This paper frames calculus as a global, centuries-long development rather than a subject that began only with Newton and Leibniz. Drawing on ideas from Greek, Indian, Islamic, and later European mathematics, it highlights how concepts like infinity, area, motion, and continuous change slowly evolved through solving problems and cultural exchange. I argue that bringing this history into the classroom helps students see calculus as more than a set of procedures: it becomes a story of human creativity and persistence. By revisiting the questions early mathematicians struggled with, students can better appreciate and better understand the core ideas behind the formulas they use today.
Iranian architecture has left its mark on world history, with its influence reaching the farthest corners of Europe through the creation of Byzantine architecture. The traditional architecture of Iran, as described by Professor Pirnia, is built upon five principles. These principles highlight the evolution of Iranian civilization over time. Mohsen Foroughi, an exemplary Iranian architect, has skillfully merged the essence of Iranian architecture with contemporary ideals, exemplified by his masterpiece, the "Maison de l’Iran" in Paris, designed in a modern style. In this study, we aimed to explore how Foroughi incorporated these five principles of Iranian architecture into his project in France. Employing a descriptive and analytical method, we assessed the physical and structural components of Iranian architecture, examining how Foroughi's work aligns with the principles and values of Iranian architecture. Our findings demonstrate that Foroughi is in line with traditional Iranian architectural values, contextual materials, and climate-friendly design in his works. Furthermore, Foroughi's expertise in Statics, Material Studies, and Structural techniques sciences enabled him to successfully execute large-scale projects. The Maison de l’Iran exemplifies his understanding of modern styles while honoring the principles of Iranian architecture. His work has been instrumental in shaping modern Iranian architecture, reflecting his artistic creativity and inspiration from Iran's architectural heritage.
“The long history of research on Lyon’s Roman aqueducts (France)” is presented here in four stages from the 18th century to the present day. Each stage is marked by a leading figure in the world of archaeology, by the efforts of the Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon, and today by the involvement of professional archaeologists.
Diachronic translation in the context of modern translation studies allows you to get acquainted with written monuments of past times, as well as their cultural, historical, and social aspects. The object of the study is diachronic translation as a special type of translation. A separate place among the medieval written sources is occupied by the texts of office work and legal proceedings, which initiated the formation of the official business style of the sphere of law in its modern form. One of these written monuments is an ancient official document in Old French by Philippe de Beaumanoir “Coustumes de Beauvaisis” (French “Coustumes de Beauvaisis”). This medieval legal document is the material of the study. The relentless interest in written monuments as keepers of the cultural heritage of the past times determines the relevance of the topic. The translation of official texts in a historical context makes it possible to identify the features of the functioning of terms and concepts in history and their evolution over time. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the diachronic translation of a medieval official document of the 13th century “Coustumes de Beauvaisis” in Old French. At the moment, there is no complete translation of this document into Russian. In this regard, the implementation of the translation of some sections of the document, as well as the identification of the features of diachronic translation, constitute the novelty of the study. In the course of working with the text, the following methods were used: the method of interpretation, translation studies, descriptive and contextual types of analysis which allowed in the process of pre-translation analysis of a text passage to identify the specifics of the use of legal and economic terms, species-temporal verb forms of the past tense, as well as to interpret particular specific situations characteristic of medieval France. As a result, our pre-translation analysis allowed us to choose a translation strategy as lying between imitating archaization and moderate modernization. The interpretation of the linguistic facts of the medieval text contributed to the understanding of the non-linguistic reality of the Old French period and allowed us to recreate the document in the translated language so that it was understandable to our contemporaries.
Language is a fundamental phenomenon that enables the expression of thoughts, the transmission of knowledge, and social interaction. Language education is an activity that facilitates cross-cultural communication and helps individuals gain the skills to communicate effectively worldwide. Knowing multiple languages opens one up to different cultures and perspectives. Government officials in France, who intend to be a civilized and interactive society that does not want to lag behind in the world order they live in, have taken significant steps in the field of language education. In 1795, they established Inalco, a specialized institution for Eastern languages, and began training experts who would learn the languages spoken in the Islamic world, including Ottoman Turkish. Since its inception, Inalco has systematically expanded its range of languages, incorporating Turkish, Arabic, Chinese, Persian, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Hebrew, and many other Eastern languages. Those who learn and speak these languages help France maintain strong ties with the East and continue to engage with the states in that region, whether remotely or closely.
