Hasil untuk "Veterinary medicine"

S. Ettinger

Olivia Brabant, Yuliya V. Karpievitch, Yuliya V. Karpievitch et al.

Respiratory disease in cattle is a significant global concern, yet current diagnostic methods are limited, and there is a lack of crush-side tests for detecting active disease. To address this gap, we propose utilizing electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a non-invasive imaging technique that provides real-time visualization of lung ventilation dynamics. The study included adult cattle from farms in Western Australia. The cattle were restrained in a crush. A standardized respiratory scoring system, which combined visual, auscultation, and clinical scores, was conducted by two non-conferring clinicians for each animal. The scores were blinded and averaged. During assessment, an EIT electrode belt was placed around the thorax. EIT recordings of ten suitable breaths were taken for analysis before the cattle were released back to the herd. Based on the combined examination scoring, the cattle were categorized as having healthy or diseased lungs. To allow visual interpretation of each breath and enable the creation of the quartile ventilation ratio (VQR), Flow/Tidal Impedance Variation curves (F/TIV) were generated for each breath. The analysis focused on two EIT variables: The novel VQR over time during inhalation and exhalation and global expiratory impedance (TIVEXP) adjusted by breath length. A mixed effects model was used to compare these variables between healthy and diseased cattle. Ten adult cattle of mixed ages were used in the current analysis. Five cattle were scored as healthy and five as diseased. There was a significant difference in the examination scores between the healthy and diseased group (P = 0.03). A significant difference in VQR during inhalation (P = 0.03) was observed between the healthy and diseased groups. No difference was seen in VQR over time during exhalation (P = 0.3). The TIVEXP was not different between groups (P = 0.36). In this study, EIT was able to detect differences in inhalation mechanics when comparing healthy and diseased cattle as defined via clinical examination, highlighting the clinical utility of EIT.

Hyuk Cheol Kwon, Hyun Su Jung, Do Hyun Kim et al.

Prolactin is essential for mammary gland development and lactation. Progesterone also induces ductal branching and alveolar formation via initial secretory differentiation within the mammary gland. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the role of progesterone as a prolactin substitute for the production of cell-cultured milk components in MAC-T cells. Cells were treated with various hormones such as prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4), 17β-estradiol (E2), cortisol (COR), and insulin (INS) for 5 d. MAC-T cells cultured in a P4 differentiation media (2500 ng/mL of P4, 25 ng/mL of E2, 25 ng/mL of COR, and 25 ng/mL of INS) showed similar levels of E74-like factor 5 (Elf5) and milk component synthesis (<i>α</i>-casein, <i>β</i>-casein, <i>α</i>-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and triglycerides) compared to those cultured in a PRL differentiation media (5000 ng/mL of PRL, 500 ng/mL of CORT, and 50 ng/mL of INS). The levels of <i>α</i>-casein and triglycerides in the optimal P4 differentiation media were present at comparable levels to those in the PRL differentiation media. Our results demonstrated that P4 induces the activation of Elf5 and the synthesis of milk components in MAC-T cells, similar to PRL. Therefore, P4 may be used as an effective substitute of PRL for cell-cultured milk production in in vitro frameworks.

Syeda Jannatul Ferdaus, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Syeda Anjuman Nasreen et al.

Chronic infection of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> represents a key factor in the etiology of gastrointestinal diseases, with high endemicity in South Asia. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of <i>H. pylori</i> among dyspeptic patients in north–central Bangladesh (Mymensingh) and analyze risk factors of infection and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants in the pathogen. Endoscopic gastrointestinal biopsy samples were collected from dyspeptic patients for a one-year period from March 2022 and were checked for the presence of <i>H. pylori</i> via the rapid urease test and PCR and further analyzed for the status of virulence factors <i>vacA</i>/<i>cagA</i> and genetic determinants related to AMR via PCR with direct sequencing or RFLP. Among a total of 221 samples collected, 80 (36%) were positive for <i>H. pylori</i>, with the <i>vacA</i>+/<i>cagA</i>+ genotype being detected in almost half of them. <i>H. pylori</i> was most prevalent in the age group of 41–50-year-olds, with it being more common in males and rural residents with a lower economic status and using nonfiltered water, though the rates of these factors were not significantly different from those of the <i>H. pylori</i>-negative group. Relatively higher frequency was noted for the A2147G mutation in 23S rRNA, related to clarithromycin resistance (18%, 7/39). Amino acid substitutions in PBP-1A (T556S) and GyrA (N87K and D91N) and a 200 bp deletion in <i>rdxA</i> were detected in samples from some patients with recurrence after treatment with amoxicillin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole, respectively. The present study describes the epidemiological features of <i>H. pylori</i> infection in the area outside the capital in Bangladesh, revealing the spread of AMR-associated mutations.

