Hasil untuk "Commercial law"

Yan Li, Zezi Zeng, Ziwei Zhou et al.

Recent advances in image generation models have expanded their applications beyond aesthetic imagery toward practical visual content creation. However, existing benchmarks mainly focus on natural image synthesis and fail to systematically evaluate models under the structured and multi-constraint requirements of real-world commercial design tasks. In this work, we introduce BizGenEval, a systematic benchmark for commercial visual content generation. The benchmark spans five representative document types: slides, charts, webpages, posters, and scientific figures, and evaluates four key capability dimensions: text rendering, layout control, attribute binding, and knowledge-based reasoning, forming 20 diverse evaluation tasks. BizGenEval contains 400 carefully curated prompts and 8000 human-verified checklist questions to rigorously assess whether generated images satisfy complex visual and semantic constraints. We conduct large-scale benchmarking on 26 popular image generation systems, including state-of-the-art commercial APIs and leading open-source models. The results reveal substantial capability gaps between current generative models and the requirements of professional visual content creation. We hope BizGenEval serves as a standardized benchmark for real-world commercial visual content generation.

Sahibpreet Singh, Lalita Devi

This paper examines the admissibility of AI-generated forensic evidence in criminal trials. The growing adoption of AI presents promising results for investigative efficiency. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist in practically understanding the legal limits of AI evidence in judicial processes. Existing literature lacks focused assessment of the evidentiary value of AI outputs. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether AI-generated evidence satisfies established legal standards of reliability. The methodology involves a comparative doctrinal legal analysis of evidentiary standards across common law jurisdictions. Preliminary results indicate that AI forensic tools can enhance scale of evidence analysis. However, challenges arise from reproducibility deficits. Courts exhibit variability in acceptance of AI evidence due to limited technical literacy and lack of standardized validation protocols. Liability implications reveal that developers and investigators may bear accountability for flawed outputs. This raises critical concerns related to wrongful conviction. The paper emphasizes the necessity of independent validation and, development of AI-specific admissibility criteria. Findings inform policy development for the responsible AI integration within criminal justice systems. The research advances the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 by reinforcing equitable access to justice. Preliminary results contribute for a foundation for future empirical research in AI deployed criminal forensics.

Fadhil Septia Rahmanda, Suhermi Suhermi

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Rumusan masalah penelitian ini adalah bagaimana efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi.  Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian adalah efektivitas penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di bawah umur di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi belum berjalan efektif sebagaimana mestinya yang diharapkan sesuai dengan yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan. Faktor-faktor penyebab tidak efektifnya penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 Tentang Perkawinan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Kabupaten Muaro Jambi yaitu faktor pendidikan, faktor ekonomi, faktor sosial, dan faktor hamil di luar nikah. 

Songqiying Yang, Ania Adil, Eric Feron

With advancements in technology, commercial aircraft formation flying is becoming increasingly feasible as an efficient and environmentally friendly flight method. However, gaps remain in practical implementation, particularly in collision avoidance for aircraft formations. Existing avoidance algorithms mainly focus on single aircraft or UAV swarms, lacking comprehensive studies on the complex interactions within commercial aircraft formations. To address this, this paper proposes an optimization model designed to generate safe and effective collision avoidance solutions for commercial aircraft formations. This model demonstrates avoidance paths for formations facing intruders and offers insights for developing formation flight strategies. This study explores response strategies for commercial aircraft formations encountering intruders, considering the difficulty of pilot maneuvers. The findings provide theoretical support for the practical implementation of commercial formation flying and may advance the adoption of this technology.

Mona M. Geweda, Chandrani G. Majumdar, Malorie N. Moore et al.

