed over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates to obtain true stress-strain data. Based on the experimental results, a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model was calibrated to describe strain hardening, strain-rate sensitivity, and thermal softening effects. The calibrated model was then implemented in finite element simulations to generate a large, physically consistent dataset spanning broad thermo-mechanical conditions. This simulation-assisted data generation strategy expanded the training domain while ensuring continuity and stability of the dataset. Using the generated data, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was constructed to learn the nonlinear relationship between strain, strain rate, temperature, and flow stress. The network architecture and training strategy were optimized to improve prediction accuracy and generalization performance. To enable efficient application of the trained ANN within an explicit finite element framework, an automatic FORTRAN code generation tool was developed. The trained ANN parameters were converted into a user-defined material subroutine and embedded into the Abaqus/Explicit platform, allowing direct numerical implementation without external dependencies.The results indicate that the ANN-based constitutive model predicts flow stress with high accuracy, with relative errors remaining below one percent across the investigated loading conditions. In addition, the ANN implementation exhibits higher computational efficiency than the conventional constitutive model in explicit finite element simulations.It is concluded that the data-driven neural network approach can effectively replace traditional phenomenological constitutive models in finite element analysis. The proposed framework provides an efficient and reliable pathway for numerical modeling and simulation of metallic materials under complex thermo-mechanical conditions.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2025
Preparation and performance characterization of HMX/F2602/GQDs microspheres by spray drying method

Conghua Hou, Yuhang Luo, Siyi Zheng et al.

GQDs possess numerous active sites, nano-microstructures, and photo-induced conductivity characteristics. In this study, spray drying technology was employed to explore the application of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in energetic materials. The mechanism of HMX-based composite microsphere formation 0and the synergistic regulation of spray drying process conditions were analyzed. The influence mechanism of GQDs on the microstructure and properties of HMX-based composite microspheres was clarified. The raw materials HMX and HMX/F2602/GQDs were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), BAM impact sensitivity tester, and electrostatic spark sensitivity tester. The results show that the prepared HMX/F2602/GQDs microspheres have uniform particle size, smooth and round morphology, and the crystal form of the composite microspheres has not changed. The activation energies of HMX/F2602 and HMX/F2602/GQDs are 504.19 kJ/mol and 657.74 kJ/mol, respectively, which are 5% and 35.4% higher than that of the raw material HMX, respectively. The impact energy increases by 4 J and 6 J, and the electrostatic sensitivity decreases by 2% and 46%, respectively. This indicates that GQDs can significantly improve the thermal stability and safety of energetic materials. It provides a new idea for the design of energetic materials.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2025
Enhancing the ignition ability of semiconductor bridge by composite Al/CuO/NC film

Jianhua Hou, Dongmei Ren, Jiarong Duan et al.

Aiming at the problem that the ignition ability of semiconductor bridge (SCB) is limited by the quality of bridge area, an energetic semiconductor bridge (ESCB) was prepared by 3D direct writing printing method. Using Al/CuO as the main component of the energetic ink and nitrocellulost (NC) as the binder, an energetic ignition bridge was successfully prepared by combining the energetic ink on the SCB surface. The electric detonation and ignition experiments of SCB and ESCB were carried out by means of capacitive discharge, and the gap ignition experiments proved that the ignition ability of SCB was successfully enhanced by energetic ink. In the electrical explosion experiment, under the excitation of 30 V capacitor discharge, the melting and vaporization time of ESCB bridge zone is longer than that of SCB, because the energetic film absorbs the heat generated by the bridge zone. Due to the bonding effect of NC, Al and CuO are more closely combined and the reaction is more complete, and the heat release of energetic ink is 1232 J/g. At 30 V/100 µF, the ESCB can ignite the B/KNO3 charge at an 10 mm gap when the ink charge is 3 mg. The results demonstrate the strong ignition ability of ESCB, which has a good application prospect in the use of ignition and fire transmission sequences.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2025
Study on the high-speed penetration resistance of honeycomb tube surface constrained concrete

Xiaochen LI, Yuguo JI, Chao LI et al.

