Hasil untuk "Irrigation engineering. Reclamation of wasteland. Drainage"

انسیه طلایی, مجید دلاور

آب، غذا و انرژی به‌عنوان سیستم‌های در همتنیده و به هم پیوسته، تأثیرات متقابل قابل‌توجهی بر یکدیگر دارند وتغییرات کمّی و کیفی در هر یک از این سیستم‌ها می‌تواند به سایرین آسیب بزند. رودخانه هریرود در مرز ایران و افغانستان به‌عنوان نمونه بارز یک سیستم در هم تنیده، تأمین‌کننده مهمی برای آب شرب کلان‌شهر مشهد و نیازهای کشاورزی دشت سرخس در ایران است و در افغانستان نیز، این رودخانه نقش حیاتی در کشاورزی هرات و تأمین انرژی برقابی ایفا می‌کند. با این‌حال، در سال‌های اخیر، تأمین آب به‌عنوان یک عامل کلیدی برای توسعه کشاورزی و انرژی در این حوضه با چالش‌های جدی مواجه شده است. دلایلی همچون مسائل سیاسی، اجتماعی، هیدرولوژیکی و ناکارآمدی در مدیریت منابع عوامل چنین چالش‌هایی در سطح حوضه می‌باشد. این پژوهش با استفاده از مفهوم متابولیسم، چارچوبی تحلیلی ارائه می‌دهد که به بررسی و مقایسه عملکرد و فرایندهای سیستم‌های آب، غذا و انرژی در سطح کشوری و حوضه آبریز می‌پردازد. کمّی‌سازی این رویکرد براساس داده‌ها و منابع معتبر موجود در سطح حوضه انجام شده است. نتایج این پژوهش حاکی از وابستگی شدید سیستم‌های آب و غذا و انرژی در سطح حوضه و کشورهای ساحلی آن می‌باشد به گونه ای که، ایران برای تولید حدود 2 میلیون و 700 هزار تن محصولات کشاورزی منتخب در منطقه، سالانه ۱914 میلیون مترمکعب آب و 10701 تراژول انرژی مصرف کرده است. افغانستان نیز با مصرف 1400 میلیون مترمکعب آب و 3153 تراژول انرژی، 740 هزار تن محصول کشاورزی تولید کرده است. هم‌چنین نیروگاه برقابی سلما با عبور جریانی به حجم 755 میلیون مترمکعب از توربین‌ها ۱۹۷ هزار مگاوات ساعت برق برای تأمین انرژی منطقه تولید کرده است. با این‌حال، افغانستان وابستگی زیادی به واردات غذا و انرژی دارد. نتایج حاکی از ضرورت تقویت همکاری‌های دو کشور ایران و افغانستان و ایجاد سازوکارهای مشترک برای مدیریت بهینه منابع آبی هریرود می‌باشد.

Dariusz Błażejczak, Marek Śnieg, Magdalena Sobolewska et al.

The aim of the present paper was to verify the hypothesis that a single application of specific dose of ash from biomass combustion and/or gypsum has a positive effect on physical properties of sandy soil and that the said effect disappears over the following years. The following were determined in the layer of 5–10 cm: penetration resistance (PR), vane shear resistance (Ss), gravimetric moisture content (ww), dry bulk density (BD), moisture content (WpF2) and air-filed porosity (PApF2) at water potential pF2. At pF2, susceptibility to soil compaction was analysed i.e., unit stress required to cause soil deformation of an assumed value of 1.0 mm (P1) or 2.0 mm (P2). Fertilisation with ash and/or gypsum at doses of 15 and 3 Mg∙ha−1 respectively, affects the physical properties of soil particularly in the first year following the application and that the said fertilisation is to be conducted every two years. It was found that fertilisation with ash has a particularly positive effect on ww. The loosening effect of fertilisation with ash, measured with BD, was poorly pronounced. A decrease in PR and Ss values was observed particularly in the first year. The analyses at water potential pF2 showed that fertilisation with ash or ash with the addition of gypsum has a positive effect on the properties under analysis. The effect of fertilisation with gypsum at a dose of 3 Mg∙ha−1 on the analysed properties was inconclusive.