With a history spanning approximately four centuries, Inalco has not only been a center for language education but also stands as a leading institution among Oriental studies, nurturing numerous orientalists and providing opportunities for the production of works in various fields. In line with its mission, the institution has specialized in Eastern languages and civilizations for an extended period, producing pioneering figures whose work promotes cultural interaction and fosters intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost every world language and civilization. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally.
Language experts trained at Inalco have actively participated in the French government's diplomatic and trade relations by providing translation services to officials. They have also maintained instructional positions to teach their respective languages to the younger generations and played significant roles in promoting an understanding of the cultures they were engaged with. Although their primary work was in the field of oriental studies, they have been instrumental in uncovering, evaluating, and categorizing elements of Eastern culture, thus contributing to the preservation of these cultural aspects. Many Eastern scholars, such as Silvestre de Sacy, Louis Bazin, Régis Blachère, Louis Massignon, and others, have been nurtured here, serving both their own countries and Eastern culture. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on Inalco’s mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study which was created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap.
With a history spanning about four centuries, Inalco is not only a language education center but also a leading institution within Oriental studies. It has produced numerous orientalists and contributed to works in various fields. Established in 1795 in France, Inalco has long been dedicated to producing leading figures specializing in Eastern languages and civilizations, in line with its founding mission. Focusing on Oriental studies for a significant period, Inalco has encouraged cultural interaction through its studies of Eastern languages and civilizations, fostering intercultural understanding. Expanding its scope continually through its institutional experience, Inalco now conducts research on almost all world languages and civilizations. With its expertise in language and culture and its deep-rooted history, Inalco is recognized as a respected institution globally. However, it’s a fact that there hasn’t been enough research on institutions like Inalco in academic circles. Therefore, after introducing Inalco’s establishment, operation, and fields of activity, this study will focus on its mission as an Oriental studies institution. The study, created through field research, observation, and information obtained from authoritative sources, aims to fill this research gap.
Fanni Vörös, Benjamin van Wyk de Vries, Marie-Noëlle Guilbaud
et al.
Morphometric studies of scoria cones have a long history in research. Their geometry and shape are believed to be related to evolution by erosion after their formation, and hence the morphometric parameters are supposed to be related with age. We analysed 501 scoria cones of four volcanic fields: San Francisco Volcanic Field (Arizona, USA), Chaîne des Puys (France), Sierra Chichinautzin (Mexico), and Kula Volcanic Field (Turkey). All morphometric parameters (cone height, cone width, crater width, slope angles, ellipticity) were derived using DTMs. As new parameters, we calculated Polar Coordinate Transformed maps, Spatial Elliptical Fourier Descriptors to study the asymmetries. The age groups of the four volcanic fields were created and their slope distributions were analysed. The age groups of individual volcanic fields show a statistically significant decreasing tendency of slope angles tested by Mann–Whitney tests. By mixing the age groups of the volcanic fields and sorting them by age interval, we can also observe a general, statistically significant decrease. The interquartile ranges of the distributions also tend to decrease with time. These observations support the hypothesis that whereas the geometry of individual scoria cones differs initially (just after formation), general trends may exist for their morphological evolution with time in the various volcanic fields.
The 1860s played a special role in the history of organ music in Belgium and France. This period was marked by the active development of substantive repertory and the establishment of the Franco-Belgian organ school. All the advances of this period could not be possible without the contribution of the Belgian composer, organist and teacher Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens. Brought up on the traditional for Catholic Belgium Gregorian chants and the organ works by Johann Sebastian Bach, Lemmens managed to organically transfer Bach's principles of working with Lutheran chant to completely different material of Gregorian hymns. Lemmens is also credited for the foundation of the first educational institution that trained church musicians. The three organ sonatas became the pinnacle of his work and the first examples of the synthesis of liturgical content and a secular form. The article reveals general patterns in the choice of themes from the large-scale corpus of Gregorian chants. The melody of the chorale can also be traced in parts in which no chorale is indicated. It shows a deep connection between Lemmens’s heritage and a thousand-year-old church musical tradition.