Abstract Background Cannabis policies have changed drastically over the last few years with many states enacting medical cannabis laws, and some authorizing recreational use; all against federal laws. As a result, cannabis products are marketed in dispensaries in different forms, most abundantly as flowers intended for smoking and sometimes vaping. All samples used in this study were obtained directly from law enforcement. The sample collection process was facilitated and funded by the National Marijuana Initiative (NMI), part of the High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) program. This initial report focuses on cannabis flowers. Similar studies with other cannabis products will be the subject of a future report. Methods A total of 107 Δ9-THC cannabis flower samples were collected by law enforcement from adult commercial use cannabis dispensaries, located in three different states (Colorado, Oregon, and California) and analyzed in this study for cannabinoid concentration. Samples were analyzed by GC-FID following our previously published procedure. Discussion The label claims for total Δ9-THC content ranged from 12.04 to 58.20% w/w, while GC-FID results showed a concentration ranging from 12.95 to 36.55% w/w. Of the evaluated 107 products, only 32 samples have Δ9-THC content within ± 20% of the labeled content. However, the remaining 75 samples were found to be out of the ± 20% acceptance criteria. The degree of agreement for the tested samples using ± 20% tolerance with label claims was only 30%. The results of this study indicate that there is a need for more stringent regulations to ensure that product labeling is accurate, as 70% of the evaluated products did not meet the ± 20% acceptance criteria. This highlights the importance of healthcare professionals and patients being vigilant about the Δ9-THC content, as inaccurate labeling of cannabis products could potentially result in adverse health effects. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for more rigorous regulation of commercial cannabis products in the United States.

Ainun Najib

Traditional face-to-face marketing has evolved significantly since the advent of online systems, leveraging technological advancements to create new models like affiliate marketing. Affiliate marketing has become increasingly prevalent in Indonesia, particularly within e-commerce platforms such as Shopee. As these modern marketing practices expand, ensuring that Islamic values are upheld in their implementation becomes crucial. This calls for a thorough examination of affiliate marketing through the lens of Islamic law. This research, based on a normative legal research methodology, explores the alignment of affiliate marketing practices with the principles of Islamic economic law, specifically scrutinizing the collaboration between Shopee and its affiliate participants. It is found that affiliate marketing, as practiced by Shopee, can be considered permissible under Islamic law, provided that certain conditions are met. The commission-based model employed by Shopee, and its affiliates closely mirrors the contracts of samsarah (brokerage) and wakalah bil ujrah (agency with a fee) in Islamic commercial law. These contracts ensure that the transactions comply with Islamic principles' ethical and legal framework, promoting fairness, transparency, and mutual consent.

Chenglong Xia

In the process of urbanization, the city’s population is growing and the area is also expanding, and the commercial pattern of “multi center, multi business circle” gradually appears. The competition and coordinated development between business circles has become a subject that we must pay attention to. In this paper, by reconstructing the evaluation index system of business district competition, introducing new factors such as Internet, we media and mobile terminal, we analyze and optimize the classical Reilly law model, so that it can better adapt to the development of the times.

Jessica Ojo, Kelechi Ogueji

Recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has led to the proliferation of large pretrained language models. These models have been shown to yield good performance, using in-context learning, even on unseen tasks and languages. They have also been exposed as commercial APIs as a form of language-model-as-a-service, with great adoption. However, their performance on African languages is largely unknown. We present a preliminary analysis of commercial large language models on two tasks (machine translation and text classification) across eight African languages, spanning different language families and geographical areas. Our results suggest that commercial language models produce below-par performance on African languages. We also find that they perform better on text classification than machine translation. In general, our findings present a call-to-action to ensure African languages are well represented in commercial large language models, given their growing popularity.

Mohamed Assem Ibrahim, Shaizeen Aga

This paper evaluates the efficacy of recent commercial processing-in-memory (PIM) solutions to accelerate fast Fourier transform (FFT), an important primitive across several domains. Specifically, we observe that efficient implementations of FFT on modern GPUs are memory bandwidth bound. As such, the memory bandwidth boost availed by commercial PIM solutions makes a case for PIM to accelerate FFT. To this end, we first deduce a mapping of FFT computation to a strawman PIM architecture representative of recent commercial designs. We observe that even with careful data mapping, PIM is not effective in accelerating FFT. To address this, we make a case for collaborative acceleration of FFT with PIM and GPU. Further, we propose software and hardware innovations which lower PIM operations necessary for a given FFT. Overall, our optimized PIM FFT mapping, termed Pimacolaba, delivers performance and data movement savings of up to 1.38$\times$ and 2.76$\times$, respectively, over a range of FFT sizes.

Lukas Sohlbach, Hamza Hobbani, Chistopher Blase et al.

