Hasil untuk "Vocational guidance. Career development"

Hyeongjae Lee, Inho Hong

Assessing the potential influence of Vocational Education and Training (VET) courses on creating job opportunities and nurturing work skills has been considered challenging due to the ambiguity in defining their complex relationships and connections with the local economy. Here, we quantify the potential influence of VET courses and explain it with future economy and specialization by constructing a network of more than 17,000 courses, jobs, and skills in Singapore's SkillsFuture data based on their text similarities captured by a text embedding technique, Sentence Transformer. We find that VET courses associated with Singapore's 4th Industrial Revolution economy demonstrate higher influence than those related to other future economies. The course influence varies greatly across different sectors, attributed to the level of specificity of the skills covered. Lastly, we show a notable concentration of VET supply in certain occupation sectors requiring general skills, underscoring a disproportionate distribution of education supply for the labor market.

Amir Yunus, Peng Rend Gay, Oon Teng Lee

This study examines the development and deployment of a Generative AI proof-of-concept (POC) designed to support lecturers in a vocational education setting in Singapore. Employing a user-centred, mixed-methods design process, we co-developed an AI chatbot with lecturers to address recurring instructional challenges during exam preparation, specifically managing repetitive questions and scaling feedback delivery. The POC achieved its primary operational goals: lecturers reported streamlined workflows, reduced cognitive load, and observed improved student confidence in navigating course content. However, the deployment yielded unexpected insights into student learning behaviours. Despite enhanced teaching processes, performance data revealed no significant improvement in overall student assessment outcomes. Deep analysis of interaction logs identified concerning patterns, including self-efficacy-driven dependency, "metacognitive laziness" (cognitive offloading), and divergent usage strategies. While high-ability students leveraged the tool for strategic verification, low-ability students frequently used it to bypass cognitive effort, potentially exacerbating performance gaps. These findings suggest that Generative AI's educational influence extends beyond instructional efficiency to shape cognitive engagement, self-regulation, and learner equity. The study raises consequential design questions regarding how AI tools can be engineered to minimise dependency, scaffold metacognitive development, and calibrate support across varying ability levels. We conclude that while Generative AI can substantially enhance the teaching experience, achieving meaningful learning gains requires rigorous attention to learner behaviour and the equitable design of AI-supported environments.

Ayusha Fayyaz, Zoltan Bartha

The goal of this research is to uncover the channels through which research and development (R&D) impacts economic growth in developing countries. The study employed nine variables from three broader categories in the World Economic Forum database, each covering 32 countries from the lower-middle-income group for the year 2019. The theoretical framework is based on the R&D ecosystem, which includes components such as Institutions, Human capital, Capital market, R&D, and Innovation. Each of these components can contribute to the economic development of the country. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), we build a path diagram to visualize and confirm a potential relationship between the components. R&D features had a positive impact on innovation (regression weight estimate: +0.34, p = 0.001), as did capital market institutions (regression weight estimate: +0.12, p = 0.007), but neither had a significant impact on growth. According to the Schumpeterian institutional interpretation, R&D and innovation efforts may not lead to sustained growth in middle-income countries. We find no significant connection between innovation performance and economic growth. This suggests that while R&D and capital markets may contribute to innovation through entrepreneurship, this contribution is not impactful enough to drive economic growth in developing countries. Our findings provide further evidence of the middle-income trap.

Yeon-Chang Lee, JaeHyun Lee, Michiharu Yamashita et al.

The problem of career trajectory prediction (CTP) aims to predict one's future employer or job position. While several CTP methods have been developed for this problem, we posit that none of these methods (1) jointly considers the mutual ternary dependency between three key units (i.e., user, position, and company) of a career and (2) captures the characteristic shifts of key units in career over time, leading to an inaccurate understanding of the job movement patterns in the labor market. To address the above challenges, we propose a novel solution, named as CAPER, that solves the challenges via sophisticated temporal knowledge graph (TKG) modeling. It enables the utilization of a graph-structured knowledge base with rich expressiveness, effectively preserving the changes in job movement patterns. Furthermore, we devise an extrapolated career reasoning task on TKG for a realistic evaluation. The experiments on a real-world career trajectory dataset demonstrate that CAPER consistently and significantly outperforms four baselines, two recent TKG reasoning methods, and five state-of-the-art CTP methods in predicting one's future companies and positions--i.e., on average, yielding 6.80% and 34.58% more accurate predictions, respectively. The codebase of CAPER is available at https://github.com/Bigdasgit/CAPER.