Oguzhan Kahraman, Fatma Inal, Huzur Derya Arık et al.

This study aimed to determine the effects of kefir addition on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and protein apparent digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology, and biochemistry parameters of healthy dogs. Twenty-one adult Golden Retriever dogs were divided into three groups: Control (CON, no kefir), KF1 (2 × 106 CFU/g kefir), and KF2 (4 × 106 CFU/g kefir). The dogs were fed for a 30-day administration period. Blood was taken from all dogs on the initial (day 0) and last day (day 30). Stool consistency of the dogs were scored according to 1–5 system (1 = diarrhea-like, 5 = formed and too dry) on the last five days before taking fresh faecal samples to determine digestibility, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia, pH and DM levels. The highest DM, OM and protein digestibility levels were determined in KF2 (p < 0.05). Kefir addition improved the faecal scores of KF1 and KF2 (p < 0.05). Faecal pH was lower in KF2 than CON (p < 0.001). The lowest faecal ammonia levels were found in KF1 and KF2 (p < 0.001). Increased faecal acetic and total SCFA levels were detected in the kefir groups, and KF2 had the highest propionic acid level (p < 0.05). The lowest cholesterol level was determined in KF2, and the lowest triglyceride levels were determined in KF1 and KF2 on the 30th day (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride, and creatinine was detected to the KF2 dog’s first and last day (p < 0.05). Blood MCHC was affected by kefir in KF2 (p < 0.05). These results indicated that 2–4 gr of kefir had positive effects on nutrient digestibility, colon fermentation, stool consistency, and the blood parameters of dogs.Highlights Kefir is a traditional dairy product with multiple probiotic characteristics that boosts the immunity and overall gastrointestinal health of animals. In a study involving 21 dogs, dietary supplementation of kefir improved protein digestibility of food and reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Kefir reduced faecal ammonia and increased SCFAs. Kefir could be further developed as a functional dietary food supplement to improve the quality of life of dogs.

Su-Jin An, Young Joo Kim, Il-Hwa Hong et al.

IntroductionWe assessed corn oil’s oral effectiveness in detecting small bowel changes in healthy dogs through ultrasonography, endoscopy, and histopathology. We hypothesize that corn oil ingestion will not significantly increase the visibility of lymphatics and lacteals in healthy dogs.MethodsFive healthy male beagles were studied under institutional guidelines. The small intestine’s mucosal changes were observed post corn oil consumption (0.5 mL/kg) at various time intervals using ultrasonography, endoscopy, and histopathology. Ultrasonography was employed in real-time, and mucosal echogenicity scores were assigned at multiple time points. Endoscopic and capsule endoscopic examinations were conducted weekly at different intervals post oil consumption, with biopsy samples taken from the duodenal and ileal mucosa for histopathological evaluations.ResultsUltrasonographic evaluations showed no pathological conditions in any dog. While conventional endoscopic evaluations reflected normal variation, capsule endoscopy revealed significant duodenal and jejunal mucosal changes 3 h post-ingestion, but not in the ileum. Histopathological evaluation indicated a transient rise in the dilation of ileum villi 3 h post-ingestion, reducing by 12 h.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study demonstrated that the observed physiological changes in the small intestinal mucosa, including lymphatic dilation, hyperechoic speckles, and stripes, were within the normal range after oil ingestion in healthy Beagle dogs.

Yan Su, Gelin Liu, Haozhe Hou et al.

The residues of progestins in milk are significant risk factors for teenage acne and may cause hormone-dependent cancers in consumers, so the determination of these residues in milk is very important. However, an immunoassay or immunoassay-like method capable of determining multiple progestins in milk has not been reported so far. The present study, for the first time, synthesized a type of magnetic molecularly imprinted microsphere that was capable of simultaneously recognizing five progestins. At the same time, an enzyme labeled conjugate was synthesized by coupling progesterone 3-(o-carboxymethyl)oxime with streptavidinated horseradish peroxidase. The above two reagents were used to develop a semi-homogeneous method for the simultaneous detection of the residues of the five progestins in milk. During the experiments, biotinylated horseradish peroxidase was used to amplify the signal, so the sensitivity to the five drugs (limits of detection 0.04–0.1 pg/mL) was increased 44–75-fold. In addition, the magnetic molecularly imprinted microsphere could be regenerated four times by using simple elution. Through general comparison of its detection spectrum, sensitivity, simplicity, and reusability, the present method exhibited better performance than the previous immunoassays for the detection of progestins, and so it could be used as a routine tool for the screening of progestins residues in milk.