عاطفه نورکی, منا گلابی, محمد الباجی et al.

رطوبت خاک یک عامل حیاتی در تعامل بین زمین و جو است که نقش مهمی در ارزیابی شرایط خشک‌سالی در مناطق کشاورزی دارد و می‌تواند تأثیر قابل‌توجهی بر منابع آب سطحی و تولیدات کشاورزی داشته باشد. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی مدل ذوزنقه‌ای نوری-حرارتی (TOTRAM) در برآورد رطوبت سطحی خاک در مقیاس مزرعه با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره لندست-8 در اراضی کشت و صنعت نیشکر حکیم فارابی خوزستان، ایران انجام شده است. در این راستا از 16 تصویر ماهواره لندست-8 در طول دوره رشد گیاه نیشکر در سال زراعی 1399-1398 استفاده گردید و هم­زمان رطوبت سطحی خاک در 27 نقطه کنترل زمینی در عمق 10-0 سانتی­متر اندازه­گیری شد. هم‌چنین به­منظور بررسی پتانسیل شاخص­های مختلف پوشش گیاهی در مدل TOTRAM از NDVI، SAVI و kNDVI در مدل­سازی رطوبت خاک استفاده گردید. توزیع پیکسل­ها در فضاهای مختلف LST-VI نشان داد که از تاریخ 20 آبان­ماه 1398 تا هفتم آبان­ماه 1399، تغییرات قابل‌توجهی در دمای سطح زمین رخ داده است. این تغییرات دما، باعث تغییرات زیاد توزیع پیکسل­ها و معادلات لبه مرطوب و خشک در طول یک سال شد. هم‌چنین نتایج نشان از همبستگی بهتر رطوبت خاک با TOTRAM-SAVI (56/0) در مقایسه با TOTRAM-kNDVI (46/0) داشت. علاوه ­بر این، بررسی نقشه­های رطوبت خاک حاصل از مدل TOTRAM نشان داد که با افزایش رشد گیاه، شاهد افزایش رطوبت خاک و کاهش توزیع ناهمگونی رطوبت خاک در اراضی نیشکر هستیم. به‌طورکلی مدل TOTRAM باوجود نیاز به واسنجی محلی قادر به برآورد مقدار رطوبت خاک در پهنه­های وسیع جغرافیایی با دقت قابل­قبول است.

ZHU Mei, HU Chenfan, LIU Shuoshuo et al.

【Objective】An optimal root architecture not only provides anchorage for plants but also enhances the acquisition of water and nutrients, which are unevenly distributed in the soil profile. This study experimentally investigates how root cutting can improve the root architecture of rice seedlings and its subsequent impact on water use efficiency.【Method】The experiment used the rice variety Lvhan 639 as the model plant and included two treatments. In the first treatment, half of the root system was removed at 5, 7, 9, and 11 days after seedling emergence. In the second treatment, root cutting was conducted 9 days after seedling emergence, with the root being cut at 1.5 cm from the root tip (A1.5), at the middle of the root (A1/2), and cut the root to 2.0 cm (A2.0). The control group did not undergo any root cutting. In each treatment, we measured root architecture, plant height, stem diameter, root-to-shoot ratio, photosynthetic traits, and water use efficiency of the seedlings.【Result】In the first treatment, the most favorable root architecture was observed when half of the root was cut 7 days after seedling emergence. In the second treatment, (A2.0) produced the optimal root architecture. Root cutting reduced the root-to-shoot ratio in all cases, although the differences between the two treatments were not statistically significant. In the first treatment, the lowest root-to-shoot ratio (0.228 5) occurred when the root was cut 9 days after seedling emergence. Root cutting improved water use efficiency, primarily by decreasing stomatal conductance. In the first treatment, cutting the roots 9 days after seedling emergence increased water use efficiency by 14.93% compared to the control. In the second treatment, cutting the roots to 2.0 cm showed the highest water use efficiency, with a 38.99% improvement over the control.【Conclusion】Root cutting can effectively enhance both root architecture and water use efficiency in rice seedlings. Among the methods tested, cutting half of the root 7 days after seedling emergence or trimming the root to 2.0 cm on the 9th day after seedling emergence were most effective for optimizing root development and increasing water use efficiency.