In order to fully harness the potential of dielectric elastomer actu-ators (DEAs) in soft robots, advanced control methods are need-ed. An important groundwork for this is the development of a control-oriented model that can adequately describe the underly-ing dynamics of a DEA. A common feature of existing models is that always custom-made DEAs were investigated. This makes the modelling process easier, as all specifications and the struc-ture of the actuator are well known. In the case of a commercial actuator, however, only the information from the manufacturer is available and must be checked or completed during the modelling process. The aim of this paper is to explore how a commercial stacked silicone-based DEA can be modelled and how complex the model should be to properly replicate the features of the actu-ator. The static description has demonstrated the suitability of Hooke's law. In the case of dynamic description, it is shown that no viscoelastic model is needed for control-oriented modelling. However, if all features of the DEA are considered, the general-ized Kelvin-Maxwell model with three Maxwell elements shows good results, stability and computational efficiency.

Yuxiang Gao, Shiming Lei, Eleanor M. Clements et al.

The intrinsic anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been reported in numerous ferromagnetic (FM) Weyl semimetals. However, AHE in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) or paramagnetic (PM) state of Weyl semimetals has been rarely observed experimentally, and only in centrosymmetric materials. Different mechanisms have been proposed to establish the connection between the AHE and the type of magnetic order. In this paper, we report AHE in both the AFM and PM states of non-centrosymmetric compound SmAlSi. To account for the AHE in non-centrosymmetric Weyl semimetals without FM, we introduce a new mechanism based on magnetic field-induced Weyl nodes evolution. Angle-dependent quantum oscillations in SmAlSi provide evidence for the Weyl points and large AHE in both the PM and the AFM states. The proposed mechanism qualitatively explains the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC), which displays unconventional power law behavior of the AHC in both AFM and PM states of SmAlSi.

Đorđe Sančanin, Dalibor Krstinić

In this paper, the authors emphasize the importance of awareness of security culture, and define its essential characteristics. By using such an approach, they analyse the phenomenon and features of one of today’s greatest security risks – COVID-19. In addition, the authors also deal with analysing the security culture through the prisms of school and family, as the fundamental institutions having an influence over the education and upbringing processes. They observe security culture primarily through the ways in which these institutions react to the new security risk resulting from COVID-19, which has become one of the greatest security threats all over the world. It means that nowadays people are preoccupied with finding the ways of preserving both physical and mental health, and protecting themselves, and, at the same time, maintaining a normal lifestyle and daily functioning, without fear and uncertainty.

Guanxia Xie, Yong-bing Yang, K. Jiang et al.

Samuel Dooley, George Z. Wei, Tom Goldstein et al.

As facial recognition systems are deployed more widely, scholars and activists have studied their biases and harms. Audits are commonly used to accomplish this and compare the algorithmic facial recognition systems' performance against datasets with various metadata labels about the subjects of the images. Seminal works have found discrepancies in performance by gender expression, age, perceived race, skin type, etc. These studies and audits often examine algorithms which fall into two categories: academic models or commercial models. We present a detailed comparison between academic and commercial face detection systems, specifically examining robustness to noise. We find that state-of-the-art academic face detection models exhibit demographic disparities in their noise robustness, specifically by having statistically significant decreased performance on older individuals and those who present their gender in a masculine manner. When we compare the size of these disparities to that of commercial models, we conclude that commercial models - in contrast to their relatively larger development budget and industry-level fairness commitments - are always as biased or more biased than an academic model.

Danijela Kovačević

Hammurabi’s code shows the social relations of that time, although most of these relations were regulated by the Law of Contract. The Code covers a variety of legal matters: it regulates very complex property, family, obligatory and criminal-legal relations including the judiciary provisions. The Code expresses the class character of the society, because it primarily protects the interests of the ruling class and punishes the members of the ruling and subordinate classes differently for the same crimes. The Code was carved in a stone pillar and it was found by M. Morgan in 1901. This masterpiece of a human’s thought, almost four millennia old, was engraved in the stone of Babylon (Hammurabi) for the temple of Sippar (now the ruins of Abu Dhabi near Baghdad). An undamaged inscription of the Code is kept in the British Museum.

