Commercial fusion energy requires frameworks to assess both the scientific and economic viability of a wide variety of fusion concepts. Inspired by the Lawson criterion's ability to universally describe fusion energy gain, a generalized framework is developed to determine the economic gain of fusion power plants. The model exploits temporal equilibrium, and engineering and cost parameters normalized to the energy capture surface. The derived criteria for economic gain are therefore independent of the power plant's absolute power, impartial to the particulars of its fusion technology, and can be applied to any fusion confinement concept. The derivation of the economic gain factor, $Q_{econ}$, results in nonlinear equations with ten controlling normalized design parameters ranging from fusion power density and surface component lifetime to energy fluence, price of energy, and component efficiency and cost. These ten controlling parameters are varied over a wide range to provide high-level insights in design, finance and operational tradeoffs that improve the prospects for economically viable fusion energy.
Between 1957-1985, Chinese mathematician Loo-Keng Hua pioneered economic optimization theory through three key contributions: establishing economic stability's fundamental theorem, proving the uniqueness of equilibrium solutions in economic systems, and developing a consumption-integrated model 50 days before his death. Since 1988, Mu-Fa Chen has been working on Hua's theory. He introduced stochastics, namely Markov chains, to economic optimization theory. He updated and developed Hua's model and came up with a new model (Chen's model) which has become the starting point of a new economic optimization theory. Chen's theory can be applied to economic stability test, bankruptcy prediction, product ranking and classification, economic prediction and adjustment, economic structure optimization. Chen's theory can also provide efficient algorithms that are programmable and intelligent. {Stochastics} is the cornerstone of Chen's theory. There is no overlap between Chen's theory, and the existing mathematical economy theory and the economics developments that were awarded Nobel Prizes in Economics between 1969 and 2024. The distinguished features of Chen's theory from the existing theories are quantitative, calculable, predictable, optimizable, programmable and can be intelligent. This survey provides a theoretical overview of the newly published monograph \cite{5rw24}. Specifically, the invariant of the economic structure matrix, also known as the Chen's invariant, was first published in this survey.
The aim of this article is to present elements and discuss the potential of a research program at the intersection between mathematics and heterodox economics, which we call Criticial Mathematical Economics (CME). We propose to focus on the mathematical and model-theoretic foundations of controversies in economic policy, and aim at providing an entrance to the literature as an invitation to mathematicians that are potentially interested in such a project. From our point of view, mathematics has been partly misused in mainstream economics to justify `unregulated markets'. We identify two key parts of CME, which leads to a natural structure of this article: The first part focusses on an analysis and critique of mathematical models used in mainstream economics, like e.g. the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) in Macroeconomics and the so-called ``Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu''-Theorems. The aim of the second part is to improve and extend heterodox models using ingredients from modern mathematics and computer science, a method with strong relation to Complexity Economics. We exemplify this idea by describing how methods from Non-Linear Dynamics have been used in Post-Keynesian Macroeconomics', and also discuss (Pseudo-) Goodwin cycles and possible Micro- and Mesofoundations. Finally, we outline in which areas a collaboration between mathematicians and heterodox economists could be most promising, and discuss both existing projects in such a direction as well as areas where new models for policy advice are most needed. In an outlook, we discuss the role of (ecological) data, and the need for what we call Progressive Data Science.