Carissa Gaghan, Matthew Browning, Abdelhamid M. Fares et al.

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important disease in chickens. We previously showed that an in ovo adjuvantation of recombinant herpesvirus of the turkey-Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccine with CpG-oligonucleotides (ODN) can boost vaccine-induced responses in one-day-old broiler chickens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of in ovo administered rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN vaccination against a wild-type ILT virus (ILTV) challenge at 28 days of age and assessed splenic immune gene expression as well as cellular responses. A chicken-embryo-origin (CEO)-ILT vaccine administered in water at 14 days of age was also used as a comparative control for the protection assessment. The results showed that the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or the CEO vaccinations provided significant protection against the ILTV challenge and that the level of protection induced by both the vaccines was statistically similar. The protected birds had a significantly upregulated expression of interferon (IFN)γ or interleukin (IL)-12 cytokine genes. Furthermore, the chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-LT + CpG-ODN or CEO vaccine had a significantly higher frequency of γδ T cells and activated CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, compared to the unvaccinated-ILTV challenge control. Collectively, our findings suggest that CpG-ODN can be used as an effective adjuvant for rHVT-LT in ovo vaccination to induce protective immunity against ILT in broiler chickens.

Razieh Kooshki, Mehdi Abbasnejad, Baharosadat Majdzadeh

This study explored the potential contribution of Orx1R within vlPAG to the learning and memory of animals with chronic migraine-like pain. Migraine was induced by repeated i.p. administration of nitroglycerin (5 mg/kg). Passive avoidance adeptness was evaluated in the shuttle box maze. The spatial memory performance was estimated using MWM tests. In the MWM task, NTG-injected rats revealed an imperative increase in escape latency and traveled the distance to catch the stage and a decrease in the time spent to pass into the goal zone in comparison to the control animals. Such NTG-evoked responses were attenuated by the post-treating intra-vlPAG injection of orexin A at 100 but not 25 and 50 pM. Furthermore, in the shuttle box test, NTG-treated rats showed eversion memory retrieval impairment as reflected by decreased phase through latency and longer time spent in the black chambers of the maze. Administration of orexin A at 50 and 100 pM could suppress NTG-related eversion memory deficiency in rats. However, orexin A (100 pM) aptitude to preserve memory performance, in both MWM and shuttle box tasks, was significantly prevented by SB334867 (20 nM) as an Orx1R antagonist. Overall, these data support the role of Orx1R within vlPAG to modulate migraine-related cognition deficits in rats.

Asma Mohammad Karami, Moonika Haahr Marana, Heidi Mathiessen et al.

Abstract Vibriosis is a bacterial disease in fish caused by the Gram negative bacterium Vibrio anguillarum with severe impact on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming. Sustainable control methods should be developed and we here show that marker assisted selective breeding of fish naturally resistant to the disease is feasible. We have validated the use of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker SNP AX-89,945,921 (QTL on chromosome 21). The QTL was previously found associated with resistance to vibriosis and described following a genome wide association analysis (GWAS) of trout exposed to the bacterium. For this validation spawners were genotyped by use of the 57 K Axiom®Trout Microarray (Affymetrix) and homozygous male fish carrying the allele with the SNP AX-89,945,921 were then selected and used to fertilize eggs from outbred female trout resulting in fish all carrying the SNP (QTL-fish). Control fish (non-QTL fish) were produced by fertilizing the same batch of eggs by use of male parents negative for the SNP. The fish were exposed in freshwater to V. anguillarum (water bath infection) at 19 C°. A total of 900 fish were challenged in a common garden set-up in triplicate. A bacterial solution of V. anguillarum (serotype O1) was added to each of three freshwater fish tanks, each with 150 QTL and 150 non-QTL fish. Fish were tagged by tail fin cut (upper/lower) to discern the two groups, whereafter fish were monitored around the clock to detect disease signs and remove moribund fish. Clinical vibriosis developed within two days in non-QTL-fish (overall morbidity of 70%). QTL fish developed clinical signs later and the morbidity was significantly lower and did not reach 50%. Rainbow trout farming may benefit from using the QTL associated with higher resistance towards vibriosis. The effect may be optimized in the future by use of both male and female parents homozygous for the marker allele.

Marc Orts‐Porcar, Alejandro Ororbia, Caroline Fina et al.