Timo Kehrer, Robert Haines, Guido Juckeland et al.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that Research Software Engineers (RSEs) and Software Engineering Researchers (SERs) often use different terminologies for similar concepts, creating communication challenges. To better understand these divergences, we have started investigating how SE fundamentals from the SER community are interpreted within the RSE community, identifying aligned concepts, knowledge gaps, and areas for potential adaptation. Our preliminary findings reveal opportunities for mutual learning and collaboration, and our systematic methodology for terminology mapping provides a foundation for a crowd-sourced extension and validation in the future.

Lekshmi Murali Rani, Richard Berntsson Svensson, Robert Feldt

The integration of AI for Requirements Engineering (RE) presents significant benefits but also poses real challenges. Although RE is fundamental to software engineering, limited research has examined AI adoption in RE. We surveyed 55 software practitioners to map AI usage across four RE phases: Elicitation, Analysis, Specification, and Validation, and four approaches for decision making: human-only decisions, AI validation, Human AI Collaboration (HAIC), and full AI automation. Participants also shared their perceptions, challenges, and opportunities when applying AI for RE tasks. Our data show that 58.2% of respondents already use AI in RE, and 69.1% view its impact as positive or very positive. HAIC dominates practice, accounting for 54.4% of all RE techniques, while full AI automation remains minimal at 5.4%. Passive AI validation (4.4 to 6.2%) lags even further behind, indicating that practitioners value AI's active support over passive oversight. These findings suggest that AI is most effective when positioned as a collaborative partner rather than a replacement for human expertise. It also highlights the need for RE-specific HAIC frameworks along with robust and responsible AI governance as AI adoption in RE grows.

Daniel Mendez, Paris Avgeriou, Marcos Kalinowski et al.

Empirical Software Engineering has received much attention in recent years and became a de-facto standard for scientific practice in Software Engineering. However, while extensive guidelines are nowadays available for designing, conducting, reporting, and reviewing empirical studies, similar attention has not yet been paid to teaching empirical software engineering. Closing this gap is the scope of this edited book. In the following editorial introduction, we, the editors, set the foundation by laying out the larger context of the discipline for a positioning of the remainder of this book.

Kevin Hermann, Sven Peldszus, Jan-Philipp Steghöfer et al.

Software security is of utmost importance for most software systems. Developers must systematically select, plan, design, implement, and especially, maintain and evolve security features -- functionalities to mitigate attacks or protect personal data such as cryptography or access control -- to ensure the security of their software. Although security features are usually available in libraries, integrating security features requires writing and maintaining additional security-critical code. While there have been studies on the use of such libraries, surprisingly little is known about how developers engineer security features, how they select what security features to implement and which ones may require custom implementation, and the implications for maintenance. As a result, we currently rely on assumptions that are largely based on common sense or individual examples. However, to provide them with effective solutions, researchers need hard empirical data to understand what practitioners need and how they view security -- data that we currently lack. To fill this gap, we contribute an exploratory study with 26 knowledgeable industrial participants. We study how security features of software systems are selected and engineered in practice, what their code-level characteristics are, and what challenges practitioners face. Based on the empirical data gathered, we provide insights into engineering practices and validate four common assumptions.