To investigate the penetration resistance of metal honeycomb tube-confined concrete structures under hypervelocity impact, penetration experiments were conducted using a two-stage light gas gun with projectile velocities near 1500 m/s. The material point method (MPM) was employed to simulate the penetration process and validate the parameters of target and projectile. This method was further used to analyze the effects of honeycomb tube parameters, including wall thickness, height, diameter, and material, on the penetration resistance of the target structure. Numerical simulations showed that MPM can accurately simulate high-velocity penetration processes, with simulation results deviating from experimental data by less than 10%. Through orthogonal analysis, the factors influencing penetration depth were ranked in descending order as follows: characteristic tube depth, characteristic inner diameter, characteristic wall thickness, and material. For the cratering effect, the primary influencing factors were identified as characteristic wall thickness, characteristic tube depth, material, and characteristic inner diameter. For the projectiles tested in this study, optimization results indicated that a combination of 4 mm wall thickness, 150 mm height, 30 mm incircle diameter, and tungsten alloy demonstrated the best penetration resistance, reducing penetration depth by 25.1% compared to plain concrete. A combination of 4 mm wall thickness, 150 mm height, 90 mm incircle diameter, and aluminum exhibited superior resistance to the cratering effect, decreasing crater radius by 28.7% compared to plain concrete. Multi-objective optimization analysis determined the optimal overall configuration to be: 4 mm wall thickness, 150 mm height, 30 mm mm incircle diameter, and aluminum.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2025
Combustion and Thermal Behavior of Selected Metallic Fuels Used in Pyrotechnic Compositions

Davney Ondzié Pandzou, Nabil Mokrani, Stéphane Bernard et al.

Metal powders have both a high specific energy and a high energy density, which explains their widespread use in energetic materials (propellants, explosives and pyrotechnics). Pyrotechnic compositions are used extensively for both civilian and military applications. However, the combustion of pyrotechnics remains challenging to understand or predict due to the diversity of the components and the wide range of parameters that affect their results. Therefore, ongoing research efforts worldwide aim to investigate the combustion mechanisms of pyrotechnic compositions to improve their performance. In this review, studies on the ignition and combustion mechanisms of four metal powders (Al, Mg, Fe and B) are discussed. Moreover, their use as fuel in pyrotechnic systems is reported, as well as the combustion performance and energy release of the pyrotechnic mixtures. Additionally, some mixtures composed of fluorinated oxidizers and Al, Mg and B are also presented. Thermal analysis methods such as DSC and TG are used to obtain the thermal behavior of the pyrotechnic compositions. Furthermore, parameters such as particle size and the equivalence ratio that affect the performance of pyrotechnic mixtures and those that remain little studied are reported in this review.

DOAJ Open Access 2025
Rapid assessment of local damage in reinforced concrete T-beam bridge decks under blast loading

Ziguo WANG, Xiangjia KONG, Yong PENG et al.

Prestressed reinforced concrete (RC) T-beam bridges are commonly employed in highway bridges construction. After explosive attacks, the deck damage mostly exists in the form of breaches and affects its traffic capacity. While significant attention has been devoted to evaluating post-blast residual capacity of RC beam bridge piers and girders in existing blast damage assessment studies, there remains a critical gap in methodologies enabling intuitive and rapid damage assessment method for bridge serviceability. Therefore, the rapid assessment of bridge deck damage is investigated in this study by combining numerical simulation with multivariate nonlinear regression analysis, in which the breach size of the prestressed RC T-beam bridge deck subjected to explosive loading is taken as the damage index. Through comparative analysis of the transverse size of the deck breach under blast loading, it was revealed that concrete strength exhibits relatively minor influence, whereas parameters including explosion location, deck thickness, diaphragm spacing, TNT equivalent, and scaled distance demonstrate more pronounced effects. Owing to the pronounced reinforcing and constraining effects of webs and diaphragms on the bridge deck, comparative analyses under identical conditions demonstrate that transverse size of the breach caused by explosion above deck areas between webs and diaphragms is significantly smaller than that by explosion directly above the web, while on-bridge explosion exhibit lower damage compared to under-bridge explosion. Based upon the aforementioned parameters with significant influence, utilizing transverse size of the breach as the damage index, a rapid blast damage assessment formula is proposed for predicting the post-blast traffic capacity of bridges.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2025
Impact of aluminum powder content on explosion fireball expansion and shock wave propagation in HMX-based aluminized explosives

Longxiang Gao, Wen Pan, Han Gao et al.