Abstract Background Oesophageal pneumatosis (OP) is defined as the presence of gas within the oesophageal wall. The description of this condition in veterinary medicine is currently lacking. The pathogenesis of alimentary tract pneumatosis remains unclear. Current literature describes that access of gas into the oesophageal wall may occur by one or a combination of the following mechanisms: mucosal disruption, increased intra or extra‐luminal pressure or dissection of gas from an extra‐oesophageal source. Objectives The aim of this multi‐centric case series was to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of OP in dogs. Methods Three adult dogs were included. One dog presented with gastrointestinal signs and general malaise while the other two presented with spontaneous facial and cervical subcutaneous emphysema. Results CT revealed different degrees of intramural gas along the oesophageal wall in all cases. The first dog was diagnosed with emphysematous gastritis based on the presence of gastric pneumatosis paired with compatible clinicopathological and endoscopic findings. This dog was successfully treated with antibiotics. The remaining two dogs were diagnosed with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and required no surgical or medical treatment. Conclusions In all cases with OP, there was concurrent gastric pneumatosis. Gas extensively and circumferentially distributed with a banded shape along the oesophageal wall was present in patients with presumed mural gas dissection because of pneumomediastinum. Conversely, a focal and mild amount of mural gas with a tubular shape was identified in the distal segment of the oesophagus in the patient with emphysematous gastritis.

Ivana Drvenica, Milica Stojić, Natalija Fratrić et al.

Redox imbalance in peripartum period influences health of dairy cows and their foetus and, through the colostrum, health of new-born calves. Oxidative stress in cattle can be suppressed by dietary supplementation with natural minerals, and we investigated the effect of supplementation with organically modified clinoptilolite on redox status parameters in healthy pregnant primiparous dairy cows. Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive daily oral drenching, with 1 L of water containing either 0 g/L (n = 14; control group) or 150 g/L of clinoptilolite (n = 17; supplemented group). Treatment lasted from 24 ± 4 days prior to parturition until 2 days postpartum (pp). Blood samples were collected on days 24 ± 4 (–24 D) and 4 ± 2 (–4 D) prior to parturition and on days 1 (+1 D), 2 (+2 D), and 7 (+7 D) pp, and colostrum were collected at 2, 12, 24 and 36 h pp. Total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxides, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were determined in peripheral blood plasma, erythrocytes, and colostrum whey. The concentration of antioxidants in the peripheral blood of supplemented cows was increased by 41% and 19% on (+2 D) and (+7 D), respectively, while the concentration of lipid peroxides on (+7 D) was lowered by 57% compared with the control group. In addition, this supplementation increased erythrocyte AOPP level on (–4 D) 61%) and colostral lipid peroxides level (90%) at 24 h pp. The results of this study showed that applied short-term supplementation with clinoptilolite influences redox homeostasis and may contribute to effective adaptation of primiparous cows to redox imbalance in the peripartum period. Highlights Short-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite in the prepartum period modulates redox homeostasis of the dairy cows’ blood plasma. Short-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite contributes to adaptation of dairy cows to redox imbalance in the peripartum period. Short-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite increase the level of lipid peroxides in colostrum of dairy cows.

Chao Tianle, Yang Liuxu, Lou Delong et al.

Fluvalinate is a widely used and relatively safe acaricide for honeybees, but it still has a negative impact on honeybee colonies. Such negative effects may be related to fluvalinate-induced brain nerve tissue damage, but the detailed molecular regulatory mechanism of this phenomenon is still poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile changes in the brain tissue of Apis mellifera ligustica by miRNA sequencing after fluvalinate treatment. A total of 1,350 miRNAs were expressed in Apis mellifera ligustica brain tissue, of which only 180 were previously known miRNAs in honeybees. Among all known and novel miRNAs, 15 were differentially expressed between at least two of the four time periods before and after fluvalinate administration. Further analysis revealed five significantly enriched KEGG pathways of the differentially expressed miRNA (DEM) potential target genes, namely, “Hippo signaling pathway-fly,” “Phototransduction-fly,” “Apoptosis-fly,” “Wnt signaling pathway,” and “Dorso-ventral axis formation,” which indicates that differentially expressed miRNA function may be related to cell apoptosis and memory impairment in the fluvalinate-treated Apis mellifera ligustica brain. Ame-miR-3477-5p, ame-miR-375-3p, and miR-281-x were identified as key miRNAs. Overall, our research provides new insights into the roles of miRNAs in brain tissue during the process of fluvalinate-induced Apis mellifera ligustica poisoning.

Najmul Haider, Javier Guitian, David Simons et al.