A. J. Bequet, C. Jallais, J. Quick et al.

Stress impacts driving-related cognitive functions like attention and decision-making, and may arise in automated vehicles due to non-driving tasks. Unobtrusive relaxation techniques are needed to regulate stress without distracting from driving. Tactile wearables have shown efficacy in stress regulation through respiratory guidance, but individual variations may affect their efficacy. This study assessed slow-breathing tactile guidance under different stress levels on 85 participants. Physiological, behavioral and subjective data were collected. The influence of individual variations (e.g., driving habits and behavior, personality) using logistic regression analysis was explored. Participants could follow the guidance and adjust breathing while driving, but subjective efficacy depended on individual variations linked to different efficiency in using the technique, in relation with its attentional cost. An influence of factors linked to the evaluation of context criticality was also found. The results suggest that considering individual and contextual variations is crucial in designing and using such techniques in demanding driving contexts. In this line some design recommendations and insights for further studies are provided.

مهدی مودودی ارخودی, سجاد فردوسی, عصمت نجفی

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل تاثیرگذار بر بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی در روستاهای شهرستان قائنات نگاشته شده است. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف، در گروه تحقیقات کاربردی و به لحاظ ماهیت و روش، در گروه تحقیقات توصیفی- تحلیلی و از نظر بُعد زمانی، در زمره تحقیقات تک مقطعی قرار می‌‌گیرد. روش گردآوری داده‌ها به شیوه کمّی با استفاده از پرسشنامه ساختاریافته، و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری و آمار توصیفی و استنباطی انجام پذیرفته است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل کارشناسان و مدیران سازمان میراث فرهنگی گردشگری و صنایع دستی شهرستان قائنات، گردشگران واقع در روستاهای شهرستان‌ قائنات، و دهیاران و اعضای شوراهای اسلامی روستاهای شهرستان قائنات است. نمونه‌گیری از طریق روش تصادفی ساده و گلوله برفی انجام شده است. حجم نمونه نیز با مدنظر قرار دادن قاعده ده برابری و همچنین کوکران برابر با 350 نفر انتخاب مدنظر قرار گرفته است. برای اطمینان از روایی پرسشنامه تحقیق، از روایی محتوا و برای بررسی پایایی نیز ضریب بارهای عاملی، پایایی ترکیبی و همچنین روش آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که مؤلفه-های مردم، محصول، مکان، ترویج، شواهد فیزیکی، فرآیند، و قیمت در بازاریابی گردشگری مناطق روستایی شهرستان قائنات از اهمیت بالایی برخوردارند، اما با این وجود، عملکرد متولیان گردشگری، در خصوص هر یک از مؤلفه‌های مذکور، پایین‌تر از حد متوسط است. لذا لازم است مطابق با شاخص‌های بازاریابی گردشگری در مناطق روستایی، اقدامات لازم جهت بهبود وضعیت بازاریابی گردشگری در دستور کار متولیان قرار گیرد.

Yao Cheng, Y. Liang

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently exerting a significant impact on the development of career guidance education, facilitating personalized guidance and data-driven decision-making for students. The historical and evolutionary trajectory of AI-driven career guidance education can be traced back to its early stages as assistive functionalities, which have now advanced to encompass robust learning applications, such as multimedia and interactive features, machine learning, and natural language processing. Notably, AI has transcended its conventional role in vocational development and expanded into the realms of social and emotional learning. The complexity of AI research in international contexts necessitates consideration of various factors, including cognitive development, parental involvement and supervision, and cultural backgrounds. Despite certain limitations in utilizing AI for career exploration, it has brought numerous impacts and insights. These primarily manifest in the areas of data-driven decision-making and the outlook for career exploration, the demand for cultural sensitivity in AI-driven career guidance, and the provision of personalized career guidance through artificial intelligence in education.