Sara Attaran, Abolfazl Mosaedi

Floods have been the third most destructive disaster after earthquakes and tropical storms in the past few years. Since many cities are located in floodplains or on the coasts due to economic interests, flood risk management has become a significant issue. The potential for flood damage in cities is very high because, in addition to river flooding causing flooding in cities, the concentration of population and valuable assets causes flood damage to be very widespread in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the components of the flood risk function properly and to make effective plans for each one according to the conditions of each region. In this study, flood risk is defined as a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Considerable focus has been placed on the role of poverty in exacerbating flood risk because, in big cities, management strategies in different urban areas should be different, depending on the cultural situation and level of economic development of those areas. Also, this article emphasizes the necessity of participatory management and planning in flood-prone areas and highlights the consequences of excluding affected communities and stakeholders. Finally, various sections are presented to create a comprehensive framework for flood risk management.

Khadija Khatun, Chen Shen, Jun Tanimoto et al.

Understanding how cooperation emerges in public goods games is crucial for addressing societal challenges. While optional participation can establish cooperation without identifying cooperators, it relies on specific assumptions -- that individuals abstain and receive a non-negative payoff, or that non-participants cause damage to public goods -- which limits our understanding of its broader role. We generalize this mechanism by considering non-participants' payoffs and their potential direct influence on public goods, allowing us to examine how various strategic motives for non-participation affect cooperation. Using replicator dynamics, we find that cooperation thrives only when non-participants are motivated by individualistic or prosocial values, with individualistic motivations yielding optimal cooperation. These findings are robust to mutation, which slightly enlarges the region where cooperation can be maintained through cyclic dominance among strategies. Our results suggest that while optional participation can benefit cooperation, its effectiveness is limited and highlights the limitations of bottom-up schemes in supporting public goods.

Jukka Ruohonen, Kalle Hjerppe

Participatory citizen platforms are innovative solutions to digitally better engage citizens in policy-making and deliberative democracy in general. Although these platforms have been used also in an engineering context, thus far, there is no existing work for connecting the platforms to requirements engineering. The present paper fills this notable gap. In addition to discussing the platforms in conjunction with requirements engineering, the paper elaborates potential advantages and disadvantages, thus paving the way for a future pilot study in a software engineering context. With these engineering tenets, the paper also contributes to the research of large socio-technical software systems in a public sector context, including their implementation and governance.

Mehil B Shah, Mohammad Masudur Rahman, Foutse Khomh

Deep learning (DL) techniques have achieved significant success in various software engineering tasks (e.g., code completion by Copilot). However, DL systems are prone to bugs from many sources, including training data. Existing literature suggests that bugs in training data are highly prevalent, but little research has focused on understanding their impacts on the models used in software engineering tasks. In this paper, we address this research gap through a comprehensive empirical investigation focused on three types of data prevalent in software engineering tasks: code-based, text-based, and metric-based. Using state-of-the-art baselines, we compare the models trained on clean datasets with those trained on datasets with quality issues and without proper preprocessing. By analysing the gradients, weights, and biases from neural networks under training, we identify the symptoms of data quality and preprocessing issues. Our analysis reveals that quality issues in code data cause biased learning and gradient instability, whereas problems in text data lead to overfitting and poor generalisation of models. On the other hand, quality issues in metric data result in exploding gradients and model overfitting, and inadequate preprocessing exacerbates these effects across all three data types. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and generalizability of our findings using six new datasets. Our research provides a better understanding of the impact and symptoms of data bugs in software engineering datasets. Practitioners and researchers can leverage these findings to develop better monitoring systems and data-cleaning methods to help detect and resolve data bugs in deep learning systems.

Joanna Schneider, Christopher A. Browne, Malcolm Slutzky et al.

Drainage, in which a nonwetting fluid displaces a wetting fluid from a porous medium, is well-studied for media with unchanging solid surfaces. However, many media can be eroded by drainage, with eroded material redeposited in pores downstream, altering further flow. Here, we use theory and simulation to examine how these coupled processes both alter the overall fluid displacement pathway and help reshape the solid medium. We find two new drainage behaviors with markedly different characteristics, and quantitatively delineate the conditions under which they arise. Our results thereby help expand current understanding of these rich physics, with implications for applications of drainage in industry and the environment.