Architectural criticism currently encompasses a range of diverse concepts and meanings, indicating uncertainties and difficulties in this field. Despite the wide range of existing literature, one can spot many overlaps and ambiguities that leave the question of architectural criticism unclear. Architectural criticism is not a constant and timeless concept. It changes during history, and these historical changes are neglected in most research. Furthermore, the concepts have emerged from a variety of cultures, schools, and languages with various goals, which renders further inquiries and detailed investigations all the more necessary. In order to show transformations and differences, and based on the secondary sources, this research investigates the history of architectural criticism from its emergence in the 18th century until now, which can be divided into three periods: the emergence of architectural criticism in the 18th century in Jacques- Francois Blondel’s publications and the first architectural magazines in Germany, France, and England; its development in the 19th when first architectural critics, as distinct from art critics, historians, or journalists, appeared gradually professionalising architectural criticism through; and its flourishing and decline in the 20th century in which architectural criticism was expanded and diversified and faced a crisis attributed to the gap between diverse types of architectural criticism, with its death being annpunced.It is clarified here that the function of architectural criticism has fundamentally changed over its history. Its primary function is descriptive, based on a single, personal and subjective critique that was influenced by art criticism in France referring to an edifice. By connecting journalism and criticism, public architectural criticism also grew and flourished and opened a dialogue between architecture and the public. So, the social function prevailed in criticism in this period. With the development of the idea of formalism and design critique in architecture, evaluation of form and design process based on objective criteria was suggested and discussed. Finally, the academic architectural criticism connected to the architectural theory and history departments of American universities has fundamentally changed criticism’s function. This new architectural criticism as a speculative discourse does not endeavour to comment on a singular work. But it is intent on separating architectural criticism from the profession and tends to cover theories of the humanities and social sciences, critical theory, and critical history of architecture.
The Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), a premier autonomous research institute under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India has a legacy of about seven decades with contributions made in the field of observational sciences namely atmospheric and astrophysics. The Survey of India used a location at ARIES, determined with an accuracy of better than 10 meters on a world datum through institute participation in a global network of Earth artificial satellites imaging during late 1950. Taking advantage of its high-altitude location, ARIES, for the first time, provided valuable input for climate change studies by long term characterization of physical and chemical properties of aerosols and trace gases in the central Himalayan regions. In astrophysical sciences, the institute has contributed precise and sometime unique observations of the celestial bodies leading to a number of discoveries. With the installation of the 3.6 meter Devasthal optical telescope in the year 2015, India became the only Asian country to join those few nations of the world who are hosting 4 meter class optical telescopes. This telescope, having advantage of geographical location, is well-suited for multi-wavelength observations and for sub-arc-second resolution imaging of the celestial objects including follow-up of the GMRT, AstroSat and gravitational-wave sources.
Mélinda Bizri, Quentin Borderie, Gaëtan Jouanin
et al.
The Gien castle is a remarkably well preserved monument, located along the Loire Valley, in the middle of France. After having been subjected to numerous reuses in the past, the castle of Gien houses the patrimonial collection of the Musée national de la chasse (Hunting National Museum). Part of the castle’s history has been recently unveiled during the developer funded surveys and excavations carried out between 2011 and 2015. The aim of this work is to present the investigation lead out on the reconstitution of the inhabited areas of the Gien promontory from the 9th to the 11th century, in light of the recent archaeological discoveries. The multi-criteria approach implemented here allows us to characterise this settlement through a questioning of the observed habits. The way of life of the Lords of Gien at this period is described in relation to the results obtained by the analysis of pottery, animal bones and plant remnants, micromorphology of the soils, the archaeological artefacts and the ironwork rejects. This inhabited area is also compared to the known forms of other privileged sites of the same period.
This paper discusses the relation between the decoherent histories approach to quantum mechanics that is based on coarse-grained decoherent histories of a closed system, and the approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems, as in the Copenhagen interpretation. We show how the a classical world used in such formulations is not to something to be postulated but rather explained by suitable sets of alternative histories of quasiclassical variables. We discuss the general definition of measurement, the collapse of the wave function, and irreversibility from the perspective of decoherent histories quantum theory..
In 2008 or earlier, Michel Mendès France asked for an instance of a real number $x$ such that both $x$ and $1/x$ are simply normal to a given integer base $b$. We give a positive answer to this question by constructing a number $x$ such that both $x$ and its reciprocal $1/x$ are continued fraction normal as well as normal to all integer bases greater than or equal to $2$. Moreover, $x$ and $1/x$ are both computable.