David Noever, Matt Ciolino

Using a novel professional certification survey, the study focuses on assessing the vocational skills of two highly cited AI models, GPT-3 and Turbo-GPT3.5. The approach emphasizes the importance of practical readiness over academic performance by examining the models' performances on a benchmark dataset consisting of 1149 professional certifications. This study also includes a comparison with human test scores, providing perspective on the potential of AI models to match or even surpass human performance in professional certifications. GPT-3, even without any fine-tuning or exam preparation, managed to achieve a passing score (over 70% correct) on 39% of the professional certifications. It showcased proficiency in computer-related fields, including cloud and virtualization, business analytics, cybersecurity, network setup and repair, and data analytics. Turbo-GPT3.5, on the other hand, scored a perfect 100% on the highly regarded Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) exam. This model also demonstrated competency in diverse professional fields, such as nursing, licensed counseling, pharmacy, and aviation. Turbo-GPT3.5 exhibited strong performance on customer service tasks, indicating potential use cases in enhancing chatbots for call centers and routine advice services. Both models also scored well on sensory and experience-based tests outside a machine's traditional roles, including wine sommelier, beer tasting, emotional quotient, and body language reading. The study found that OpenAI's model improvement from Babbage to Turbo led to a 60% better performance on the grading scale within a few years. This progress indicates that addressing the current model's limitations could yield an AI capable of passing even the most rigorous professional certifications.

Andre S. Sunahara, Matjaz Perc, Haroldo V. Ribeiro

A common expectation is that career productivity peaks rather early and then gradually declines with seniority. But whether this holds true is still an open question. Here we investigate the productivity trajectories of almost 8,500 scientists from over fifty disciplines using methods from time series analysis, dimensionality reduction, and network science, showing that there exist six universal productivity patterns in research. Based on clusters of productivity trajectories and network representations where researchers with similar productivity patterns are connected, we identify constant, u-shaped, decreasing, periodic-like, increasing, and canonical productivity patterns, with the latter two describing almost three-fourths of researchers. In fact, we find that canonical curves are the most prevalent, but contrary to expectations, productivity peaks occur much more frequently around mid-career rather than early. These results outline the boundaries of possible career paths in science and caution against the adoption of stereotypes in tenure and funding decisions.

Xiang Qian Ong, Kwan Hui Lim

Understanding the skill sets and knowledge required for any career is of utmost importance, but it is increasingly challenging in today's dynamic world with rapid changes in terms of the tools and techniques used. Thus, it is especially important to be able to accurately identify the required skill sets for any job for better career insights and development. In this paper, we propose and develop the Skill Recommendation (SkillRec) system for recommending the relevant job skills required for a given job based on the job title. SkillRec collects and identify the skill set required for a job based on the job descriptions published by companies hiring for these roles. In addition to the data collection and pre-processing capabilities, SkillRec also utilises word/sentence embedding techniques for job title representation, alongside a feed-forward neural network for job skill recommendation based on the job title representation. Based on our preliminary experiments on a dataset of 6,000 job titles and descriptions, SkillRec shows a promising performance in terms of accuracy and F1-score.

Mike Nkongolo, Nita Mennega, Izaan van Zyl

This study employs a systematic literature review approach to identify the requirements of a career as a cybersecurity professional. It aims to raise public awareness regarding opportunities in the Information Security (IS) profession. A total of 1,520 articles were identified from four academic databases by searching using the terms "cybersecurity" and "skills". After rigorous screening according to various criteria, 31 papers remained. The findings of these studies were thematically analyzed to describe the knowledge and skills an IS professional should possess. The research found that a considerable investment in time is necessary for cybersecurity professionals to reach the required technical proficiency. It also identified female gender barriers to cybersecurity careers due to the unique requirements of the field and suggests that females may successfully enter at lower levels and progress up the tiers as circumstances dictate.

Floribeth Amador-Jara

Esta sistematización reúne la experiencia relacionada con la construcción e implementación de una guía de análisis de la película Soul, para acompañar a la población estudiantil del área de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Costa Rica en los procesos de orientación vocacional. Es por lo anterior que el objetivo de esta experiencia es documentar la creación e implementación de una herramienta cualitativa innovadora en el campo de la orientación vocacional con población universitaria, para la atención individual en el proceso de cambio o reafirmación de carrera. Esta experiencia está fundamentada en el trabajo realizado con siete personas estudiantes que durante el año 2021 usaron esta guía de análisis y cuyo tema de atención estaba relacionado con el cambio o reafirmación de su carrera universitaria. Siguiendo los pasos del proceso metodológico de una sistematización de experiencias, para la reconstrucción de la historia y análisis, fueron utilizadas las anotaciones profesionales producto de cada atención, las respuestas escritas de las personas al uso de la guía y los registros electrónicos del Sistema de Atención Individual de la Oficina de Orientación. Basado en esa información se realizan conclusiones y recomendaciones tanto de la experiencia en el uso de la guía, como del curso de sistematización de experiencias ofrecido por el Colegio de Profesionales en Orientación; lo cual hace posible la creación de este documento.