Andrii Voshchepynets, Oleksiy Agapitov, Lynn Wilson et al.

We present the results of processing the effects of the powerful Gamma Ray Burst GRB221009A captured by the charged particle detectors (electrostatic analyzers and solid-state detectors) onboard spacecraft at different points in the heliosphere on October 9, 2022. To follow the GRB221009A propagation through the heliosphere we used the electron and proton flux measurements from solar missions Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A; Earth magnetosphere and the solar wind missions THEMIS and Wind; meteorological satellites POES15, POES19, MetOp3; and MAVEN - a NASA mission orbiting Mars. GRB221009A had a structure of four bursts: less intense Pulse 1 - the triggering impulse - was detected by gamma-ray observatories at 131659 UT (near the Earth); the most intense Pulses 2 and 3 were detected on board all the spacecraft from the list, and Pulse 4 detected in more than 500 s after Pulse 1. Due to their different scientific objectives, the spacecraft, which data was used in this study, were separated by more than 1 AU (Solar Orbiter and MAVEN). This enabled tracking GRB221009A as it was propagating across the heliosphere. STEREO-A was the first to register Pulse 2 and 3 of the GRB, almost 100 seconds before their detection by spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth. MAVEN detected GRB221009A Pulses 2, 3, and 4 at the orbit of Mars about 237 seconds after their detection near Earth. By processing the time delays observed we show that the source location of the GRB221009A was at RA 288.5 degrees, Dec 18.5 degrees (J2000) with an error cone of 2 degrees

Yaohou Fan, Chetan Arora, Christoph Treude

Stop words, which are considered non-predictive, are often eliminated in natural language processing tasks. However, the definition of uninformative vocabulary is vague, so most algorithms use general knowledge-based stop lists to remove stop words. There is an ongoing debate among academics about the usefulness of stop word elimination, especially in domain-specific settings. In this work, we investigate the usefulness of stop word removal in a software engineering context. To do this, we replicate and experiment with three software engineering research tools from related work. Additionally, we construct a corpus of software engineering domain-related text from 10,000 Stack Overflow questions and identify 200 domain-specific stop words using traditional information-theoretic methods. Our results show that the use of domain-specific stop words significantly improved the performance of research tools compared to the use of a general stop list and that 17 out of 19 evaluation measures showed better performance. Online appendix: https://zenodo.org/record/7865748

Dulaji Hidellaarachchi, John Grundy, Rashina Hoda et al.

Context: Requirements Engineering (RE)-related activities are critical in developing quality software and one of the most human-dependent processes in software engineering (SE). Hence, identifying the impact of diverse human-related aspects on RE is crucial in the SE context. Objective: Our study explores the impact of one of the most influential human aspects, motivation on RE, aiming to deepen understanding and provide practical guidance. Method: By conducting semi-structured interviews with 21 RE-involved practitioners, we developed a theory using socio-technical grounded theory(STGT) that explains the contextual, causal, and intervening conditions influencing motivation in RE-related activities. Result: We identified strategies to enhance motivating situations or mitigate demotivating ones, and the consequences resulting from applying these strategies. Conclusion: Our findings offer actionable insights for software practitioners to manage the influence of motivation on RE and help researchers further investigate its role across various SE contexts in the future.

HE Shulin, LIU Huimin, JIN Liqiang et al.

【Objective】 Knowing the demand of crops for water is a prerequisite in designing saving-water irrigation and improving water management. The aim of this paper is to study the accuracy and reliability of the neural network algorithm for estimating water demands of fruit trees. 【Method】 Principal component analysis method was used first to analyze the environmental and meteorological data to find key factors that affect the evapotranspiration of the fruit trees in orchards most. They were then used to derive a model (LSTM) based on the long-term and short-term memory neural network to estimate the water demand of the fruit trees. For improving estimation accuracy, we added an attention algorithm to the LSTM. The superiority of the model was tested against those used in the literatures and practices. 【Result】 Comparing with existing models for estimating demands of the fruit trees for water, the proposed model improved estimation accuracy, with its MAE, MAPE, RMSE being 0.387, 0.148, 0.487 and 0.062 respectively. 【Conclusion】 We proposed a neutral neural network method to estimate water demand of fruit trees. Adding an attention algorithm to the model improved its accuracy considerably, compared with the existing models used in the literature. It has practical implications for estimating evapotranspiration not only for orchards but also for other natural and managed ecosystems.