We explain research gaps on Monkeypox (MPX) virus epidemiology in endemic countries and present hypotheses for the recent increase of MPX cases in West Africa as a possible explanation for the current epidemic in Europe, America, and Australia. The detection of >400 MPX cases in less than a month in May 2022, across many countries underscores the epidemic potential of MPX in humans and demonstrates several important research gaps. First, the true burden of MPX in West and Central Africa is poorly understood, although it is critical for prevention and control of future outbreaks. Second, the diversity and extent of the animal reservoir remain unknown. We hypothesize that the synanthropic rodent population has increased in recent years in Africa leading to more human-rodent interactions and thus increased transmission of MPXV. We further hypothesise that nearly 45 years after the end of routine smallpox vaccination, the larger and more interconnected immune-naïve population has crossed a threshold resulting in more sustainable human-to-human transmission of MPXV. The current epidemic in the Western World is possibly a consequence of increased local transmission of MPXV in Africa. A new estimation of the basic and effective reproduction rate (R0 and Re) in different populations is required. National, regional, and international collaborations are needed to address research gaps related to MPX outbreaks.

Elin M. Weber, Josefina Zidar, Birgit Ewaldsson et al.

Aggression among group-housed male mice is a major animal welfare concern often observed at animal facilities. Studies designed to understand the causes of male mice aggression have used different methodological approaches and have been heterogeneous, using different strains, environmental enrichments, housing conditions, group formations and durations. By conducting a systematic literature review based on 198 observed conclusions from 90 articles, we showed that the methodological approach used to study aggression was relevant for the outcome and suggested that home cage observations were better when studying home cage aggression than tests provoking aggression outside the home cage. The study further revealed that aggression is a complex problem; one solution will not be appropriate for all animal facilities and all research projects. Recommendations were provided on promising tools to minimize aggression, based on the results, which included what type of environmental enrichments could be appropriate and which strains of male mice were less likely to be aggressive.

Mousa AM, Allemailem KS, Alhumaydhi FA et al.

Ayman M Mousa,1,2 Khaled S Allemailem,1,3 Fahad A Alhumaydhi,3 Faris Alrumaihi,3 Ahmad Almatroudi,3 Ameen S Alwashmi,3 Mohammad Aljasir,3 Osamah Al Rugaie,4 Abdullah SM Aljohani,5 Khaled EA Soliman,4,6 Mohamad Y Rezk,4,7 Ahmed MS Hegazy,8,9 Hanan S Seleem4,10 1Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt; 3Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt; 7Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharquia, 44519, Egypt; 8Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt; 10Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoum, EgyptCorrespondence: Ayman M MousaDepartment of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 598146171Email a.mousa@qu.edu.saBackground: Ifosfamide (IFS) has potential complications such as nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). Although mesna can prevent IFS-induced cystitis by direct binding and neutralization of acrolein, HC symptoms have still been observed clinically in most of these cases. Celery is a powerful healing vegetable that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. The current study evaluated the synergistic effects of mesna and celery seed on IFS-induced HC in rabbits.Methods: Twenty male rabbits (four groups) were administered distilled water, IFS, mesna, and mesna+celery seed cotherapy (MCC) for three weeks. The serum and urinary bladder of experimental rabbits underwent biochemical (TNF-α, MDA, iNOS, SOD, GPx, and CAT), histopathological and ultrastructural investigations to evaluate the structural changes of the urinary bladder (UB).Results: IFS injection resulted in severe cystitis with a remarkable increase in the scale of hematuria, elevations of TNF-α, MDA, and iNOS activity, and reduced activity of SOD, GPx, and CAT antioxidants. Additionally, the structure of UB exhibited evident mucosal edema and ulceration. In contrast, the MCC regimen group revealed partial synergistic improvement of all mentioned parameters.Conclusion: IFS induced cystitis by releasing acrolein, which exerted a significant role in the pathogenesis of HC. In contrast, the MCC intake partially ameliorated the UB damage through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.Keywords: ifosfamide, mesna, celery, hemorrhagic cystitis, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory

Alessio Buonavoglia, Gianvito Lanave, Michele Camero et al.

A patient with an unusual endo-periodontal lesion, without coronal decay or damage, likely caused by a deep periodontal lesion with subsequent endodontic bacterial migration, required medical care. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to assess the endodontic microbiota in vestibular and palatal canals after tooth extraction, evidencing a predominant population (Fusobacterium nucleatum) in one endodontic canal, and a mixed bacterial population with six major populations almost equally distributed in the other endodontic canal (<i>F. nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>P. endodontis, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Prevotella multiformis</i>). These data could suggest different, separated ecologic niches in the same endodontic system, with potentially different pathogenicity levels, clinical manifestations and prognoses for every single canal of the same tooth.

K. Yagi, M. Holowaychuk

L. Pang, D. Argyle

R. Goggs, B. Brainard, A. D. de Laforcade et al.