شیما صفرمحمدلو, سعید اسماعیلی, مهدی خیراندیش et al.

در عصر حاضر توجه به نیروی انسانی و مسائل آن از قبیل کاهش استرس‌های مرتبط با کار؛ توجه به رفاه و بهزیستی رهبر و پیروان حائز اهمیت ویژه‌ای است که این موضوعات در رهبری سالم نهفته است. با توجه به اینکه تئوری رهبری سالم مبتنی بر نقاط مرجع استراتژیک در تحقیقات گذشته مورد توجه نبوده و همراستایی اقدامات آن بر اساس نقاط مرجع بررسی شده است. در این پژوهش به طراحی مدل رهبری سالم با دیدگاه بهزیستی شغلی مبتنی بر تئوری نقاط مرجع استراتژیک در شرکت‌های دولتی فعال حوزه صنعت برق است پرداخته می‌شود. استراتژی این تحقیق، از روش تئوری داده بنیاد و تحلیل محتوا برای طراحی چارچوب استفاده شد. بدین منظور با 19 نفر از خبرگان اجرایی در شرکت های دولتی و خبرگان دانشگاهی که با ترکیب روش‌های نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، قضاوتی و روش گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند، مصاحبه عمیق به عمل آمد. بر اساس الگوی نقاط مرجع رهبری سالم با دیدگاه بهزیستی شغلی ، رویکرد رفاه و بهزیستی با استراتژی رهبری مبتنی بر پیرو محور ، رویکرد رفتاری با استراتژی رهبری مبتنی برهدف محور ، سبک رهبری با استراتژی رهبری مبتنی بر فعال محور و رویکرد محیطی با استراتژی رهبری مبتنی بر تعاملی محور همراستا است. رهبری سالم با دیدگاه بهزیستی شغلی در برگیرنده مجموعه‌ای از عوامل داخلی و خارجی است و مدیریت اثربخش آنها می‌تواند به بهبود عملکرد سازمان در بلند مدت منجر گردد و بهره‌گیری از آن می‌تواند نتایج مثبت و ارزشمندی ایجاد کند.

Rodrigo E. C. Souza, Ronnie E. de Souza Santos, Luiz Fernando Capretz et al.

Context. Recently, a family of studies highlighted the unpopularity of software testing careers among undergraduate students in software engineering and computer science courses. The original study and its replications explored the perception of students in universities in four countries (Cana-da, China, India, and Malaysia), and indicated that most students do not consider a career in software testing as an option after graduation. This scenario represents a problem for the software industry since the lack of skilled testing professionals might decrease the quality of software projects and increase the number of unsuccessful projects. Goal. The present study aims to replicate, in Brazil, the studies conducted in the other four countries to establish comparisons and support the development of strategies to improve the visibility and importance of software testing among undergraduate students across the globe. Method. We followed the same protocol in the original study to collect data using a questionnaire and analyzed the answers using descriptive statistics and qualitative data analysis. Results. Our findings indicate similarities among the results obtained in Brazil in comparison to those obtained from other countries. We observed that students are not motivated to follow a testing career in the software industry based on a belief that testing activities lack challenges and opportunities for continuous learning. Conclusions. In summary, students seem to be interested in learning more about software testing. However, the lack of discussions about the theme in software development courses, as well as the limited offer of courses focused on software quality at the university level reduce the visibility of this area, which causes a decrease in the interest in this career.

Мая Сотирова

Abstract: Career guidance is part of the activities in the school education system in Bulgaria to provide general support for students’ personal development. Career guidance programs include activities with students from I to XII grade as preparation for transition to higher education or for participation in the labor market. An important task of career guidance is counselling of students who are at risk of dropping out of school, as well as the reintegration of those who have dropped out of school and the development of skills in social inclusion and mobility. The fact that premature dropout from the educational system has its ethno-cultural specifics determines the need for special attention to the peculiarities of career guidance in a multicultural school environment. The article focuses on multicultural career guidance in the field of vocational education and training. The parameters of intercultural competence in the preparation of career guidance specialists for the school education system and in the preparation of mentors in a dual education system are outlined. Keywords: career guidance, counseling, multicultural environment, intercultural competence.