Objectives: Our starting-point is the idea that we are at a decisive moment in the history of memories of feminisms; an archival turn, to use Kate Eichhorn's expression. Our objectives are, first, to redefine the characteristics of this archival turn by analysing examples of centres, and the projects of documentary and archival resource centres, in Spain and France in the 1990s and 2000s; second, to contextualized them regarding the evolution of archival concepts and practices, and third, to consider whether there is a dual paradoxical movement between institutionalization and community activism. -- Methodology: To test our starting hypothesis, we review the literature applying a strongly interdisciplinary approach: feminist and gender studies, archival studies, French Theory, and cultural studies. We base ourselves on case studies in Spain and France in order to make relevant comparisons. -- Results: The first observation we should make is that there is a continuity between the second and third feminist waves in relation to the issue of archives. The second is that there is a turn in the world of archives, but with original features: between reactivation and intensification, between institutionalization and autonomy, these feminist archival activisms have to do with both majority and minority feminisms. Exploring archives belongs more than ever to the repertoire of feminist actions. The third observation is the existence of communities that are heavily supported by feminist archival initiatives.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources, Communication. Mass media
Introduction. The court of Anna Yaroslavna, the French queen of the 11th century, has not been specifically studied in historical literature. The author proposes to find out how the ecclesiastical environment of the Queen was formalized and structured in 1051–1075, who of the church persons formed her inner circle, and whether the royal ecclesiastical household had an influence on the formation of the church policy of the crown.
Methods. The methodology is a combination of institutional and social history as part of the systemic approach that makes it possible to understand the evolution of the Queen’s household within the curial Capetian system.
Analysis. The reviewed sources indicate that Anna Yaroslavnas staying in France and her relationships with the curial clerics were very close. The Royal acts attest to Anna’s high level of involvement in the ecclesiastical affairs of France, her regular support for the church persons of Curia regis, the Chancellor-Bishop and his servants, as well as the state of curial priests.
Results. The ecclesiastical entourage of King Henri I and Queen Anna largely shaped the policy of the Capetians and strengthened dynastic authority. As a widow and queen mother, Anna Yaroslavna played in accordance with the policies of Henry I and his predecessors, contributing to the further strengthening of the church presence at the court, and in particular the bishops in Curia regis, as opposed to the feudal clans and influence of the pope. At the same time, all her actions were aimed at the interests of the crown in order to guarantee the safe preservation of the throne for her son Philip I.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
In 1715 the German Johann Friedrich von Uffenbach, descended from a prosperous Frankfurt family, undertook a four-year journey, the last months of which he spent in Paris, from 11 September 1715 to 11 April 1716. During this period he made two day trips to Versailles, on 17 September 1715 and a few days later on 21 September. These visits included long walks through the whole palace estate, in the company of other German travellers. In his travel journal, which was not intended to be published, he wrote about his movements at Versailles in detail. Both admirative and critical, his travelogue is rich in information on the state of Versailles only a few days after the death of Louis XIV, and offers an insight into the reception of foreigners and the communication between the German travellers.
France issued a decree to restrict and prohibit mainly outdoor lighting effective from January 1st, 2019. Effectiveness of this legislation has been evaluated in this study using GIS data which was first used in \cite{2020MNRAS.493.1204A} (so called astroGIS database - \url{astrogis.org}). A subset of Artificial Light layer of astroGIS database has been adapted for years between January 2012 and December 2019. During 2019, radiance of $1.9 \times 10^{9}$ W cm$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$ has been released into space. Annual light pollution in France decreased by 6\% after the enactment of artificial light legislation. France continue to have potential Dark Sky Park locations for example cities like Indre, Lot, Nievre and Creuse having the lowest light pollution values. A strong correlation between population and light pollution ($R\simeq 0.83$) has been observed. A similar but a weak correlation can also be observed for GDP ($R\simeq 0.28$). However, it is still too early to justify whether the improvements observed in the dataset are due to the enactment of the legislation or not.
Here we intend to focus on the court and its engendering of archival practices, between storing and revealing; practices that fix the sense of an event, interaction, institution or activity, clarifying them in writing designed to be preserved, offered for immediate or deferred viewing. The objective is to shed light on the role of such practices in court life, to gauge how they contribute to our knowledge of courtly phenomenon, and through them, to better understand the role of government at court. This introduction aims to situate the issues involved in approaching the court from the archiving processes to which it gave rise or which were undertaken in its name.