Flowability characterises the internal relation of tourism regional system elements and is the primitive core expression of changes in the complex tourism network relation. By using data process, social network technology, P-DBSCAN density clustering, and Markov transition probability based on Flickr’s geotagged photo data, this paper reveals the spatio-temporal characteristics of tourist flow from two dimensions of time and space with a case example of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou; further, this study analyses the types of spatial hot zones and flow patterns. The results show that the time sequence period of tourist flow has obvious fluctuation characteristics, and travel time distribution tends to be balanced. The flows and connections inside the Suzhou nodes are relatively high; the cross-city flow characteristics are gradually strengthened. The constraint of flow and distance affect and control the scale and direction of tourist flow, which shows the radioactive characteristics of Suzhou Gusu district as the core to the periphery and Wuxi and Changzhou. The tourist hot spots are divided into central hot zones, sub-central hot zones, general hot zones, and borderline hot zones. The hot zones for tourists’ one-day trips are mainly concentrated in 1-4 AOI; one or two AOIs within one day become the main trajectory pattern
In the context of global climate change and intensified resource and environmental constraints, the coordinated advancement of green development and economic growth has become a core issue for regional sustainable development. This paper focuses on the Shandong Provincial Capital Economic Zone (Jinan City (A), Dongying City (E), Zibo City (C), Tai'an City (J), Liaocheng City (P), Binzhou City (M), Dezhou City (N)) as the study area. Based on panel data from 2013 to 2022, a dual-layer indicator system for green development and economic development is constructed. Using entropy value methods, coupling coordination degree models, and time-space analysis techniques, this study explores the coupling relationship and temporal-spatial characteristics of regional green development and economic development. The research findings indicate: (1) Over time, E's green development fluctuates downward, while A and C stabilize. M briefly recovers but then declines, and J, N, and P remain low for a long period. In terms of economic development, E maintains a high level with a slight increase, A and C steadily improve, while the other four cities remain at low levels. System coordination shows significant differentiation, with E consistently>0.75, A and C rising from 0.6-0.7 to 0.7-0.8, and M and the southwestern four cities consistently <0.6; (2) Spatially, green development exhibits a gradient distribution with higher levels in central and eastern regions and lower levels in southwestern regions. The economy centers around A, with C and E as secondary cores, and the other four cities being relatively weak; (3) All regions exhibit both high coupling degrees and moderate-to-low coordination degrees, reflecting the contradiction between "strong correlation and weak synergy" between green development and the economic system, which has become the core bottleneck constraining high-quality green development in the region. In response to the aforementioned issues, the study proposes implementing differentiated green development strategies and strengthening regional collaboration; promoting the construction of green industrial clusters and fostering new drivers of green growth; improving the green finance and technology innovation system to overcome resource and technological bottlenecks; empowering the application of green technologies through digitalization, enhancing systemic coordination efficiency, and providing practical pathways for regional green transformation.
The reasonable layout of the production workshop not only helps to improve the handling efficiency of the workshop materials, but also can effectively reduce production waste and improve production efficiency. By analyzing the current situation and existing problems of the production workshop layout of a furniture factory, SLP method was used to evaluate and optimize the overall layout of the production workshop, and the optimization results were analyzed. The results show that there are still some problems in the layout of the furniture workshop, such as unscientific division of working units, repeated work of working units, repeated handling and crossing of handling routes. Based on the analysis of the logistics relationship, non-logistics relationship, comprehensive relationship and regional position relationship among the units of the furniture workshop, the optimization scheme of the facility layout of the workshop was put forward. Through the optimization of the space layout, the production beat is reduced by 4752.63 seconds, and the daily output can be increased by 13. According to the market price of 680 yuan/price calculation, the company can earn 265,200 yuan more per month.
Using the example of interactions between the Altai Territory and the Kemerovo Region, the article reveals the state and partly trends in the formation of a single integration space of the regions of the Siberian Federal District in the field of economics. Its relevance is due to the relatively little study of interregional interactions, especially in terms of interregional capital flows and, in general, comprehensive empirical research covering key areas and results of interregional interactions in the field of economics. Due to the lack of systematic information (this is only one of the key reasons), the research results presented in the article do not pretend to characterize the interregional interactions between the region and the region in all their completeness and diversity. They are often valid only in relation to individual parties and a local fragment of inter-regional relationships. The article reflects the key directions of interregional integration in the commodity, labor and capital markets. Along with this, certain aspects of the dependence of the intensity of interregional interactions between the Altai Territory and the Kemerovo Region on the state of the transport network are disclosed. The article concludes with brief conclusions based on the results of the work carried out, revealing the picture of interregional integration of the Altai Territory and Kuzbass in these aspects of interaction. Among them are: The interaction of the regions under consideration in the commodity markets is stable and long-term, due to the complementarity of regional economies. Mutual supplies of basic products are of critical importance for the regions; Interregional migration of capital is characterized by its movement in both directions. The expansion of Kuzbass capital into the Altai Territory is more pronounced; In the process of interactions in the field of population exchange, the dominant flow is the movement of the population of the Altai Territory to the Kemerovo region.
Yacine Hachouf, Abdelmalik Medjadba, Mohamed Messika
et al.