زهرا محبی, هادی عبادی

تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی ملزومات تولید پایدار در کشاورزی شهری در قالب توسعه کارآفرینی شهر سبز به روش مدل‌سازی معادله ساختاری انجام شد. جامعۀ آماری تحقیق، 150 کشاورز طرح باغچه سبز در قالب کشاورزی شهری در دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه بوده که 90 نفر از آن‌ها با استفاده از جدول کرجسی مورگان به عنوان حجم نمونه به روش تصادفی انتخاب شدند. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات با استفاده از پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخت بود. همچنین بر پایه مقدار میانگین واریانس استخراج شده (735/0> AVE < 533/0) و پایایی ترکیبی (901/0> CR < 703/0)، پرسشنامه دارای روایی همگرا و پایایی مناسبی بود. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS21 و Smart PLS3 بهره گرفته شد. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که ملزومات اجتماعی- دانشی، زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی-حمایتی (به ترتیب با ضرایب مسیر 377/0، 402/0 و 359/0)، در سطح 99 درصد اطمینان تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر پایداری تولید کشاورزی شهری داشتند. همچنین عامل رضایت از مسئولین و دست‌اندرکاران اجرایی و مشارکت ذینفعان (اجتماعی- دانشی)، عامل جمع‌آوری و استفاده از آب باران (زیست‌محیطی) و عامل دسترسی به وسایل و امکانات کشت (اقتصادی- حمایتی) نسبت به سایر عوامل تأثیر بیشتری داشتند. به‌طور کلی، هر سه سازه توسعه (اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی) بر پایداری کشاورزی شهری اثر معنی‌داری دارند. نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند به عنوان مبنایی جهت تدوین راهبردهای توسعه توأمان کشاورزی شهری بر پایه کارآفرینی شهری باشد. استفاده از پتانسیل‌ زمین‌های شهری با اهداف توانمندسازی اقتصادی و اجتماعی شهروندان در کنار مرمت و احیای فضای شهری، می‌تواند تأثیر به‌سزایی در گسترش کشاورزی نوین داشته باشد.

Laura Felby

In Denmark, there has been an increased focus in education and guidance policy on teachers’ responsibilities concerning career and career education. Teachers are now expected to integrate career education into the curriculum across the educational sector. This study investigates how teachers and students construct career learning as a new educational concept and how teachers integrate or fail to integrate it into the curriculum and their everyday practice. The empirical foundation of this paper is an ethnographic study that consists of observations and interviews with ten teachers and thirteen students in Danish upper secondary education. Through a semantic analysis inspired by Niklas Luhmann, an analytical framework of six semantic positions within career and guidance theory was developed. These were “choice”, “adaption”, “development”, “learning”, “change”, and “coincidence”. This study indicates that Danish students and teachers construct career learning differently. Five categories describe the students and teachers conflictual. These revolved around an ongoing conflict about the helpfulness or harmfulness of career learning. While students tend to construct career learning as helpful through the semantics of “choice”, “development”, and “adaptability”, the teachers predominantly saw this construction as harmful – to the students and their practice. Instead, the teachers sought to construct career learning concerning the semantics of “learning” and “change” – or reject it as an educational concept. Abstrakt I Danmark er der igennem de seneste år kommet et øget fokus på læreres ansvar i relation til studerendes karrierekompetence og karrierelæring, og i dele af uddannelsessektoren forventes det nu, at lærere integrere f.eks. karrierelæring i deres undervisning. Dette studie har til formål at undersøge, hvordan lærere og elever i gymnasieskolen konstruerer karrierelæring som begreb i relation til deres undervisning. Empirisk hviler studiet på en etnografisk undersøgelse bestående af observationer og interviews med 10 lærere og 13 elever på tre forskellige case-gymnasier. Den teoretiske ramme bygger på Niklas Luhmanns systemteori. Med udgangspunkt i teorien udvikles der en analytisk ramme for karriere- og vejledningsteori bestående af seks semantiske positioner; “valg”, “tilpasning”, “udvikling”, “læring”, “forandring” og “tilfældighed”. Studiet peger på, at elever og lærere konstruerer karrierelæring forskelligt. Med udgangspunkt i de semantiske positioner identificeres der fem områder, der alle kredser om en vedvarende konflikt mellem, hvorvidt karrierelæring er hjælpsom eller skadelig. Med udgangspunkt i de semantiske positioner argumenteres der for, at mens elever har en tendens til at konstruere karrierelæring som hjælpsom gennem de semantiske positioner “valg”, “udvikling” og “tilpasning”, ser lærerne overvejende denne konstruktion som skadelig – for eleverne og deres praksis. I stedet ønsker lærerne at konstruere karrierelæring i forhold til semantikkerne “læring” og “forandring” – eller blot afvise det som et element i undervisningen. Søgeord: Karrierelæring; karriere uddannelse; læseplansteori; gymnasiale uddannelser; Nicklas Luhmann