This study aims to investigate the effects of different aluminum (Al) powder contents on the expansion process of the explosion fireball and the propagation characteristics of shock waves in 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX)-based aluminized explosives. Four different formulations of HMX-based explosive samples were prepared and subjected to air-blast tests. The explosion fireball and shock wave propagation were recorded using a framing camera and high-speed photography. Image processing, geometric feature extraction, and curve fitting were performed. The results indicate that: at the same time, with the increase in aluminum powder content, the brightness, radius, and area of the fireball all increased. The afterburning effect of aluminum powder prolonged the fireball's duration. The fireball radius was fitted using the two-phase exponential association equation, with the fitting error within 5% compared to the measured experimental values. At the same time, the shock wave velocity was highest for the explosive formulation with 20% aluminum powder content. This study systematically reveals the impact of aluminum powder content on the fireball expansion and shock wave propagation processes, providing significant theoretical and experimental support for optimizing explosive formulations, improving detonation efficiency, and controlling shock wave characteristics.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2024
Modeling the process of slag formation in paste propulsion

V.A. Babuk, D.I. Kuklin, S. Yu Naryzhny

The results of modeling the accumulation of slag residue in the combustion chamber of a propulsion system on pasty propellant obtained using a multiphase flow evolution model are presented. The influence of composition solutions on the process of slag formation is established; the significance of this process for the quality of such engines is shown. The nature of the influence of the parameters of the burning process for propellants of the type under consideration on the intensity of slag formation is determined. It is shown that the degree of involvement of metallic fuel in the agglomeration process has the greatest influence on slag formation. It has been established that the most effective ''tool'' for suppressing slag formation in the combustion chambers of paste propulsion is to change the regularities of the burning process, mainly associated with the formation of condensed products at the surface of the burning propellant.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2024
Rheological and printability evaluation of melt-cast explosives for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing

Huzeng Zong, Hao Ren, Xiang Ke et al.

The rheology of melt-cast explosives is vital for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) manufacturing process. To address this problem, the rheological behavior of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene/1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (TNT/HMX) melt-cast explosives were systematically investigated by a rotational rheometer. The results indicated that the rheological behavior of TNT/HMX melt-cast explosives was strongly influenced by the solid content and temperature. Through the printing experiment, the range of printing parameters that can be applied to fabricate desired explosive grain structures was determined. Besides, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and Hagan-Poiseuille formula were used to explore and quantify the printable zone of 3D printing melt-cast explosives. This work could expand the application of 3D printing technology in the field of explosives, propellants, and projectile penetration.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
arXiv Open Access 2024
Thermonuclear explosions as Type II supernovae

Alexandra Kozyreva, Javier Moran-Fraile, Alexander Holas et al.

We consider a binary stellar system, in which a low-mass, of 0.6 Msun, carbon-oxygen white dwarf (WD) mergers with a degenerate helium core of 0.4 Msun of a red giant. We analyse the outcome of a merger within a common envelope (CE). We predict the observational properties of the resulting transient. We find that the double detonation of the WD, being a pure thermonuclear explosion and embedded into the hydrogen-rich CE, has a light curve with the distinct plateau shape, i.e. looks like a supernova (SN) Type IIP, with a duration of about 40 days. We find five observed SNe IIP: SN 2004dy, SN 2005af, SN 2005hd, SN 2007aa, and SN 2008bu, that match the V-band light curve of our models. Hence, we show that a thermonuclear explosion within a CE might be mistakenly identified as a SN IIP, which are believed to be an outcome of a core-collapse neutrino-driven explosion of a massive star. We discuss a number of diagnostics, that may help to distinguish this kind of a thermonuclear explosion from a core-collapse SN.

en astro-ph.SR, astro-ph.HE
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Additive manufacturing and performance tuning of functionally graded Al/AP with continuous change of content

Yongjin Chen, Yucheng Deng, Hui Ren et al.

As a typical energetic composite, aluminum (Al)/ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been widely applied in propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. To regulate its energy output, a functionally graded Al/AP composite with continuously changing component content was fabricated by 3D printing through a self-designed ''partition''. The printed functionally graded Al/AP composite was characterized by different techniques. The research showed that the overall structure of functionally graded Al/AP is complete, the internal particles are densely packed and the porosity is small, the phenolic resin binder had good compatibility with powders (Al, AP), and the content of Al and AP in the functional gradient Al/AP strip has achieved continuous gradient change (Al content from 50 wt% to 20 wt%, AP content from 50 wt% to 80 wt%) along a certain direction. Because of the continuous change of the content of different components, functionally graded Al/AP realizes the effective regulation of flame shape, combustion rate, pressure output, and energy release on the macro level. That is, with the increase of Al content, the combustion temperature and heat release gradually increase, and the combustion flame shows the morphological changes of horizontal uniform injection, downward tilt, bright spot injection, and attenuation in turn. With the increase of AP content, the pressure output gradually increases, and the combustion rate first increases and then decreases. These results indicate that functional gradient provides a new strategy for controlling the combustion reaction and energy output of energetic materials. In addition, 3D printing technology provides a feasible method for the preparation of functionally graded materials.