This study examines cybersecurity as a central pillar of contemporary international security, highlighting its individual, institutional, and international dimensions, and its role in reshaping global power and dominance. It explores cybersecurity as a tool of foreign policy, digital deterrence, informational hegemony, and the geopolitical influence of major technology corporations, alongside structural critiques emphasizing digital dependency and the North-South technological gap. The study concludes that cybersecurity is no longer merely a technical concern but a strategic function linking politics, economics, law, and human dimensions. Effective governance at national, regional, and international levels is essential to ensure a secure and stable digital space, balancing sovereignty, freedom, and digital development.
The accelerating rivalry between the United States and China has unsettled Latin America’s long-standing security hierarchy and opened limited, but tangible, space for strategic manoeuvre. This article asks why only a handful of Latin American and Caribbean governments succeed in hedging , deepening economic ties with Beijing while retaining Washington’s security umbrella, whereas ostensibly similar neighbours remain locked in one-sided alignment. Bridging hierarchy theory and new-institutional economics, it argues that effective hedging under US regional hegemony depends on a domestic triad: robust state capacity, political stability, and resilient macro-economic fundamentals. A fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 14 countries (2013–2023) operationalises a novel Hedging Index that blends trade and arms-procurement shares. Six equifinal pathways emerge; all true hedgers possess at least one strong institutional or economic pillar, while states deficient in both invariably default to alignment. The findings refine hedging theory for hierarchical regions and highlight the practical value of institutional upgrading for strategic autonomy.
The Journal of Ecopolitics, Peace, and Sustainable Development (JEPSD) is an online publication of the Koozakar Group, a research and publishing hub in Atlanta, Georgia (USA). It brings together ideas and evidence from ecology, politics, and socio-economics, creating a space where complex issues meet informed solutions. Recognizing the complexity of Africa’s development landscape, JEPSD promotes high-quality, evidence-based research that addresses pressing global and regional challenges while fostering innovative, contextspecific solutions.
The article presents conceptual provisions reflecting the transformative potential and transformation possibilities of using the spatial-network policy of regional development from the standpoint of scientific and methodological foundations of spatial and network economics. It is shown that the most effective among the instrumental means of implementing regional structural and economic transformations is the deconcentration approach to the placement of productive forces, infrastructure loci and settlement zones for the population. In the context of developing the scientific foundations of network structuring of economic space, the article formulates directions, principles and mechanisms for implementation, the justification of which was carried out taking into account the dominant trends of urbanization and agglomeration in the domestic mesoeconomic space. It is argued that the networking of economic space will help reduce agglomeration pressure in urbanized spaces. For this purpose, it is proposed to use programs and projects for the infrastructuring of the so-called development corridors that connect the nodes of spatial and economic networks. The article may be useful to researchers of regional economic problems, as well as specialists dealing with issues of applied management of the development of regional socio-economic systems.
Irina V. Danilova, Valentina S. Antonyuk, Olga A. Bogdanova
The Russian economy is operating under severe strains and limitations in foreign trade. The unevenness of economic space, regions’ openness, specialization and industrial efficiency cause differences in both economic growth and the state administration system. The article pioneers and tests a theoretical-methodological approach to assessing shock robustness of single-industry regions in the context of a harsh foreign economic environment and justifies approaches to adjusting regional development policy of the state. In the paper, shock robustness of a region’s economy is viewed as the ability to recover, continue a long-term development trend, and keep the potential for adaptation and structural changes. The research methodology consists of regional economics and management theories, and the theory of shocks. The research methods include regression analysis and time series analysis (the Hurst exponent, the Hodrick–Prescott filter). The empirical base is open data for single-industry regions. The study reveals that single-industry regions differ in shock robustness; there are regions with high susceptibility to foreign trade changes and industrial production volatility (with high foreign trade intensity – Sverdlovsk, Vologda, Chelyabinsk oblasts and Krasnoyarsk Krai) and regions with limited structural adaptation reserves (with low foreign trade intensity – Lipetsk and Murmansk oblasts) that require the adoption of problem-oriented managerial decisions. We systematize strategic avenues for single-industry regions vulnerable to external shocks, namely enhancing diversification and improving the sectoral structure of the economy and exports. The study adds to the understanding of industrial regions’ problem areas and government support measures facilitating their adaptation to instability.