Tibor Bors Borbély-Pecze, L. Hloušková, T. Sprlak

This comparative study traces the foundation and development of vocational and career guidance services in three Central and Eastern European countries in the light of the contextually bound factors of this region. Since the beginning of the 20th century, political transitions and changes in the ruling structures in these countries were so frequent that the same generation was often confronted with multiple forms of governance: the rule of ‘König und Kaiser’, the monarchy, the communist regime, neoliberal economic policies with mass privatisation, membership of the European Union. Systèmes et services d'orientation professionnelle tout au long de la vie: Transformations continues dans une région en transition Le cas de trois pays d'Europe centrale et orientale Cette étude comparative retrace la fondation et le développement des services d'orientation professionnelle dans trois pays d'Europe centrale et orientale à la lumière des facteurs liés au contexte de cette région. Depuis le début du 20e siècle, les transitions politiques et les changements de structures gouvernementales dans ces pays ont été si fréquents qu’une même génération a souvent été confrontée à de multiples formes de gouvernance : le règne du "König und Kaiser", la monarchie, le régime communiste, les politiques économiques néolibérales avec la privatisation de masse, l'adhésion à l'Union européenne. Berufs-/Lebensbegleitende Beratungssysteme und Dienstleistungen: Kontinuierliche Transformationen in einer Transitionsregion Der Fall von drei mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern Diese vergleichende Studie zeichnet den Aufbau und die Entwicklung von Berufs- und Laufbahnberatungsdiensten in drei mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern vor dem Hintergrund der kontextabhängigen Faktoren dieser Region nach. Seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts waren politische Übergänge und Veränderungen der Herrschaftsstrukturen in diesen Ländern so häufig, dass ein und dieselbe Generation oft mit mehreren Regierungsformen konfrontiert war: die Herrschaft von 'König und Kaiser', die Monarchie, das kommunistische Regime, neoliberale Wirtschaftspolitik mit massiver Privatisierung, die Mitgliedschaft in der Europäischen Union. Sistemas y servicios de orientación profesional a lo largo de la vida: Transformaciones continuas en una región en transición. El caso de tres países de Europa Central y Oriental El caso de tres países de Europa Central y Oriental Este estudio comparativo muestra la fundación y el desarrollo de los servicios de orientación profesional en tres países de Europa Central y Oriental a la luz de los factores contextuales de esta zona. Desde principios del siglo XX, las transiciones políticas y los cambios en las estructuras de gobierno en estos países fueron tan frecuentes que una misma generación se enfrentó a menudo a múltiples formas de gobierno: el gobierno de "König und Kaiser", la monarquía, el régimen comunista, las políticas económicas neoliberales con privatizaciones masivas y la adhesión a la Unión Europea.

Michael Smith, Claudia Fracchiolla, Sean Fleming et al.

This document supports a proposed APS statement that encourages academic, research, and other institutions to add the participation in informal science education activities to the criteria they use for hiring and career advancement decisions. There is a prevalent attitude that the time spent by a researcher on these activities takes time away from research efforts that are more valued by their peers and their institution. To change this mindset, we enumerate the many benefits of informal science education activities to the public, to researchers, to their institutions, and to the field of physics. We also suggest aspects of these activities that may be considered by institutions in evaluating informal educational efforts for recruitment and career advancement decisions.

Hanjo Boekhout, Inge van der Weijden, Ludo Waltman

We present a large-scale bibliometric analysis of gender differences in scientific careers, covering all scientific disciplines and a large number of countries worldwide. We take a longitudinal perspective in which we trace the publication careers of almost six million male and female researchers in the period 1996-2018. Our analysis reveals an increasing trend in the percentage of women starting a career as publishing researcher, from 33% in 2000 to about 40% in recent years. Looking at cohorts of male and female researchers that started their publication career in the same year, we find that women seem to be somewhat less likely to continue their career as publishing researcher than men, but the difference is small. We also observe that men produce on average between 15% and 20% more publications than women. Moreover, in biomedical disciplines, men are about 25% more likely than women to be last author of a publication, suggesting that men tend to have more senior roles than women. Compared with cross-sectional studies, our longitudinal analysis has the advantage of providing a more in-depth understanding of gender imbalances among authors of scientific publications.