مریم تیموری یگانه, محمد مهدی حیدری

در بیشتر مسائل عملی مهندسی هیدرولیک، به اندازه‏‌گیری دقیق جریان نیاز است. شناخت کمیت‌‏های جریان نکته مهم و حائز اهمیتی در مدیریت منابع آبی می‏‌باشد. از این‏ رو ارائه مناسبترین رابطه برآورد توزیع سرعت که منطبق بر داده‌‏های اندازه‌‏گیری باشد همواره مورد توجه محققین بوده است. با توسعه تئوری آنتروپی، این روش‌‏ها در طیف وسیعی از علوم مهندسی از جمله هیدرولیک و مکانیک سیالات به‏ کار برده شده‌‏اند. در مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از روش آنتروپی رنی، پارامتر تاثیرگذار "m" بر پارامتر آنتروپی رنی "G" مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و توزیع سرعت در لوله مدور در شرایطی که 36/2، 50 و 70 درصد از لوله دایره‏ای پر می‌‏باشد، در دو نقطه با اندازه‏‌گیری سرعت در اعماق (0/1D-0/9D)، (0/2D-0/8D) و (0/3D-0/7D0) نسبت به سطح آب تخمین زده شد. به ‏منظور تعیین دقت برآورد توزیع سرعت با استفاده از روش رنی، از ضریب همبستگی و ریشه میانگین مربع خطا  و همچنین برای تعیین دقت پارامترهای آنتروپی از ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد روش آنتروپی رنی با داده‏‌های مشاهداتی دقت بالایی دارد. همچنین اندازه‌‏گیری سرعت در عمق 0/9D-0/1D از سطح آب برای حالات 36/2، 50 و 70 درصد از لوله دایره‏ای، به‏ ترتیب با ریشه میانگین مربعات خطای نرمال شده 0/2325، 2/36 و 0/51 دقت بالاتری دارد.

LI Tongzhuo, YANG Zhipeng

【Objective】 Jet pump has a wide applications in many areas and water flow in it is affected by many design parameters. In this paper, we analyzed numerically the influence of the outlet position and diameter of the suction pipe on efficiency and flow field of annular jet pump. 【Method】 The numerical model was based on the turbulence model, and water flow in pumps with different configurations was simulated using the software FLUENT under different flow ratios. 【Result】 The outlet position of the suction pipe should not be far away from the inlet of the contraction section of the suction chamber when the flow ratio was 0.4~0.6; for what we studied, 2mm was the optimal distance. When the flow ratio was in the range of 0.1~0.3, increasing the spacing between the outlet and the inlet of the contraction section of the suction chamber could improve the efficiency of the pump. The efficiency of the pump is positively correlated with the suction tube diameter when other parameters are the same. 【Conclusion】 The change in flow ratio results in a change in the optimal outlet position of the suction pipe. The maximum efficiency of the annular jet pump and the flow ratio corresponding to the maximum efficiency point both increased, as the diameter of the suction pipe increased.

Michael A. Heroux

Software plays a central role in scientific discovery. Improving how we develop and use software for research can have both broad and deep impacts on a spectrum of challenges and opportunities society faces today. The emergence of Research Software Engineer (RSE) as a role correlates with the growing complexity of scientific challenges and diversity of software team skills. In this paper, we describe research software science (RSS), an idea related to RSE, and particularly suited to research software teams. RSS promotes the use of scientific methodologies to explore and establish broadly applicable knowledge. Using RSS, we can pursue sustainable, repeatable, and reproducible software improvements that positively impact research software toward improved scientific discovery.