Abstract Green innovation meets the simultaneous demands of green and innovation‐driven development models when it is deemed as a key to realizing a green economic transition. However, factor market distortion impedes China's green development through factor mobility and resource allocation. Under such circumstances, we detect whether and how factor market distortion affects green innovation from various perspectives in the case study of China's Sustainable Development Demonstration Belt. The findings demonstrate that the distortion has a pronounced inhibiting effect on the green innovation growth in the study area. For the eastern and more‐developed cities, factor market distortion considerably inhibits green innovation improvement, while the impact is less pronounced in the western (or central) and less developed cities. Furthermore, the factor market distortion negatively affects green innovation through some effective paths, like energy efficiency and environmental regulation. From a spatial perspective, the green innovation's spillover effect could be reduced by both the distortions of the labor market and capital market. Thus, this study would provide strong theoretical support for enhancing the factor market system and improving the multiregional green innovation power in China, as well as scientific suggestions on transitioning to China's sustainable development.
This paper surveys products and studies on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics from an economic perspective, as these terms are still (i) ill-defined and (ii) disconnected from economic disciplines. We first suggest that they can be novel when integrated; we then conduct a literature review and case study following consensus-building for decentralization and token value for autonomy. Integration requires simultaneous consideration of strategic behavior, spamming, Sybil attacks, free-riding, marginal cost, marginal utility and stabilizers. This survey is the first systematization of knowledge on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics, aiming to bridge the contexts of economics and blockchain.
Many experimental studies report that economics students tend to act more selfishly than students of other disciplines, a finding that received widespread public and professional attention. Two main explanations that the existing literature offers for the differences found in the behavior between economists and noneconomists are the selection effect, and the indoctrination effect. We offer an alternative, novel explanation. We argue that these differences can be explained by differences in the interpretation of the context. We test this hypothesis by conducting two social dilemma experiments in the US and Israel with participants from both economics and non-economics majors. In the experiments, participants face a tradeoff between profit maximization, that is the market norm and workers welfare, that is the social norm. We use priming to manipulate the cues that the participants receive before they make their decision. We find that when participants receive cues signaling that the decision has an economic context, both economics and non-economics students tend to maximize profits. When the participants receive cues emphasizing social norms, on the other hand, both economics and non-economics students are less likely to maximize profits. We conclude that some of the differences found between the decisions of economics and non-economics students can be explained by contextual cues.
In this paper, we explore the effects of India's federal structure on state-level fiscal responsibility. Drawing from a 1991–2018 dataset, we argue that higher levels of transfer and borrowing dependence (soft budget constraints) from the central government facilitate lower levels of fiscal responsibility by subnational governments. Our hypothesis is tested using panel regressions on fiscal responsibility outcomes across Indian states. We also evaluate the effects of the world's largest employment program, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), on subnational fiscal responsibility. We find that rural public employment measures are conducive to lower levels of fiscal responsibility. Soft budget constraints constitute a key structural feature of Indian federalism.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries suffered economically. Financial institutions play an important role in enhancing economic growth through intermediation. However, preliminary studies focused on common aspects of financial institutions rather than the banking context, and the majority of the literature was written prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the banking sector’s role in short-run and long-run contributions to economic growth from 2009 to 2021. Indicators of the number of banking deposits, offices and public financing were used as proxies to validate the relationship between Indonesian financial development and economic growth (gross domestic product) in the vector error correction model (VECM). The Indonesian bank’s contribution to the country’s economic growth was examined. Data were collected from banks’ annual reports. This study found a strong short- and long-term correlation between financial development and Indonesia’s economic growth. There is a bidirectional relationship between Indonesia’s Islamic Bank (IIB) and GDP. The relationship between the conventional bank and Indonesia’s economic growth is unidirectional. Therefore, policymakers should enhance the intensified mobilisation of loans obtained for capital and productive projects. This study also shows that macroeconomic and microeconomic stability can be improved by enhancing capital inflows and investments in lucrative sectors, as the research goal was to examine the effect of financial development before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which detriments most countries’ stability. However, future studies need to confirm banks’ contributions to specific sectors such as agriculture and small and medium enterprises due to their strong correlation with developing countries.
The aim of this paper is to measure whether the regions lagging behind in the European knowledge field could get closer to the core of the Framework Programmes’ (FP) R&D network.
Regional economics. Space in economics, Economics as a science