Mining engineering. Metallurgy
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Agglomeration of particles stored in a box

Dieter Vollath

Metallic nanoparticles are an essential part of advanced rocket fuels. Because of difficulties caused by hard ignition, incomplete reaction, and large size of combustion residues metallic particles with conventional particle sizes are unfavorable. However, the application of nanosized metallic particles does not show these disadvantages, in contrast, the application of nanosized metallic particles increases burning rates and reduces the two-phase specific impulse losses associated with solid combustion residues. On the other side, nanosized metallic particles are problematic, too. Nanoparticles, especially metallic ones, have a tendency to agglomerate. The formation of agglomerates leads to a reduction of the total surface of the particles and, therefore, to a reduction of the surface energy. This paper is limited to the process of agglomeration. As agglomeration is a random process, meaningful results are possible only using statistical methods. For this paper, a model with random selection of the particles based on Markow chains was applied. To evaluate the stability of the agglomerated product, the entropy was calculated. The results show that, with increasing agglomeration, the entropy increases exponentially. The thermodynamically better criterion is the free enthalpy; however, in lack of adequate materials data, this criterion could not be applied. Therefore, in general, the consideration presented in this paper are not specific for the addition of a specific metal.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Purification, crystal structure and properties of azoxytriazolone (AZTO)

Tianlong Zhou, Jiaxu Gong, Mingzhen Xie et al.

In this work, the azoxytriazolone (AZTO) was synthesized by electrochemical reduction 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO) under different types of electrolytes which were Na2SO4 and H2SO4. By comparing the yield of AZTO/azoTO synthesized under different electrolyte conditions, the work found that sulfuric acid as the electrolyte has a positive effect on the synthesis of AZTO. On this basis, the high-concentration AZTO was prepared by regulating the concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.05M, 0.1M, 0.5M, 1M). Finally, by introducing an appropriate amount of NaOH, we successfully achieved the separation and purification of AZTO from the mixture of AZTO and azoTO. In addition, single crystal AZTO was also prepared in this experiment to test its crystal structure, which illustrated that the crystal density of AZTO is 1.902 g/cm3 at 193 K, belonging to the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n. The thermal properties results of AZTO showed that the thermal stability properties of AZTO were affected by AZTO/azoTO ratio, and the thermal decomposition peak of pure AZTO is 352°C when the content of azoTO is zero. On the contrary, the BAM susceptibility tester test demonstrated the impact susceptibility is 30 J and the friction susceptibility is greater than 360 N of AZTO, which are unaffected on azoTO. According to the K-J empirical formula, the blasting velocity and detonation pressure of AZTO were 7713.5 m/s and 26.1 GPa, respectively. The influences of different types of electrolytes and sulfuric acid concentrations on the yield of AZTO were evaluated, and the relevant reaction mechanism of electrochemical synthesis of AZTO and azoTO was supplemented in this paper.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Atomic insights into the thermal decomposition mechanism and cluster growth law of nanoscale HMX and LLM-126 mixture: A ReaxFF-lg molecular dynamics study

Jianbo Fu, Mi Zhang, Kezheng Gao et al.