Dongdong Zhang, Hongyi Li, Hongyu Zhu et al.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spreads all over the world. In order to alleviate the spread of the epidemic, various blockade policies have been implemented in many areas. In order to formulate a better epidemic prevention policy for urban energy consumption of the commercial tourism cities, this paper first analyses the energy characteristics of Macao during the epidemic period from two aspects, based on the energy consumption data of Macao. On this basis, the power consumption characteristics of commercial tourism cities during the epidemic were analyzed. Then, this paper provides analysis of the characteristics of the energy consumption in different fields of commercial tourism cities from the aspects of hotel, transportation, tourism culture and public utilities. Finally, a detailed analysis of the energy consumption characteristics of commercial tourism cities represented by Macao during the epidemic period is provided, by comparing with some typical countries.

Eddy Keming Chen, Sheldon Goldstein

The Great Divide in metaphysical debates about laws of nature is between Humeans, who think that laws merely describe the distribution of matter, and non-Humeans, who think that laws govern it. The metaphysics can place demands on the proper formulations of physical theories. It is sometimes assumed that the governing view requires a fundamental / intrinsic direction of time: to govern, laws must be dynamical, producing later states of the world from earlier ones, in accord with the fundamental direction of time in the universe. In this paper, we propose a minimal primitivism about laws of nature (MinP) according to which there is no such requirement. On our view, laws govern by constraining the physical possibilities. Our view captures the essence of the governing view without taking on extraneous commitments about the direction of time or dynamic production. Moreover, as a version of primitivism, our view requires no reduction / analysis of laws in terms of universals, powers, or dispositions. Our view accommodates several potential candidates for fundamental laws, including the principle of least action, the Past Hypothesis, the Einstein equation of general relativity, and even controversial examples found in the Wheeler-Feynman theory of electrodynamics and retrocausal theories of quantum mechanics. By understanding governing as constraining, non-Humeans who accept MinP have the same freedom to contemplate a wide variety of candidate fundamental laws as Humeans do.

Rossana Galeano Gómez

El impuesto de industria y comercio ha existido en Colombia desde 1983 y, desde esta época, ha sido objeto de demandas y conflictos en el Consejo de Estado. Una de las principales discusiones ha sido la consideración de los dividendos y las rentas pasivas como activos objeto de gravamen por parte del Estado. Las consideraciones de por qué deben o no ser gravadas por el impuesto pasan a ser estudiadas de manera amplia observando en cada caso las diferentes sentencias que se consideraron con un valor y tema relevante para la tesis analizada de si se debían entender como gravados los dividendos en el impuesto de industria y comercio en Colombia.

M. You

The basic attitude of Chinese law towards wildlife resources is differentiated protection plus rational utilizations. Artificial breeding of terrestrial wildlife was a big business and a way to alleviate poverty, but also raised concerns over wildlife conservation and public health. China's complete ban on the consumption of terrestrial wildlife, whether wild-sourced or artificially bred, was a drastic change of China's legal regime on wildlife conservation and commercial artificial breeding. This change will have impacts on the drafting of a new Biosafety Law and the revision and enforcement of the Wildlife Protection Law, the Husbandry law, the Fisheries Law, and the Animal Epidemic Prevention Law.

Jsrg Saran, J. Padubidri

Surrogacy is a controversial issue and most particularly when well-known celebrities have used it. It is a boon for couples where normal pregnancy is not possible but can be used for commercial exploitation. The Government of India passed a law on surrogacy in December 2018, which introduced many changes to the pre-existing rules, in particular, it bans commercial surrogacy and curtails the freedom of foreigners to apply for surrogacy in India. This has dealt a major blow to the agencies who organised surrogacy for foreigners. A key reason for passing this law was the unjust treatment of the women who provided surrogacy services. They had poor living conditions and often failed to receive the money that was paid by the intended parents to the agency. 2 There are some countries where commercial surrogacy is legal, including some states in the United States of America, Poland, Russia and many others. 3 Some surrogate mothers suffer complications from the assisted reproductive technologies used; these mainly include ectopic pregnancy, psychological stress and ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome. 4 Same sex couples, single parents and even infertile women should be encouraged to adopt children.