In this paper, the thermal decomposition process and cluster growth law of the HMX/LLM-126 nanoscale mixture system were studied by ReaxFF-lg combined with DFT, and the thermostability of the mixture system with a molar ratio of 1:1 was investigated. The results show that clusters can be formed between HMX and LLM-126 in the mixture system, which effectively delays the cracking speed of the HMX structure. Meanwhile, NO2 generated from the initial decomposition of HMX will accelerate the denitration process of LLM-126. The decomposition process of HMX is mainly a continuous denitration until the structural ring-opening disintegration, the initial decomposition step is C4H8O8N8 => C4H8O6N7 + NO2. In contrast, the initial decomposition of LLM-126 is dominated by intramolecular hydrogen transfer reactions and the generation of dimer clusters, followed by the detachment of nitro and bitter amino groups, and finally the cleavage of the pyridine ring. The intramolecular hydrogen transfer process of LLM-126 is the transfer of H on -NH- to the adjacent nitro group. After LLM-126 was added to the HMX system, the oxygen balance of the system increased, and the N content, exothermic rate, and the number of final products decreased significantly compared with the HMX pure component system. Also, the number of clusters generated, and the maximum cluster weight increased significantly. These phenomena are important reasons for the improved thermostability of the mixture system compared to the pure HMX system. This work can provide a theoretical basis for the design and application of nanoscale high-energy thermostable mixed explosives.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Morphology and properties of CL-20/MTNP cocrystal prepared via facile spray drying

Xueyan Zhao, Zongwei Yang, Shen Qiao et al.

Cocrystal of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane/1-methyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole (CL-20/MTNP) in a 1:1 molar ratio is a promising energetic material, since it combines the superior detonation performance of CL-20 and good mechanical sensitivity of MTNP. In order to promote its progress to practical use, a rapid, facile and candidate large-scale manufacture method-spray drying was used to prepare the CL-20/MTNP cocrystal in this study. The morphology, crystal structure and thermodynamic behavior of the resulted CL-20/MTNP-SD cocrystal, raw materials and the cocrystal prepared via solvent evaporation method (CL-20/MTNP-E) were systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The resulted CL-20/MTNP-SD cocrystal shows a regular spherical shape with diameter narrowly distributed from 0.2 µm to 2 µm. This morphology is different from the rod-like shape of CL-20/MTNP-E cocrystal. The crystal structure and thermal behavior CL-20/MTNP-SD is similar to the CL-20/MTNP-E cocrystal, and totally different to the raw materials. Additionally, the initiation temperature and activation energy for thermal decomposition of the CL-20/MTNP-SD cocrystal are slightly lower than the CL-20/MTNP-E cocrystal. The short pulse slapper sensitivity of cocrystals have been investigated. The spray drying method endows CL-20/MTNP cocrystal with the ability of being initiated by short-duration impulse. And the slapper impact initiating threshold of CL-20/MTNP-SD cocrystal is even lower than the commonly used initiating explosive 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexanitrostilbene (HNS). This result evokes a prospective application of CL-20/MTNP-SD cocrystal as an initiating explosive for short impulse shockwave.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2023
Synthesis and characterization of two 1,2,4-oxadiazole-furazan-based nitrate ester compounds as potential energetic plasticizers

Qi Xue, Fuqiang Bi, Junlin Zhang et al.

Two novel energetic compounds, 3-nitroxymethyl-5-(4-nitro-furazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4) and 3-nitroxymethyl-5-(4-azido-furazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (5), were synthesized. Both of them were fully characterized, and the structure of 4 was further confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The thermal behaviors, detonation performances and the sensitivities of 4 and 5 were also investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), EXPLO5 program and BAM standard techniques. In addition, the electrostatic potential energy surface (ESP) was studied by Multiwfn program and density functional theory at B3LPY/6-31G (d, p). Both compounds have low melt-point, good energetic performance and mechanical sensitivity, which endow them with promising properties as plasticizing ingredients in propellant formulations.

Explosives and pyrotechnics
DOAJ Open Access 2023
EPDM insulation modified with vinyl triethoxysilane functionalized GO to prevent plasticizer migration in solid propellant

Zhehong Lu, Ziqiang Zhu, Yulong Zhang et al.

Excessive plasticizer migration to the insulation will have a serious impact on the safety of solid propellants. In this paper, the anti-migration EPDM insulation was prepared by introducing vinyl triethoxysilane functionalized GO (GS) as modifiers to prevent the migration of energetic plasticizers. The anti-migration performance at different temperatures was evaluated by immersion tests. The concentration of mixed plasticizers that migrated into the EPDM/GS-3 at 30 °C was decreased from 24.7% to 20.4% (17.4% decrease). The results confirmed that the introduction of GS prevented the migration of plasticizers to the EPDM insulation. The SEM results showed that GS was well-dispersed in the insulation, and there is strong interfacial interaction between GS and EPDM chains. Our research provided a new method to prepare EPDM insulation with excellent anti-migration performance.

Explosives and pyrotechnics

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